Las amaza obushushuZombini iimeko ezingaphaya komoya kunye nezolwandle ziye zaba zezona zinto zibonakalayo zokufudumala kwehlabathi kwiMeditera. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, olu lwandle luvaliweyo luye lwasuka ekubeni yibharometha yotshintsho lwemozulu lwaba yilebhu yokwenyani yezinto ezingaphaya komoya, enefuthe elithe ngqo kwi EspañaiZiqithi zaseBalearic kunye namanye amazwe asemazantsi eYurophu.
Idatha yakutshanje ibonisa ukuba uLwandle lweMeditera lungena kwinqanaba ubushushu obungapheliyokunye namaqondo obushushu bamanzi aphula irekhodi, iintsuku ezininzi zobushushu baselwandle, kunye nokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle okusele kunemiphumo Iinkqubo zendaloamacandelo abalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kunye nempilo yoluntu oluselunxwemeni.
Ubushushu obukhulayo beMeditera: amaqondo obushushu arekhodiweyo kunye neentsuku ezininzi zobushushu baselwandle
Ingxelo yonyaka yeBalearic Islands Coastal Observing System (SOCIB) ibeka unyaka ka-2025 njengomnye weyona minyaka inzima kakhulu ebhalwe kwi- ulwandle lasemediterraneanKwezinye iindawo, lobushushu kumphezulu wolwandle yayikwindawo eya kuthi ga kwi 6,5°C ngaphezu komndilili idatha yembali yexesha eliphakathi kuka-1982 no-2015, into engaqhelekanga ebonisa indlela amaza obushushu olwandle akhula ngayo.
Ngokwale ngxelo, iMeditera yaqokelelana ngo-2025 malunga neentsuku ezili-190 zamaza obushushu baselwandleOko kukuthi, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sonyaka kunye nobushushu bomphezulu wolwandle obungaphezulu kwe-90th percentile yamaxabiso aqhelekileyo ubuncinane iintsuku ezintlanu ezilandelelanayo. Ezi ziziganeko apho amaqondo obushushu ahlala ephezulu ngendlela engaqhelekanga, kunye iincopho eziphakathi kwe-4°C ngaphezu komyinge wemozulukwaye ezidityaniswe kunye zishiya ithuba elincinci lokuchacha.
Las Iziqithi zaseBalearic Beziphakathi kweendawo ezichaphazeleke kakhulu eYurophu. I-SOCIB iqinisekisa ukuba u-2025 yayingunyaka apho ubushushu obuphezulu bomphezulu wolwandle obakha barekhodwa kweli qhina leziqithi, emva kwehlobo elishushu kakhulu ukusukela ngo-2022. Umlinganiselo uthathwe kwezinye ii-buoys zaselunxwemeni amaxabiso akufutshane ne-31 ºCluqheleke kakhulu emanzini ashushu kunaselwandle olushushu.
Ngexesha a ubushushu obugqithisileyo baselwandle Phakathi kukaJuni nasekuqaleni kukaJulayi, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bomphezulu wommandla weBalearic bufikelele 28,4 ºC Ngomhla wesi-3 kuJulayi. Elo nani lalimele phantse 5°C ngaphezu komndilili yesalathiso (1982-2015), utsiba olubonisa ubukhulu besi siganeko. Kwiindawo ezifana necandelo laseLigurian-Provençal okanye iGulf of Lion, izinto ezingaqhelekanga zifikelele phantse 8°C kwiindawo ezikunxwemeOku kubonisa ukuba iMeditera itshintsha ngokupheleleyo ubushushu.
Ukususela kwirekhodi lendawo ukuya kumxholo wehlabathi: iMeditera njengendawo eshushu yokufudumala kolwandle
Ukufudumala okubonwa kwiMeditera akwenzeki kwindawo engenabantu. Kwisikali seplanethi, Unyaka ka-2025 ubekwe njengonyaka wesithathu oshushu kakhulu. ukusukela oko kwaqala iirekhodi ezithembekileyo, kwaye ixesha lika-2023-2025 laphawula elokuqala umyinge wonyaka wesithathu ongaphezulu kwe-1,5 ºC xa kuthelekiswa nexesha langaphambi kwezemizi-mveliso. Okubalulekileyo kukuba la manani afezekisiwe nangona kungekho siganeko siphawulekayo El Niño, into yendalo edla ngokwandisa ubushushu bolwandle kwihlabathi liphela.
