Kwenye yezona ndawo zimbi kakhulu kwiplanethi, apho umkhenkce nomoya zibonakala ngathi zilawula yonke into, iqela lezazinzulu likwazile ukutyhila indlela efihlakeleyo phantsi komphezulu: ezininzi Amachibi amanzi acocekileyo kwiDeception Island, e-Antarctica, adibene nolwandle ngomhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba kwaye asabela kumaza.Le ndlela yokuziphatha, engaqhelekanga kwi indawo enentaba-mlilo ekwincam ye-polarOku kusinyanzela ukuba sicinge ngokutsha ngendlela esiyiqonda ngayo indlela amanzi ajikeleza ngayo kwilizwekazi elimhlophe.
Oku kufunyaniswa kuvela kwiprojekthi ekhokelwa yi IBhunga loPhando leSizwe laseSpain kunye neZiko leGeological and Mining laseSpain (CSIC kunye ne-IGME-CSIC)Le projekthi ithatha inxaxheba kwihlabathi liphela, eyayithi ngexesha leephulo zaseAntarctica zowama-2024 nowama-2025, igxile ekujongeni ngokweenkcukacha indlela yokuziphatha kwamanzi kwesi siqithi, ichaza okokuqala, ngombono wehlabathi, Ahamba njani amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba atya la machibi abonakala ehlukene kwimigoqo yentaba-mlilo? kwaye ivula indlela entsha yokufunda ngemiphumo yokufudumala kwehlabathi kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba.
Uphando lwaseSpain oluhlola i-X-reyi emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba kwiDeception Island
Lo msebenzi uququzelelwe eSpain yi-IGME-CSIC kunye ne-CSICOku kuqinisa indima yoluntu lwezenzululwazi lwaseSpain kuphando lwe-Antarctic. Iqela, elikhokelwa ngumphandi uJorge Jódar, lifezekise oko iingcali zikuchaza njenge indlela yokuqala yokuchaza ngokubanzi ukusebenza kwenkqubo ye-aquifer e-Antarctica, into eyayithathwa njengebhokisi emnyama yokwenyani kulo mmandla kude kube ngoku.
Isiqithi saseDeception, esityelelwa rhoqo ziihambo zesayensi zaseYurophu naseSpain, yindawo ekhethekileyo apho intaba-mlilo esebenzayoIingqimba zomkhenkce, amachibi amaninzi, kunye nenkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-permafrost. Nangona yenye yezona ndawo zifundwe kakhulu kwilizwekazi, uthungelwano lwayo lwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba aluzange lukwaziwe. Ukuyiqonda kubalulekile ukutolika inguqu yamachibi kunye nempendulo yomhlaba kubushushu behlabathikunye nokuqonda ngcono ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamanzi acocekileyo namanzi olwandle kwiindawo eziyingozi kakhulu.
Abaphandi babhale phantsi ukuba umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba wenziwe iidiphozithi zentaba-mlilo ezivuthuluka kakhuluezisebenza njengohlobo lwesiponji sendalo. Ngenxa yesi sakhiwo sejoloji, inxalenye ephezulu kakhulu yamanzi avela imvula, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, ukunyibilika kwehlobo Ingena emhlabeni. Idatha efunyenweyo ibonisa ukuba ukutshaja kwakhona konyaka kwe-aquifer kuphantse kulingane ne 41% yemvula, inani eliphezulu kakhulu kwindawo esemantla.
Le ndlela yokuziphatha inceda ekuchazeni indlela amachibi e-crater esiqithi, awayebonakala ngathi aphantse avaleleke ngayo, aye aqhubeka ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngoku kuyaziwa ukuba asebenza njengeziqwenga zendlela enkulu yokuhambisa amanzi, apho amanzi ahamba khona ngokutyibilikayo phakathi komphezulu, umphezulu ongaphantsi komhlaba, kunye nolwandle olujikeleze iDeception Island.
Amachibi akwimingxuma evaliweyo adibana nolwandle olungaphantsi komhlaba
Ekuqaleni, i Amachibi amanzi acocekileyo eDeception Island Zibonakala ngathi zizitya ezizimeleyo: zibekwe ezantsi ii-volcanic craters ezivaliweyozijikelezwe ziindonga ezithintela naluphi na unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo nolwandle. Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo athatyathwe ngexesha leephulo atyhile ukuba inyani yahlukile kakhulu.
