Xa sicinga nge-atmosfera, sihlala singayinanzi into yokuba umphunga wamanzi Yeyona njini yokwenyani yomjikelo wamanzi kunye nenye yeentsika zolungelelwaniso lwamandla eplanethi. Ayilawuli kuphela ukwakheka kwamafu kunye nemvula, kodwa ikwayiyo igesi yendalo eluhlaza enempembelelo ngakumbi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uluntu lwezenzululwazi luphucule izixhobo ezikwaziyo ukuyilandela ngesisombululo ebesingenakucingelwa kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye i-GNSS iye yaba yenye yezona zinto ziguquguqukayo.
Iimpawu ezisuka kwiisathelayithi zokukhangela zidlula kwitroposphere ngaphambi kokuba zifike kumamkeli, kwaye ebudeni bolu hambo, bafumana ukulibaziseka okutyhila ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokufuma kweatmospheri. Oku kulibaziseka, xa imodeli echanekileyo, ivumela ukufunyanwa kweemveliso ezifana ne Ukulibaziseka kweZenith Tropospheric kunye Umphunga Wamanzi AmanziObu buchwepheshe budityanisiwe ngoku kuqikelelo lwemozulu lwamanani, uphando lwemozulu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendima ye-hydrological. Okona kulungileyo, ukhuseleko lwazo luyaqhubeka, lukazwelonke, kwaye luhlaziywa yonke iminithi.
Ingaba i-GNSS inegalelo elingakanani kubumanzi be-atmospheric?
Xa isignali ye-GNSS iwela ngaphantsi malunga ne-15 km ye-atmosfera, idibana nomxube oguquguqukayo we umphunga wamanzi, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo eyithoba isantya kwaye ijike kancinci. Ukuze kube lula, ukulibaziseka okupheleleyo kuhlukaniswe ngokwemiqathango emibini: i-hydrostatic, ezinzileyo kwaye idibaniswe noxinzelelo, kunye nomanzi, obuninzi kakhulu kwaye bulawulwa ngumswakama. Oku kubola yindawo yokuqala yokukhupha ulwazi lobungakanani malunga nekholamu yomphunga.
Kusetyenziswa amaqhinga ale mihla imisebenzi yemephu ukwenza iprojekthi yokulibaziseka komgca wokubonwa ukuya kwinqanaba elilinganayo, ngelixa iimodeli zestochastic zohlobo lokuhamba ngokungakhethiyo zilawula ukuguquguquka kwecandelo elimanzi kunye iigradient ezithe tyabaUkulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo ezi zithintelo ngundoqo ekubambeni zombini utshintsho olugudileyo kunye nolubalulekileyo. i-spikes ngokukhawuleza kumswakamangakumbi ngexesha lokuhambisa ngamandla.
Nje ukuba ulibaziseko lwezenith lufunyenwe, luba luqikelelo lwe umphunga wamanzi ezidityaniswe kwiimodeli zamanani zokuqikelela imozulu. Olu lwazi lubonelela ngemiqondiso malunga nexesha kunye nendawo yemvula kwaye iphucula ukubonwa kwe izaqhwithi, iinkanyamba zetropikhi kunye nezandyondyo zomoyaNgeegridi ezishinyeneyo zezitishi, ubuchule obufana ne-tomography bunokusetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwakhona amasimi okunyakama anamacala amathathu kunye nokufunda. iinkqubo convective ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu.
Ngaphaya kwemiba yokusebenza, ukulibaziseka okuqhubekayo kwetropospheric kubonelela ngothotho olude oluthathayo utshintsho oluthe ngcembe lokufumaEzi zirekhodi eziphezulu kakhulu zesisombululo sexeshana ezihambelana neeradiosondes kunye neesathelayithi, kwaye i-IPCC izithatha njengebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kunye nokutshintsha yemozulu kwingingqi nakwihlabathi jikelele.
Ukusuka kwi-ZTD ukuya kwi-PWV: iimodeli ezibalulekileyo kunye neeparamitha
Ukuguqula i-zenith retardation ibe ngumyinge otolikwa ngokuthe ngqo njengomphunga wamanzi, ixesha le-hydrostatic kufuneka lahlulwe kwixesha elimanzi kunye nemeko yokuguqula, exhomekeke iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kwikholamu ye-atmosphericLe parameter, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Tm, ibalulekile kwikhonkco kwaye iqikelelwa ngeemodeli ezinobungqina.