Kule meko, iMeditera ivela njengenye yezona ndawo zinkulu iindawo ezishushu zotshintsho lwemozuluNgokusekelwe kwiziphumo zesathelayithi ezivela kwinkqubo yeCopernicus kunye nedatha in situ kwiinkqubo ezifana nee-buoys, ii-gliders kunye nee-autonomous floats, i-SOCIB iqikelela i- ukufudumala komphezulu wolwandle malunga ne-0,4°C ngeshumi leminyaka ukusukela ngo-1982, nangona kukho umahluko obonakalayo kuxhomekeke kummandla.
Ngowama-2025, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bomphezulu wolwandle ngonyaka kulo lonke iqula bufikelele 21,1 ºC, nto leyo ebeka loo nyaka njengonyaka okwesibini okushushu kakhulu kwirekhodi, idlule kuphela ngo-2024. Olu luhlu lweminyaka efudumeleyo kakhulu ludibanisa imeko entsha yemozulu apho amaza obushushu baselwandle ayeka ukuba zizinto ezizimeleyo aze abe luphawu oluphindaphindayo lwehlobo laseMeditera.
Isazinzulu seSOCIB UMélanie Juza Igxininisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luzise “iirekhodi ezintsha” kumaqondo obushushu olwandle, ityuwa, kunye nomgangatho wolwandle kwiMeditera. Izigqibo zayo, ezisekelwe kuthotho olude lwezinto eziqwalaselweyo, zikhomba kwi ukuqhubeka kunye nokuqina kokufudumala kolwandle kuyo yonke ikholamu yamanzi, kungekuphela nje kumaleko ongaphandle esiwuvayo elunxwemeni.
Iimpembelelo zamaza obushushu olwandle: iinkqubo zendalo eziphantsi koxinzelelo kunye nomngcipheko owandileyo wonxweme
Amaza obushushu aselwandle ayingomcimbi nje ongaqhelekanga, kwaye awapheleli nje ekuphazamiseni abaqubhi. Ingxelo ibonisa ukuba oku ukufudumala okuqhubekayo Ihlengahlengisa iinkqubo zolwandle zalo mmandla, nto leyo enemiphumo emikhulu kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, ikhemistri yamanzi, kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezininzi zaselwandle.
Phakathi kweziphumo ezibaluleke kakhulu kukwanda istratification yoluhlu lwamanziNjengoko umphezulu ushushu kwaye umaleko onzulu uhlala upholile, ukwahlukana phakathi kwezi zimbini kuyanda, okuthintela ukuxubana ngokuthe nkqo. Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho ukufumaneka okuncinci kweoksijini kunye nezondlo kumanqanaba athile, nto leyo enokubangela uxinzelelo kwiintlobo ezininzi zaselwandle kwaye ikhuthaze ukwanda kwezinto eziphilayo ezinyamezela ubushushu.
Las I-Posidonia oceanica meadows, enye yezona ndawo ziphambili zokuhlala kwiMeditera, isongelwa kakhulu yile ndibaniselwano ye amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, ukulahleka kweoksijini, kunye notshintsho ekukhanyeniEzi zityalo zaselwandle zisebenza njengamahlathi angaphantsi kwamanzi: zigcina ikhabhoni, zikhusela ukukhukuliseka konxweme, kwaye zisebenza njengendawo yokukhosela neyokuzalela iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana. Ubushushu baselwandle obuhlala ixesha elide bunokubangela ukufa okukhulu okanye umonakalo ongenakuphikiswa kwezi ndawo.
Ingxelo ikwatsala ingqalelo kwindima yamaza obushushu baselwandle ekuveleni kweziganeko zemozulu egqithisileyo, iinkqubo ze Iimvula ezinkulu kunye neemeko zokungazinzi komoya. Ulwandle olufudumeleyo lunegalelo kumandla angakumbi kunye nomphunga wamanzi emoyeni, nto leyo enokuqinisa izivunguvungu kwaye ivelise inani elikhulu lemvula ngexesha elifutshane, nto leyo eyonyusa umngcipheko wokuba izikhukula zaselunxwemeni nasemaphandleni kumazwe anjengeSpain, iFrance okanye i-Itali.
Ngaphezu koko, uluntu oluselunxwemeni kunye namacandelo afana ukuloba kunye nokhenketho Banyanzelekile lungelelanisa kwindawo engaqinisekanga ngakumbi. Utshintsho ekusasazekeni kweentlobo zorhwebo, iziqendu zokufa kwezilwanyana zaselwandle, iintsuku ezininzi zokuhlamba emanzini afudumeleyo kakhulu, okanye ukwanda kwezidalwa ezihlaselayo zezinye zezinto ezinokutshintsha iimodeli zoqoqosho zemveli kunxweme lweMeditera yaseYurophu.