Izazinzulu ziqinisekisile ukuba Umgangatho wamachibi uyatshintshatshintsha xa kuthelekiswa namaza olwandleLe ndlela yokuziphatha ibingayi kuba nantsingiselo ukuba iinkqubo bezingasebenzi ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuguquguquka okuphindaphindiweyo nokungaguquguqukiyo kunokuchazwa kuphela kukubakho unxibelelwano olungaphantsi komhlaba nolwandle, evumela ukutshintshiselana kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa intsalela yentaba-mlilo ekwaziyo ukungena emanzini amaninzi.
Le nto—amachibi amanzi acocekileyo akwimingxuma evaliweyo “aphefumla” ngokwesingqi solwandle—ithathwa njenge engaqhelekanga kakhulu kwiindawo ezisemantla kunye nezintaba-mliloEnyanisweni, lo msebenzi ucebisa imodeli entsha ye-hydrogeological yeDeception Island, apho umda phakathi kwamanzi acocekileyo namanzi anetyuwa uyeka ukuba ngumgca osisigxina ukuze ube yindawo eguquguqukayo etshintsha ngokuhamba kwamanzi kunye notshintsho lwexesha lonyaka ekunyibilikeni komkhenkce.
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zeqela kukuba, nangona benxibelelana nolwandle, Amanzi asemachibini ahlala ehlaziyekile.Ingcaciso enikwe luphando kukuba ukukhutshwa komhlaba phantsi kwamanzi ukusuka kwimithombo yamanzi ukuya emachibini Inamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ukungena kwamanzi anetyuwa amaninzi. Enyanisweni, ukuhamba kwamanzi acocekileyo avela ngaphakathi kwesi siqithi kusebenza njengomqobo othintela ukungena kwamanzi olwandle.
Ngenxa yezi ziphumo, iDeception Island ngoku ithathwa njenge Ilebhu yendalo engaqhelekanga yokufunda unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkqubo zolwandle kunye ne-polar lakeOku kunomdla kakhulu eYurophu nakumazwe atyikitye iSivumelwano saseAntarctica kwaye akhuthaza uphando kulo mmandla.
Amanzi amabini adibeneyo: "ipayipi" elifihlakeleyo lentaba-mlilo
Embindini wale nkqubo kukho ii-aquifer ezimbini ezidibeneyo ezisebenza kubunzulu obahlukeneyo, kodwa zidibene. Iqela le-IGME-CSIC lichaza, kwelinye icala, i amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, enxulunyaniswa nomaleko osebenzayo we-permafrost, onyibilika kancinci kwiinyanga ezipholileyo zonyaka we-Antarctic.
Kulo mgangatho ungaphantsi, amanzi avela ukunyibilika kwekhephu nomkhenkce ongaphezulu Ingena ngokukhawuleza kwiintlambo zentaba-mlilo. Ubukho be-permafrost kunye ne-seasonal dynamics kwenza olu layer lube novelwano kakhulu kutshintsho lobushushu, nto leyo emisela ubungakanani bamanzi anokujikeleza minyaka le kwaye nini.
Ngezantsi, olu phononongo luchonga i-aquifer enzulu, ehlala ihleli, neyomlinganiselo wengingqiKwimeko enjalo, amanzi ajikeleza lula kakhulu kwizinto zentaba-mlilo, ezibonisa ukungena kwamanzi okuphezulu nokuba kubunzulu obukhulu. Kukule nqanaba apho [indawo yentaba-mlilo] isekwa khona. unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo nolwandleI-aquifer enzulu isebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwesiqithi kunye nolwandle olujikelezileyo.
Unxibelelwano phakathi kwala manzi mabini lubalulekile. Ukukhupha okudibeneyo kwezi nkqubo zimbini emachibini kulawula amanqanaba amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba kwaye ichaza isizathu sokuba la machibi agcine amanzi acocekileyo nangona ekufutshane kakhulu nolwandle. Ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi ngonyaka, okulingana ne-41% yemvula, kukwaqinisekisa ukuba amandla aphezulu okungena komhlaba wentaba-mlilo kunye nokubaluleka kokunyibilika kwehlobo kwibhalansi yamanzi yesiqithi.
Kubaphandi, ekugqibeleni ukuba nalo mzobo "wokusebenza kwangaphakathi kweDeception Island" kubonisa inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuya phambili. Oku kubavumela ukuba linganisa iimeko zexesha elizayo apho ubungakanani bekhephu, ubunzulu bemvula, okanye izinga lokunyibilika kwe-permafrost litshintsha khonaOku kubaluleke kakhulu xa kufikwa kwimeko yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu e-Antarctica.