Izindululo ezininzi ziye zaphuhliswa zaza zaqinisekiswa. Uphononongo olusentshona-mbindi weArgentina luthelekise iimodeli ezintathu zeTm ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi: Bevis, Mendes kunye neYaoUkuhlalutya kumaqela amabini okugqibela ee-coefficients ezilungelelaniswe kumacandelo e-latitude esemazantsi. Isiphumo sabonisa ukuba uMendes kunye noBevis bamele ngcono ukuguquguquka kwespatiotemporal Tm kulo mmandla, ngelixa i-Yao, ene-coefficients ethile, inika ixabiso kwiindawo ezithile kodwa ayijikelezi ngokunjalo.
Ikhonkco lokubala likwabandakanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe ulibaziseko olumanzi kunye nomphunga wamanzi, apho i-refractive coefficients ibandakanyekayo. Ii-coefficients zakudala zathelekiswa Thayer kunye noRüeger kwaye kwagqitywa ukuba iyantlukwano yabo mincinci, ngoko ekusebenzeni nokuba ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle kwempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi-PWV efunyenweyo.
Ukusetyenzwa kwe-geodetic kunye nokuqinisekiswa okungqongqo
Into ephambili kwi-GNSS ukuhambisa ukufuma okuthembekileyo kuku inkqubo echanekileyoIsicwangciso esisekelwe kwiZintlu zeSigaba se-Double Phase kunye ne-Bernese 5.2 sisetyenziswe kuthungelwano olusuka kwiVigo ukuya eBrest. Olu lungelelwaniso luqukiwe izikhululo ezilithoba eziphambili, iqiniswe ngezinye ezisibhozo ukwandisa ijometri yenethiwekhi kunye nokomelela kwezisombululo.
Umgangatho wemveliso yetropospheric yathelekiswa neziphumo zesalathiso ze EPN REPRO2 kwizikhululo ezili-13 eziqhelekileyo. Isivumelwano sasiphezulu kakhulu, kunye ne thetha impazamo ephindwe kabini malunga ne-3 mm kwi-zenith ulibaziseko. Ukusuka kwezi, umphunga wamanzi onqabileyo ubalwa ngokusekelwe kwi imodeli ye-GPT3ethatha iminyaka emine epheleleyo yedatha kunye nokuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kulo lonke ixesha.
Ukuqinisekiswa okuzimeleyo kochungechunge lomphunga wamanzi lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-radiosondes kufuphi nezikhululo ze-GNSS ze I-Coruña kunye ne-SantanderIsiphumo saba kwakhona ephawulekayo: umahluko kunye amaxabiso emposiso esona sikweri aphezulu ye-3 mm, ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuhambelana nomnye umsebenzi othelekisa i-GNSS kunye ne-radiosonde.
Iipateni zendawo, zonyaka, kunye nemihla ngemihla
Uthotho olufunyenweyo lwasivumela ukuba sibonakalise iimpawu ze ukwahluka kwendawo Umphunga wamanzi, kunye nokuncipha okucacileyo okuphawulwe kunye nokwanda kobubanzi. Ngokwemiqathango yethutyana, icandelo lonyaka lilongamele kwisiqingatha sonyaka, nge ixesha lonyaka eliphawulweyo: ubuninzi bugxininiswe ehlotyeni kwaye ubuncinci ebusika.
Ngomlinganiselo we-intraday, i i-anomalies yemihla ngemihla Babonisa iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kuwo wonke amaxesha onyaka, ngamaxabiso aphantsi ebusuku kunye nencopho edla ngokuvela emva kwemini. Oku kuthotywa kwasemini kuqina ngakumbi kwaye kunokuphakama okukhulu ehlotyeni, kwaye kuyancipha ebusika, ngokuhambelana iintshukumo zeconvection kunye nokufumaneka kokufuma.
Uhlalutyo oludibeneyo kunye iinguqu zemozulu yendawo ityhilwe a unxulumano olomeleleyo phakathi kobushushu kunye nomphunga wamanzi, into elindelekileyo kwikhonkco le-thermodynamic. Nangona kunjalo, akukho budlelwane buthe ngqo bufunyenweyo phakathi komphunga wamanzi kunye ne imvula erekhodiweyoOku kuphakamisa ukuba i-microphysics kunye ne-dynamics yesiqendu ngasinye idlala indima ethatha isigqibo ngaphaya komxholo wokufuma odibeneyo.