Ukwanda kwetyuwa, ukunyuka kwamanqanaba olwandle, kunye nefuthe kumanxweme aseYurophu
Ukufudumala kweMeditera akwenzeki yodwa. Ingxelo yeSOCIB inika amaxwebhu amanqanaba etyuwa angazange abonwe ngaphambili kwicala elisempuma lesitya, elinxulunyaniswa nokwanda ngumphunga eziveliswa ngamanzi afudumeleyo. Xa amanzi amaninzi ephuma kumphezulu, ityuwa iba nzulu ngakumbi, nto leyo etshintsha uxinano lwamanzi kwaye inokuchaphazela imisinga yolwandle kunye notshintshiselwano noLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki.
Ngokuhambelanayo, i ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle KwiMeditera, olu hlobo lotshintsho luyaqhubeka nokukhawulezisa. Ukususela ngo-1993, olu hlobo lotshintsho belukho 3,4 yeesentimitha ngeshumi leminyakaNangona kunjalo, amazinga aphezulu nangakumbi afunyenwe kwezinye iindawo ngenxa yokwanda kwamanzi ngobushushu, igalelo elivela kwezinye iilwandle, kunye notshintsho lokujikeleza kwamanzi kwiindawo ezikufutshane. Kwimimandla eselunxwemeni esezantsi—njengeendawo ezikunxweme lwaseSpain, i-Ebro Delta, okanye iindawo ezixineneyo zasezidolophini ngaselwandle—oku kwanda kuthetha ukuba umngcipheko okhulayo wezikhukula kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba ngexesha leenkqwithela kunye namaza entwasahlobo.
Kulo Iziqithi zaseBalearicUnyaka ka-2025 uphawula elinye inqanaba elibalulekileyo unyaka orekhodiweyo kwinqanaba lolwandle, idlula iirekhodi eziphezulu kakhulu esele ziphezulu kakhulu zowama-2023 nowama-2024. Le ndlela ikhulayo, eyongeziweyo kumaza obushushu baselwandle kunye nokuxhaphaka okukhulu kweziganeko zemvula enamandla, iqinisa imfuneko yokucwangcisa ukuhlala elunxwemeni, ukukhuselwa kweziseko zophuhliso kunye nokulondolozwa kweendawo ezimanzi kunye neenkqubo zeendunduma ezisebenza njengomqobo wendalo ngendlela eyahlukileyo.
Iseti yezi nkqubo –Ubushushu obugqithisileyo emanzini, ukwanda kwetyuwa, ukunyuka kwamanqanaba olwandle, kunye nomonakalo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zendalo– Oku kubeka uLwandle lweMeditera njengenye yeendawo ezisemhlabeni apho impembelelo yotshintsho lwemozulu izibonakalisa ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye, ngokongeza, kwenza amazwe aseYurophu ajikeleze, kuquka neSpain, abe yimimandla ephambili kwimizamo yokulungelelanisa imeko.
Ubushushu obugqithisileyo buyisongelo lehlabathi: izigidi zabantu ziphakathi kweengxaki
Ngelixa uLwandle lweMeditera lushushu kakhulu kwaye luphinda-phinda amaza obushushu baselwandle, emhlabeni ubushushu obugqithisileyo Ikwavela njengenye yezona ngozi zinkulu kwimpilo yoluntu kwiminyaka ezayo. Uphando olukhokelwa zizazinzulu ezivela kwi- KwiYunivesithi yaseOxford kwaye yapapashwa kwimagazini Ukuzinza kwendalo lumkisa ukuba Ngo-2050 phantse abantu abayi-3.800 yezigidi Banokubekwa kwimeko yobushushu obugqithisileyo rhoqo.
Olu phononongo, olucinga ukuba kukho ukwanda 2 ºC kubushushu obuphakathi behlabathi, igxininisa ukuba abantu baphila phantse ngamaxesha obushushu obukhulu iya kuphindaphindwa kabini phakathi kwenkulungwaneInani, eliqikelelwa malunga Abantu abazizigidi ezili-3.790Oku kunika umbono wobukhulu bengxaki engasabonwa njengengxaki yendalo kuphela, kodwa njengengxaki impilo, intlalo kunye noqoqosho.