I-Permafrost, i-volcanism kunye notshintsho lwemozulu: ilebhu ye-polar yaseYurophu
La indibaniselwano yentaba-mlilo esebenzayo, ii-glaciers, amachibi kunye ne-permafrost Oku kwenza iDeception Island ibe yindawo enomdla kakhulu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi lwaseYurophu. I-permafrost—umhlaba onomkhenkce ohlala uhleli—idlala indima ebalulekileyo: ubukhulu bayo kunye nesimo sayo (eqandisiweyo okanye enyibilikisiweyo kancinci) zimisela umlinganiselo amanzi anokungena ngawo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ahlale ebambekile phezu komhlaba.
Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba I-permafrost dynamics yexesha lonyaka inefuthe elikhulu kwindlela esebenza ngayo amanzi kwesi siqithi.Njengoko imozulu ifudumala, kulindeleke ukuba eli phepha lomkhenkce linyibilike, litshintshe ukujikeleza kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, uzinzo lomhlaba, kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamanzi acocekileyo namanzi anetyuwa. KwiYurophu, etyale imali eninzi kuphando lwemozulu kunye nokubeka esweni utshintsho lwemozulu, olu luphawu olubalulekileyo lwento enokwenzeka kwezinye iindawo zase-Antarctic.
Imodeli entsha ye-hydrogeological ecetywayo kwiDeception Island inceda qikelela indlela amachibi kunye nomhlaba wentaba-mlilo ngokwawo onokutshintsha ngayo xa kukho amaqondo obushushu aphezuluPhakathi kwezinye izinto, kuya kuvumela uvavanyo lweengozi ezinxulumene nokungazinzi kwethambeka, ukuguqulwa kweenkqubo zendalo zasemanzini, kunye nokukhululwa okunokwenzeka kweegesi okanye izinto ezivaleleke kwi-permafrost.
Ngaphezu koko, esi siqithi sithathwa njenge indawo yesicwangciso-qhinga seziseko zesayensi zaseSpain naseYurophu kunye neephulo zophandoUkuba nenkcazo eneenkcukacha ngenkqubo yayo yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunika ithuba elicacileyo xa ucwangcisa ukujonga kwixesha elizayo, ukubhola okanye ukusebenzisa izixhobo, kunye nokuthelekisa okwenzekayo kwiDeception Island nezinye iindawo ezishushu zentaba-mlilo ezikwiincopho zomhlaba.
Lo msebenzi ukwagxininisa ukubaluleka ukulungelelanisa izifundo zejoloji, ze-hydrological kunye nezemozulu ukuze kufunyanwe ukuqonda okubanzi ngakumbi ngendlela ilizwekazi laseAntarctic elisabela ngayo kubushushu behlabathi. Ngale ndlela, iziphumo zisebenza njengesalathiso seeprojekthi zaseYurophu ezijongana nemozulu eqaqambileyo evela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-glaciology ukuya kwi-oceanography.
Imvelaphi yamanzi: "uphawu" oluyi-isotopic lwekhephu nemvula
Ngaphaya kwenkcazo ebonakalayo ye-aquifers, uphando lubandakanya icandelo eliphambili: uqikelelo lokuqala lwe-altitudinal isotopic gradient kule ndawo yase-AntarcticaNgamanye amazwi, izazinzulu ziye zahlalutya indlela ukwakheka kwamanzi okungaxutywanga (kokubini kwikhephu nasemvuleni) okutshintsha ngayo kuxhomekeke kukuphakama apho imvula yakheka khona.
Olu "tyikityo" oluyi-isotopic luvumela ukulandelela imvelaphi yamanzi avuselela amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwaye ondla amachibiNgenxa yezi zilinganiso, kunokwenzeka ukumisela ukuba iqhekeza elithile lamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba livela ngokuyintloko ekuweni kwekhephu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, emvuleni kwiindawo ezisezantsi, okanye kumxube wazo zombini. Olu lwazi luluncedo kakhulu kwi ukuphinda kwakhiwe izixhobo zamanzi zangaphambili nezangoku kwesi siqithi.
