Ngenxa yokubanda okugqithisileyo, ukunqongophala kwemvula, kunye nomoya onamandla rhoqo, i-Antarctica kuphela kwelizwekazi eMhlabeni elingenabemi bomthonyama. Ekubeni lilizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu kwihlabathi, emva kweAsia, iMelika kunye neAfrika, le ndawo ifunwayo ifunwa kakhulu ngabaninzi. Ummandla omkhulu ozizigidi ezili-14 zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha uphikiswa ngamazwe asixhenxe awohlukeneyo, ngalinye libanga ubunini beendawo ezithile. Oku kukhokelela kumbuzo othi,I-Antarctica iphantsi kweliphi ilizwe?
Ke ngoko, kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yeyiphi na amazwe i-Antarctica kwaye ngabaphi abaviwa abanokuyigcina loo ndawo.
Amazwe anokwenzeka athi iAntarctica
Amazwe angabamelwane aquka iArgentina, iAustralia, iChile neNew Zealand. IFransi, iNorway kunye ne-United Kingdom zibanga ulongamo kwiindawo ezithile ze-Antarctica, nto leyo eyenza kucace ukuba amazwe amathathu aseYurophu anamabango ommandla kulo mmandla.
Ngowe-1904, iArgentina yaba nguvulindlela ekumiseleni ubukho obuhlala buhleli kulo mmandla nasekuboniseni igunya layo. I-Orcadas Base, emi njengesikhululo senzululwazi esinexesha elide kwi Antarctica, yaba ngumphumo walo mgudu wembali.
Isizwe saseMzantsi Melika sithatha le ndawo njengokwandiswa kwephondo laso elisemazantsi, iTierra del Fuego, kunye nokubandakanywa kweZiqithi zeFalkland, iSouth Georgia kunye neZiqithi zaseSandwich eziseMzantsi. Ngowe-1908, I-United Kingdom ibambe ibango layo le-Antarctic, ebandakanya ummandla osele ubango yiArgentina, nangona iziqithi ziphantsi kolawulo lwayo.
Ngomnyaka we-1940, iChile yaqinisekisa ibango layo lommandla, iphikisa ukuba yayilulwandiso olunengqiqo lommandla okhoyo. Ummandla owaziwa njenge-Antarctica yaseChile, ekuMmandla weMagallanes, ongowona usemazantsi eengingqi ezili-16 zaseChile, wabelana ngommandla othile kunye nemihlaba ye-Antarctic ebangwa yiArgentina kunye neUnited Kingdom.
Amabango aseleyo olongamo abangelwa kukuthatyathwa kwemihlaba okwenziwa ngabahloli bamazwe abadumileyo baseAntarctic ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-1911. Ibango laseNorway lisekelwe kwiihambo ezikhokelwa nguRoald Amundsen, ophumelele umsebenzi ophawulekayo wokuba ngumntu wokuqala ukufikelela kwi-geographic South Pole ngo-XNUMX.
INew Zealand kunye neOstreliya baseka amabango abo ommandla e-Antarctica kwimpumelelo ye-Antarctic kaJames Clark Ross, owathi, egameni loBukhosi baseBritane, yatyala iflegi kwimimandla eyathi kamva yabekwa phantsi kolawulo lwezi zizwe zibini nguBukhosi baseBritani, ngowe-1923 nangowe-1926., ngokulandelanayo.
I-Antarctic Territory
Ngaphakathi kummandla we-Antarctic, iFransi iqinisekisa ubunini bayo phezu komhlaba othobekileyo owafunyanwa okokuqala ngo-1840 ngumlawuli uJules Dumont D'Urville. Lo mmandla, owaziwa ngokuba yi-Adelia Land, wathiywa ngembeko yomfazi womphathi. Ngokucacileyo, lo mmandla uhlala ungafunwanga siso nasiphi na esinye isizwe.
Ngaphandle kwezi mvakalelo zibuhlungu, Izizwe ezingama-35 ezongezelelweyo, kubandakanya iJamani, iBrazil, iChina, iUnited States, iIndiya kunye neRussia, ziye zaseka iziseko ezisisigxina kwilizwekazi elicocekileyo.
I-Antarctica yeyewaphi amazwe?
Ummandla oqhele ukubizwa ngokuba yi-South Pole, elikhaya kwi-geographic South Pole, eneneni yindawo engeyoyalo naliphi na iqumrhu elithile. Ibiphantsi kolawulo lwesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esaziwa ngokuba yi-Antarctic Treaty ukususela ngo-1961. Ekuqaleni satyikitywa ngoDisemba 1, 1959, esi sivumelwano sasibandakanya amazwe asixhenxe anamabango azimeleyo, kunye nezizwe ezintlanu ezongezelelweyo: IBelgium, iMelika (apho isivumelwano satyikitywa khona), iJapan, uMzantsi Afrika kunye neRussia.