Ababhali bolu phononongo bagxininisa ukuba eli shumi leminyaka libalulekile, njengoko iplanethi isondela ngokukhawuleza kumda Ukufudumeza okungu-1,5°C malunga namanqanaba angaphambi kwexesha lezoshishino. Ngokutsho komphandi uJesús Lizana, umbhali oyintloko wale ngxelo, ihlabathi liza kudlula loo mda "kwangoko kunokuba abaninzi becinga," nto leyo edinga ukukhawuleziswa kwemizamo yokuziqhelanisa.
Esinye sezigqibo eziphambili zezi imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokusasaza iziseko zokupholisa ezizinzileyo kunye netekhnoloji yokupholisa engasebenzisi mandla, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasezidolophini ezinabantu abaninzi. Ngaphandle kwezo zisombululo, abantu abasesichengeni Baza kudibana nobushushu obungaphezulu kwamandla emvelo omzimba okususa ubushushu, nto leyo ebangela yonke into ukusuka kwisiyezi kunye neentloko ezibuhlungu ukuya ekungasebenzi kakuhle kwamalungu omzimba, kwaye kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa.
Iindawo ezisengozini kakhulu kunye nemingeni yokuziqhelanisa, nakwiYurophu
Uphononongo lwaseOxford lubonisa ukuba ibhanti yetropiki njengommandla apho uxinzelelo oluvela kubushushu obugqithisileyo luya kuba lukhulu khona. Amazwe anemozulu eshushu kakade kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwabemi—eneendawo ezinkulu zasezidolophini kunye nokufikelela okuncinci kwi-air conditioner—aza kubona ukwanda okukhulu imfuno yamandla okupholisaEsi sidingo songezelelweyo, siya kubangela imingeni kwiigridi zombane kunye nokufikeleleka kwamandla, ingakumbi kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo.
Phakathi kwamazwe achaphazeleke kakhulu kukho IBrazil, iIndonesia kunye neNigeriabonke benamakhulu ezigidi zabemi abajongene neemeko ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Kolu luhlu kongezwa I-India, iiPhilippines, kunye neBangladesh njengeendawo ezibalulekileyo, apho ubushushu obugqithisileyo budibene noxinano olukhulu lwabantu, ukwanda kwabantu ngokukhawuleza ezidolophini, kunye neenkqubo zonyango eziphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu.
Olu phando lukwabonisa ukuba abantu abanezixhobo ezimbalwa Ngabo baza kuthwala uxanduva lwempembelelo. Njengoko ingcali yemozulu yasezidolophini isikhumbuza. URadhika Khosla, ipatheni edwetshiweyo yeka ukungalingani kwemozuluAbo bane-air conditioner esebenzayo, amakhaya ane-insulation efanelekileyo, okanye ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zococeko bayakwazi ukumelana nale meko, ngelixa abo bangenazo ezi zixhobo bejongene nemingcipheko ephezulu kakhulu.
Nangona eyona mpembelelo inkulu igxile kwimimandla eshushu, ingxelo ilumkisa ukuba Ngokwesiko iindawo ezibandayo azikhuselekangaAmazwe afana neKhanada, iRashiya, neFinland, aqhele ukutyala imali eninzi ekufudumaleni kunokuba apholile, kuya kufuneka ahlengahlengise iziseko zawo zamandla kunye nezakhiwo ukuze zilungele imozulu eneentsuku ezimbalwa ezibandayo kunye nezinye iziqendu ezininzi zobushushu obunamandla, into iYurophu esele iqalile ukuyiqaphela kumaza obushushu ehlobo ehlobo lwakutshanje.
Kwimeko yaseYurophu naseMeditera, ubushushu obugqithisileyo buyanda ngenxa yezinto ezifana ukuguga kwabantu, ukuxinana kwabantu ezidolophini kunye nokubakho kweendawo ezinkulu ezakhiweyo ezinezityalo ezincinci kunye neendawo ezininzi ezigangathiweyo. Konke oku kuxhasa imeko ye- iziqithi zobushushu basezidolophiniapho amaqondo obushushu ebusuku ahlala ephezulu kakhulu kwaye amaza obushushu ayingozi kakhulu empilweni.
Umdibaniso we amaza obushushu asemoyeni naselwandle Oku kubeka iYurophu, ingakumbi emazantsi elizwekazi, phambi komngeni onzima: ukukhusela abantu, iinkqubo zendalo, kunye noqoqosho kwimeko apho amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo aya kuyeka ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo. Ukusuka kwiMeditera eshushu kakhulu ukuya kwizixeko ezijongene nobusuku betropiki, ubushushu buba ngomnye wemiba ephambili yotshintsho lwemozulu ekuya kufuneka sihlengahlengise kuyo, nokuba siyayithanda okanye asiyithandi.