Olu chungechunge lwasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya isalathiso se Ukuphumelela kwemvulaUkufumana amaxabiso aphantsi kunye neendlela ezingasebenziyo zemvula ehlotyeni xa kuthelekiswa nobusika, nangona umphunga uphezulu ngexesha lonyaka elifudumeleyo. Esi siphumo sicebisa iinkqubo convective ngaphantsi ngempumelelo okanye iindawo ezomileyo kumaleko aphakathi ngexesha lasehlotyeni.
Iimpawu zangaphambi kwemvula kunye neefestile zamathuba
Ukulandelwa kwe iziqephu ezisithoba zemvula Idatha eqokelelwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka avunyelweyo ukuchongwa kwepateni ephindaphindiweyo: umphunga wamanzi uvame ukunyuka kakhulu kwiiyure ezikhokelela kwimvula kwaye wehla ngokukhawuleza emva kwesiganeko. Le ndlela yokuziphatha yamiselwa kwiparameter izalathisi zobungakanani eyenza kube lula ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
Ifestile enolwazi olubalulekileyo yayigxininiswe kwi Iiyure ezili-12 ngaphambili Ekuqaleni kwemvula, apho ukwanda komphunga kunika imikhondo eluncedo yokuqikelela kwangaphambili. Ngaphezu koko, amandla alo mqondiso abonise uphawu icandelo lonyaka, kunye neziganeko zasehlotyeni ngokubanzi zichaza ngakumbi kunezo zasebusika.
Iziphumo kuthungelwano olubanzi kulo lonke elaseMelika
Ukuvala izikhewu eMzantsi Melika, apho bekungekho nakuphi na ukuzimisela, uthungelwano lwe Izikhululo ze-GNSS ezili-136 zasasazwa ukusuka kuMazantsi eCalifornia ukuya eAntarctica. Ixesha eliqwalaselwayo lathatha iminyaka esixhenxe eqhubekayo, ukusuka ku-2007 ukuya ku-2013, kunye noqikelelo lwe-zenith lag rhoqo. Imizuzu ye30, kulandela iingcebiso ze-IERS zakutsha nje zokuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwe-geodetic.
Ulibaziseko luthelekiswe neemveliso zokusebenza ze IGS kunye neziphumo ezivela kuhlaziyo lwesibini lwehlabathi. Ukuhambelana kwakugqityiwe: ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lomahluko kuso nasiphi na isikhululo lahlala lifana. ngaphantsi kwe-5 mmOwona mahluko mkhulu, we-5 mm, wabonwa xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso zokusebenza kwi iindawo eziphezulu, ngokuhambelana nemingeni eyongezelelweyo yomzekelo kuloo mimandla.
Kwiindawo ezili-15, umphunga wamanzi uwonke ophuma kwi-GNSS wathelekiswa neeradiosondes, ufikelela kumaxabiso aphakathi. ngaphantsi kwe-0,7 mm kunye nokunxaxha okusemgangathweni ngaphantsi kwe-3 mm. Njengabanye ababhali, a i-bias encinci eyomileyo eVaisala radiosondes ngokubhekiselele kuqikelelo lwe-GNSS, i-nuance ebalulekileyo yokudibanisa idatha.
Ukusebenza kokulibaziseka okuqikelelweyo kwezenith kwahlalutywa imodeli ye-GPT2w kwimo eyimfama. Umahluko opheleleyo wawungaphantsi kwe-3 cm kuyo nayiphi na indawo. Imodeli imele ngokuchanekileyo ixabiso eliphakathi kunye ne iinguqu zonyaka kunye nesiqingatha sonyakaNangona kunjalo, ayifaki ngokuchanekileyo nasiphi na isimo se-atmospheric, ibonisa iipateni ezixhomekeke kwimozulu yendawo. Umahluko womgca wexabiso elilibazisekayo eliphakathi kunye nobude nalo lingqinwe ngohlobo lwemozulu, luhlengahlengiswe ngakumbi yi isiphumo sokuphakama ngenxa yolawulo lwemozulu ngokwayo.
Ekugqibeleni, izibalo zenziwe iindlela zomphunga wamanzi idibanisa ngokucacileyo umsebenzi we-autocovariance ukufumana iimpazamo ezibambekayo. Ngo-2007 ukuya kowama-2013, ipateni yengingqi engaguqukiyo yabonwa: imimandla yetropikhi ithande ukuba neendawo ezifumileyo nezineqondo lobushushu. yomisiwe, umqondiso wemozulu enefuthe elithe ngqo kwimithombo yamanzi kunye neziganeko zemozulu ezibi kakhulu.