Ebudeni beMfazwe Yomlomo, iSivumelwano sasekwa ngenjongo yokuthintela ukwanda koxinzelelo lomkhosi. Wagxininisa ukubaluleka kokugcina i-Antarctica njengendawo yokusabela enokuthula, ngaphandle kweengxabano okanye iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. ISivumelwano satsho ngokungagungqiyo ukuba eli lizwekazi lifanele lisoloko lisetyenziselwa iinjongo zoxolo kuphela, liqinisekisa impilo-ntle nemvisiswano yalo lonke uluntu.
Enkosi kwisivumelwano, Amabango omhlaba akhoyo aye apheliswa kwaye isiphumo esibalulekileyo yaba kukuchongwa kwe-Antarctica njengendawo yogcino lwenzululwazi eyaziwa kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ukongeza, wabeka isithintelo sovavanyo lwenyukliya kwaye wanciphisa ngokungqongqo naziphi na izenzo ezinxulumene nomkhosi, egxininisa ukubaluleka kwentsebenziswano kuphando lwesayensi.
Emva koko, iSivumelwano sibone ukufakwa kwezizwe ezingama-42 ezongezelelweyo; Nangona kunjalo, bangama-29 kuphela kubo abanegunya lokwenza izigqibo malunga nexesha langoku kunye nekamva le-Antarctica., njengoko bethatha inxaxheba "kwimisebenzi yophando ebalulekileyo."
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, onke amalungu esi sivumelwano azibophelele ngamxhelomnye ekugcineni ukuvalwa kwayo nayiphi na imizamo engeyiyo eyenzululwazi e-Antarctica.
Ubutyebi namandla
Yintoni ebangela umgangatho obaluleke ngolo hlobo wokufuna ukwazi kwilizwekazi eligqunywe ngumkhenkce ubukhulu becala? Ubutyebi bendalo obuyintabalala buphakathi koothunywashe abaphambili abafak’ isandla koko kulele ngaphantsi komkhenkce.
NgokukaMatthew Teller, umenzi wefilimu kunye nentatheli ethe yagubungela i-Antarctica kakhulu kwi-BBC, izazi ze geologists. Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlala kwezona zikhundla zibalaseleyo kwiziseko zenzululwazi zelizwekazi elimhlophe, kwaye kukho isizathu esithile emva koku..
Ngelixa iSivumelwano sase-Antarctic sikuthintela ngokungqongqo ukujonga i-oyile kunye nemigodi, kusekho indawo yokuhlola ezi zixhobo ngeenjongo zenzululwazi. Ngokutsho kukaTeller, uqikelelo lweengcaphephe lubonisa ukuba umhlaba weAntarctic kukholelwa ukuba unemiphanda yeoli emalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-200.
Kuyacaca ukuba iyodlula iKuwait okanye iAbu Dhabi. Ngenxa yezo zombini izithintelo ezicacileyo kunye neendleko ezigqithisileyo zokukhutshwa, ukuxhaphazwa kobu butyebi akuseyona ndlela inokwenzeka kwimeko yangoku.
Ngokungafaniyo neArctic, eyilwe ubukhulu becala lulwandle olunomkhenkce, iAntarctica lilizwekazi elibonakala ngokuba nomkhenkce kumhlaba onamatye. Umkhenkce waseAntarctic unokufikelela kubunzulu obumangalisayo beekhilomitha ezine. Ngaphaya koko, ukwakhiwa kwamaqonga e-oyile ekude nonxweme kufutshane nonxweme lwe-Antarctic, apho oovimba ababalulekileyo be-oyile nerhasi kukholelwa ukuba zikhona, inokuba ngumsebenzi obiza imali eninzi kakhulu ngenxa yokukhenkceza kwamanzi ngexesha lonyaka lasebusika.
Ngaphandle koku, uTeller uyalumkisa ukuba Ubume boqoqosho lwehlabathi ngo-2048, xa kufika ixesha lokuhlaziya iprotocol yokuvalwa kwe-Antarctic prospecting, ayiqinisekanga kwaye ayinakuqikelelwa ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwimeko enjalo, ihlabathi elingenawo amandla linokufikelela kwimeko yokuphelelwa lithemba.
Ummandla we-Antarctic waziwa ngokuba noovimba abakhulu bezinto ezixabisekileyo, kubandakanya amalahle, ilothe, intsimbi, ichromium, ubhedu, igolide, i-nickel, iplatinum, iuranium kunye nesilivere, ukongeza kwiidiphozithi zayo zeoyile negesi. Ezi zixhobo zifumaneka kwishelufu yelizwekazi lommandla.
Ilawulwa yi-Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Commission, ikrill kunye nokuloba iintlanzi kuLwandlekazi oluMazantsi kulawulwa ngononophelo ngenxa yobuninzi babantu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba ngawaphi amazwe angakwi-Antarctica kwaye ngowaphi amazwe athi ayibanga.