Ngomoya ozaliswe ngamasuntswana kunye nesixeko esiphantsi kwenkungu eshinyeneyo, abasemagunyeni kwikomkhulu laseIndiya basebenze uvavanyo lokuqala lwembewu yelifu ngenjongo ekhawulezileyo: ukunyanzelisa imvula eya kunceda ukucoca indalo esingqongileyo. I-manuver, elungelelaniswe ne-Indian Institute of Technology e-Kanpur, ithathwa njenge umlinganiselo wokuthomalalisa kwimeko yongcoliseko olungapheliyo.
Uvavanyo lwenziwa nge inqwelomoya elula phezu kwendawo Burari, emantla eNew Delhi, ukujonga ulungelelwaniso lokusebenza kunye neemeko zemozulu. Ngokutsho kwemithombo esemthethweni, ukuba imozulu ilungile, ikomkhulu linakho rekhoda imvula eyenziweyo nge-29 kaOkthobha, isiganeko esibalulekileyo ekufuneni izisombululo ezikhawulezayo kwi-smog yasebusika.
I-Delhi ijika ibe yimbewu yelifu ukuze unciphise umsi
Uqhaqho lwenziwa nge Inqwelomoya yaseCessna eyayibhabha phezu kwamacandelo ommandla osemantla esixeko ukuze ihlole amathuba akhoyo. Amaqela asuka kwi IJ Kanpur kunye nesebe lezendalo lendawo, ngombono wokudibanisa iSebe leMeteorological yaseIndiya ekubekweni iliso ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko.
Ikomkhulu, ngaphezu Abemi abali-30 lezigidi, irekhoda iziqephu zokungcola okukhulu rhoqo ebusika ngenxa yokuguquka kweqondo lokushisa elibamba umoya obandayo phantsi komgangatho ofudumeleyo. Ukongezwa koku kukukhutshwa kwamashishini, ukugcwala kwezithuthi kunye ukutsha kweendiza kwiindawo ezikufutshane, ukwenza i-cocktail ephindaphinda amanqanaba e-PM2,5 ngaphezulu kwemigangatho ye-WHO.
Kwiintsuku zamva nje, amaxabiso e Isalathiso soMgangatho woMoya malunga ne-292 yesixeko siphela, kunye nezinye izikhululo ezidlula "ezingahluphekanga kakhulu" kwaye "zinzima" umda (ufundo oluphezulu njenge-403). Ngexesha lemibhiyozo kaDiwali, iifireworks zongezwa isulfure kunye nenitrogen oxides, iyenza mandundu imeko esele ibuthathaka.
Kunye nembewu yelifu, imilinganiselo eyaziwa ngokuba yi ukutshiza amanzi ezindleleni, ukucuthwa kwezithuthi, ukucupha ulwakhiwo, kunye nokujikeleza ngokuchasene nenkunkuma kunye nokutshiswa kwe-biomass. Nangona kunjalo, abasemagunyeni bayavuma ukuba ukunyuswa kwemvula akuthathi ndawo imigaqo-nkqubo yomgangatho womoya wolwakhiwo.
Ubuchwephesha busebenza njani kwaye zeziphi izinto ezisetyenziswayo?
Imbewu yamafu yazisa amasuntswana amancinane kwilifu elisebenza njenge incindi yempembelelo ukukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwamathontsi omkhenkce okanye iikristale. Ngale ndlela, ilifu lizama ukukhawulezisa amanye amanzi asele equlethwe ngaphakathi kwalo, linyusa isantya. inkqubo yendalo xa ukufuma kunye ne-atmospheric dynamics kuvumela oko.
Ngokwembali, iityuwa ezifana iodide yesilivere okanye i-sodium chloride; ubuchule bukwasetyenziswa ukusuka emhlabeni (ijenereyitha) okanye ukusuka emoyeni (iinqwelomoya, iidrones kunye namadangatye). Kwimeko yeDelhi, unxibelelwano olusemthethweni aluzange luchaze ikhompawundi yekhonkrithi isetyenziswe kuvavanyo, inyani efanelekileyo edla ngokuqinisekiswa emva kwesigaba sovavanyo.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba olu ngenelelo "aludali" imvula ngaphandle kwento: ifuna phucula ukusebenza kakuhle ye amafu afanelekileyoNgokwezinto eziphathekayo, imalunga nokufumana izishumi ezimbalwa okanye ipesenti yamanqaku emvula ukuba ilifu liyabonisa. ubushushu kunye ne-microphysics iyahambelana.