Ixesha le-multi-constellation kunye ne-frequency ephezulu
Ukufumaneka kwamakroza amaninzi, kuquka GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS kunye ne-IRNSSIye yaphucula ukhuselo lwesithuba kunye nesantya sokuthatha iisampulu, yacokisa ukusonjululwa koqikelelo lwe-atmospheric. Le geometry yongeziweyo ivumela ukufunyanwa kweziganeko zendawo, ezifana iiseli convective okanye imisinga yempepho yolwandle, enokuthi ingaphawulwa xa kusetyenziswa izixhobo eziqhelekileyo.
Ukusebenza, ukuhamba kwe phantse ixesha lokwenyani Babeka phambili ukugcina ixesha kunye nokuthembeka: idatha iqokelelwa kuthungelwano lwengingqi okanye lwehlabathi ngemizuzu, kwaye izisombululo zenziwa rhoqo nge-30 okanye i-60 imizuzu, kunye noqikelelo lokulibaziseka kwiifestile zemizuzu emihlanu ukuya kweshumi elinesihlanu. Kwiimeko eziguqukayo ngokukhawuleza, ezifana nokuhamba emoyeni okanye ukulandelwa kwesaqhwithi, iimveliso zomoya ezithathwe kwi-GNSS zinokuhlaziywa. ngexesha lokwenyani, ukusuka kwimizuzwana ukuya kwimizuzu, ukondla uqikelelo olukhawulezileyo.
Iqela le-GGE libonakalise ukukwazi okusekiweyo ekuqhubeni uqwalaselo lwe-GNSS ukubuyisela umphunga wamanzi we-atmospheric ngeenjongo zokufanisa ukusebenza, izifundo zeziganeko ezinzima, kunye nokubeka iliso ixesha elide. Le ndibaniselwano yokusebenza kunye nokungaguquguquki ivumela ukuba isebenze zombini uqikelelo lweqhinga kunye iirekhodi zemozulu ifanayo.
I-GNSS kunye ne-hydrology: kakhulu kunomswakama
I-GNSS ayilinganisi nje umphunga. Ukuchaneka komgangatho wayo wemilimitha kumgama kwenza kube lula ukubhaqa deformations ezifihlakeleyo ongaphezulu odityaniswe namanzi. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuthotywa ngenxa yokutsalwa kwe-aquifer okanye ukunyuka komhlaba okunxulumene Ukunyibilika komkhenkceOku kufuduswa ngokuthe nkqo kubonelela ngolwazi malunga neebhalansi zobunzima kunye nemingcipheko ye-geotechnical.
Ukubonakaliswa kwe-GNSS kuphuma emanzini okanye kumphezulu wekhephu, owaziwa ngokuba GNSS-RBabonelela ngoqikelelo lokufuma komhlaba, inqanaba lolwandle, ubunzulu bekhephu, nomthamo wechibi. Lo mba wandisa umda we-hydrological, udibanisa i-atmosfera kunye nomphezulu kunye ne-sensor enkulu enokuthunyelwa kunye iindleko eziqulethwe.
Phakathi kweenzuzo ze-hydrology, oku kulandelayo kuvelele: iivektha ezintathuUkuqonda okuneenkcukacha ngakumbi ngomjikelo wamanzi, ulawulo olungcono lwemithombo, kunye nozinzo olukhulu. Ngamafutshane, nantsi igalelo elisebenzayo:
- ConocimientoIdatha ye-Spatiotemporal enesisombululo esiphezulu ehambelana nezikhululo, iirada kunye neesathelayithi, eziluncedo ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwinqanaba lehlabathi.
- LawuloKufutshane nokuhlolwa kwexesha lokwenyani kunye novavanyo lwembalela, izikhukula kunye nokhukuliseko, ukuxhasa izigqibo ngeziseko ezingundoqo zamanzi.
- Ukomelela: Inkxaso yokulungelelaniswa kwemozulu, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngokufanelekileyo kunye nemfundo yokusingqongileyo eneenjongo nezikhombisi eziqhubekayo.
Imingeni yemiqondiso, yokwenziwa komfuziselo kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni
Ukufumaneka komqondiso kunye nomgangatho unokuncitshiswa ngumhlaba, uhlaza, imozulu embi, okanye uphazamisoIinkonzo zokwandisa njenge-EGNOS eYurophu ziphucula imfezeko kunye nokusebenza kweGPS kunye neGalileo, kwaye zisisixhobo esiluncedo kwizicelo. ixesha-nobuzaza.