Idatha ye-Isotopic ikwanceda ukutolika ngcono iirekhodi zemozulu ezigcinwe kwiqhwaIingqimba ezininzi zomkhenkce ezisetyenziselwa ukufunda imbali yemozulu yeplanethi zisekelwe ngqo kwiinguqu ze-isotopic. Ukuba nolwalamano oluneenkcukacha phakathi kwee-isotopes kunye nokuphakama kwiDeception Island kuphucula ukutolikwa kwezi rekhodi zendalo kwaye kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwemozulu ngokuchanekileyo kwimimandla ye-polar.
Ngokutsho kwababhali, indlela esetyenzisiweyo ukuseka le gradient ye-isotopic ephezulu inokudluliselwa kwezinye iindawo zelizwekazi lase-Antarctic. Ngoko ke, umsebenzi awupheleli nje ekuchazeni ityala elithile, kodwa endaweni yoko Icebisa indlela esebenzayo kwezinye iindawo zase-Antarctica apho indlela yokuziphatha kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ingaziwa kakhulu..
Le ndlela, edibanisa i-hydrology, i-geochemistry, kunye ne-isotopes, ivula indlela yokuba ukuphucula iimodeli zemozulu kunye nezamanzi kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlabaOku kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvavanyeni impembelelo yokufudumala kwehlabathi kwinqanaba lengingqi nelehlabathi.
Imodeli enokuthunyelwa kwezinye iindawo zase-Antarctica
Olu phononongo, olupapashwe kwijenali yesayensi Ijenali yeHydrology: Izifundo zeSithiliAyipheleli ekuchazeni ityala elingaqhelekanga, kodwa ivelisa imodeli yokusebenza kweenkqubo zamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwiindawo ezinentaba-mlilo ezikwiincopho zomhlabaUkudityaniswa kwedatha yentsimi, ukujongwa kolwandle, uhlalutyo lwe-isotopic, kunye nokuchazwa kwejoloji kubonelela ngesakhelo esomeleleyo sokuphanda ezinye iindawo kwilizwekazi.
Ababhali bagxininisa ukuba indlela eyilwe kwiDeception Island ingasetyenziswa kwi kwezinye iindawo zaseAntarctica apho amandla omhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba angaziwa kangakoIngcinga kukuphinda eli cebo: ukuchonga ulwakhiwo lwejoloji, ukulinganisa indlela asabela ngayo amachibi kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kumaza, ukuhlalutya ukwakheka kwamanzi, kwaye ukusuka apho, ukwakha iimodeli ze-hydrogeological ezilungiselelwe indawo nganye.
Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zifihlakeleyo akuyonto nje yokufunda. inqaku eliphambili ekuqikeleleni indlela iinkqubo zendalo ezikwii-polar eziya kusabela ngayo kubushushu behlabathiOlu lwazi luza kuqinisekisa ukuba ukufumaneka kwamanzi acocekileyo kuya kwahluka njani kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka ekuxutyweni kwamanzi ase-continental nawaselwandle. Ekugqibeleni, olu lwazi luza kuchaphazela ulwahlulo lwezinto eziphilayo, ikhemistri yolwandle olukufutshane, kunye nokuzinza kwendawo.
KwiSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu asebenza eAntarctica, ukuba nomzekelo ophinda-phindwayo kuthetha ukukwazi ukubeka phambili iindawo ezintsha zokufunda, ukuphucula amaphulo esayensi, kunye nokukhokela iziseko zoqwalaselo lwexesha elizayoNgoko ke inkohliso iba yindawo yokubhekisa ekutolikeni imiqondiso, kwezinye iziqithi zaseAntarctica okanye kwiindawo ezikunxweme, esabhidisayo.
Xa zizonke, iziphumo zibonisa umfanekiso apho Amachibi aseAntarctic awasabonwa njengeendawo zokugcina amanzi aqandisiweyo ezingashukumiyo ukuba kuqondwe njengeendawo ezikwinethiwekhi ehamba rhoqo, ezidityaniswe nolwandle ngemijelo engabonakaliyo engaphantsi komhlaba. Inyani yokuba la machibi e-crater kwiDeception Island asabela kumaza, agcina amanzi acocekileyo ngenxa yokukhutshelwa kwamanzi entaba-mlilo, kwaye agcina emanzini awo uphawu olungabonakaliyo lwekhephu nemvula kwenza le ndawo ibe yinto ephambili yokujonga ngokusondeleyo utshintsho lwelizwekazi elimhlophe kwiplanethi efudumeleyo.