Ithini isayensi: ukusebenza kunye nemida
Uncwadi lwenzululwazi luqokelela iziphumo ezingafaniyo: kukho izifundo ezithi, kwiimeko ezithe ngqo (umzekelo, amafu ebusika kwimimandla yeentaba), bonisa ukunyuka kwemvula ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20%. Olunye uphononongo luyabhaqa iziphumo ezithobekileyo okanye ezinzima-ukuzikhetha ngokuchasene nokuguquguquka kwendalo kweatmosfera.
Iingcali ziye zabonisana zigxininisa ukuba ilifu, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, iqhezu kuphela elihamba phambili emanzini ekuwo. Imbewu ijolise ekuqaliseni ii-nuclei ezongezelelweyo ukuze inxalenye enkulu iphele njengemvula okanye ikhephu, nangona isivuno sixhomekeke ubushushu, uhlobo lwamafu, ubungakanani bethontsi kunye nohlaziyo.
Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, akukho imvumelwano epheleleyo kuluntu lwenzululwazi malunga nobukhulu besiphumo kwimeko nganye. Ngoko ke, i iinkqubo ezinzulu zokuguqula imozulu zikhatshwa ngu ukubekw'esweni kwezixhobo kunye novavanyo phambi kokusetyenziswa komsebenzi.
Imvelaphi kunye namava e-Asia
Ubuchwephesha bale mihla buqala emva komsebenzi wekhemisti kunye nemeteorologist UVincent Schaefer ngeminyaka yee-1940, xa wabonisa ukuba unokuzisa imvula okanye ikhephu ngokupholisa aze angenise iinuclei kumafu afanelekileyo. Ukususela ngoko, imbewu isetyenzisiwe ukunciphisa imbalela, ukuxhasa ukucinywa komlilo okanye ukuphucula iziqephu zomgangatho womoya.
I-China ibityhala iinkqubo zokuguqulwa kwemozulu iminyaka. Kwi Imidlalo yeOlimpiki yaseBeijing ka-2008 Ubuchule obunxulumeneyo busetyenzisiwe ukulawula i-meteorology kwaye, kutsha nje, imisebenzi iye yaxelwa kwimimandla eyinkqantosi njenge. Xinjiang kunye neqela leedrones ezidubula iintonga zesilivere ze-iodide kunye noqikelelo lweziphumo ezisemthethweni imvula iyanda malunga ne-4%.
I-Indiya, ngenxalenye yayo, ngoku ingena kwisigaba sovavanyo kwikomkhulu ngenkxaso yezemfundo ukulinganisa ukuba nokwenzeka, impembelelo kunye neendlekoUlindelo lweziko kukuba, ngeentsuku ezithile, imvula ebangelwa yimvula inokubonelela ngokukhululeka kwizigidi zabantu abasesichengeni sokuchachamba. PM2,5 ngamanye amaxesha aphindwe kaninzi ngaphezu kweengcebiso zamazwe ngamazwe.
Kulo mongo, abo banoxanduva bakhumbula ukuba imbewu yefu i umphelelisi ofika ngexesha kwaye ayithathi indawo yemigaqo-nkqubo engundoqo: ulawulo longcoliso, ukufakelwa kombane kwezothutho, ulawulo lwenkunkuma kunye iziqhoboshi ekutshisweni kwezolimo apho ukwindla ngalinye libangela umsi wengingqi.
Ngezi zinto, ikomkhulu laseIndiya lihlola isixhobo esaziwayo semeteorological, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kulinganiselwe, ngelixa yomeleza ulawulo lomoya kunye nokulungelelanisa ii-arhente zayo zobugcisa. Undoqo iya kuba kukulungelelanisa iifestile ze-atmospheric zamathuba kunye neeprothokholi ezicacileyo kunye novavanyo. iziphumo ezingqongqo ukuthatha isigqibo sokuba ndiqhubeke na okanye ndiyandise.