Ukusebenzisana ngomnye umngeni: inkqubo nganye ye-GNSS ibonelela ngamaza kunye neempawu zayo. Ukuzisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo kufuna abamkeli kunye nesoftware ekwaziyo ukuzisebenzisa. amakroza amaninzi kunye nemiqondiso. Ukufikeleleka kukwabalulekile; izisombululo ezilungiselelweyo, iinkonzo ekwabelwana ngazo, kunye nezikhuthazo zinokuthoba imiqobo yokungena kubasebenzisi abancinci nabaphakathi.
Kwimodeli yetropospheric, i iimodeli zestochastic Imilinganiselo yohlobo lokuhamba ngokungacwangciswanga ayisoloko ibonisa ukuguquguquka kokwenyani. Banokungajongeli phantsi i-spikes yokufuma ngokukhawuleza okanye ukuhluka okugqithisileyo kwiimeko ezizinzileyo. Oku kuyaphandwa kwi imiqobo eguqukayo ezilungelelaniswa nezalathi zemozulu zexesha lokwenyani ukuze ubambe ngcono iminqantsa.
Ukwakha iirekhodi zemozulu ezithembekileyo, ukungaguquguquki kwizakhelo zereferensi, i-orbit kunye nemveliso ye-bias, kunye neqhinga lokusebenza kubalulekile. Utshintsho kwezi zinto lungazisa ukugqabhuka okwenziweyo kuthotho. I-homogenization ngononophelo, njengenye idatha yemozulu, inqanda ukutolika okuphosakeleyo kwaye ixhasa uhlalutyo lwentsingiselo.
Izenzo ezilungileyo kunye namathuba okudibanisa
Ngokwe-Methodological, kuyacetyiswa ukudibanisa imisebenzi yemephu eyomeleleyo kunye noqikelelo olucacileyo gradients kunye nokukhetha ngononophelo lwezithintelo zestochastic. I-Multiconstellation fusion kunye noxinaniso lwenethiwekhi luvula ucango lwe-tomography efana nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-3D, ebaluleke kakhulu izaqhwithi.
Ukudityaniswa neeradiosondes kunye neesathelayithi zokubona okude zibonelela ngentsebenziswano ecacileyo: iradiosonde ibonelela ngeeprofayili ezithe nkqo, imephu yesathelayithi iindawo ezinkulu, kunye GNSS ugcwalise Umsantsa wexeshana kunye nemigqaliselo eqhubekayo. Ukudibanisa okudibeneyo kwiimodeli ze-NWP kuphucula ukubonakaliswa kokufuma, oku isithako esiqinisekileyo kuqikelelo lwemvula yasekhaya kunye nomoya.
Ngokusebenza, i-cadences ye-30 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-60 enefestile ye-5 ukuya kwi-15 imizuzu ingumgangatho olungeleleneyo we-NRT, ngelixa uhamba ngemizuzwana ukuya kwimizuzu ukhonza uqikelelo olukhawulezileyoKwimozulu, i-homogeneity yi-homogeneity kwiminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka, ukunciphisa utshintsho kwi izixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nesoftware okanye ukuwabhala ukuze kulungiswe kamva.
Ubungqina obuqokelelweyo eYurophu naseMelika, ukusuka kuthungelwano lwengingqi olufana ne Vigo ukuya eBrest nakuyo yonke indawo yelizwekazi, ibonisa ukuba i-GNSS ihambisa ukuchaneka kwenqanaba lemilimitha ekulibazisekeni kunye nokuchaneka kwenqanaba lemilimitha kumphunga wamanzi xa iqinisekisiwe ngokuchasene ne-EPN, IGS kunye radiosondesNgaphaya koko, ibona imiqondiso yemvula eyandulelayo, iphawula amaxesha onyaka, kwaye ilinganise iintsingiselo zemozulu ngokuhambelana nolawulo lwetropikhi kunye nemozulu epholileyo.
I-GNSS iye yasekwa njengesixhobo esithi, ngesiseko esinye, ngaxeshanye sisebenze ixesha lokwenyani navigation esweni ixesha elide lokutshintsha kwemozulu. Amandla ayo akhula kunye nexesha leenkwenkwezi ezininzi, kwaye ixabiso layo liphindaphinda xa lidityaniswa neemodeli ezihambelanayo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kokuphucula izilumkiso zangaphambili. imozulu embi, ukwandisa ubutyebi bamanzi kwaye uqonde ngcono indlela amanzi ahamba ngayo kwisijikelezi-langa sethu.
