El UJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Ikhawuleze yazimisa njengeyona nto iphambili kwisayensi yeenkwenkwezi yanamhlanje. Ukususela oko yasungulwa eKourou, eFrench Guiana, ibisoloko inika idatha ebeka umngeni kwiimodeli ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ukuchaza indalo kude kube ngoku.
Nangona le yiprojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe ebandakanya I-NASA, i-European Space Agency (ESA) kunye ne-Canadian Space Agency (CSA)EYurophu naseSpain, iziphumo zonke zilandelwa ngononophelo olukhethekileyo: amaqela amaninzi ezenzululwazi abandakanyekayo, kunye namaziko okucubungula idatha, akwimimandla yaseYurophu kwaye asebenzisa eli thuba litsha lokujonga indalo yonke.
Ukususela ekuqalisweni eKourou ukuya kwixesha leWebb: iteleskopu eyilelwe ukugqitha iHubble
I-James Webb yaqala uhambo lwayo lwesayensi emva kokuba Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo ukusuka kwisiseko saseYurophu eKouroueFrench Guiana, embindini wendawo ye-ESA. Ukuqaliswa kwasekuqaleni kwakucwangciselwe umhla wama-24 kuDisemba, kodwa iimeko zemozulu ezimbi Banyanzelisa ukuba kurhoxiswe iKrismesi, utshintsho oluncinci lweshedyuli yesakhiwo sokujonga izinto esiza kutshintsha imbali ye-astrophysics.
Uyilo lwayo lulungiselelwe ukusebenza kwi kufutshane naphakathi kwe-infraredLe ndawo ye-spectrum isenza sikwazi ukubona uthuli lwendalo, sifunde i-exoplanet atmospheres, kwaye sijonge izakhiwo ezibandayo kakhulu okanye ezikude kakhulu. I-NIRCam (kufutshane nekhamera ye-infrared) y I-MIRI (isixhobo se-infrared esiphakathi) Ziye zaba zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwezinye zezinto ezibonwe ngendlela emangalisayo.
Kule meko, indima yeYurophu ibalulekile: i-ESA ayigcinanga nje ngokubonelela ngezixhobo kunye nokufikelela kwindawo ngokwayo, kodwa ikwanegalelo Amaziko ophando aseYurophu kunye neeyunivesithi Bathatha inxaxheba kuhlalutyo lwedatha, uphuhliso lweemodeli zethiyori kunye nokutolikwa kweziphumo, kunye nokubakho okuphawulekayo kwamaqela aseSpain kwimimandla efana ne-astrophysics yeenkwenkwezi kunye nokuchazwa kweeplanethi ezingaphandle.
Ukususela ekuqalisweni kwayo ngokwesayensi, le teleskopu ibisenza uthotho lwezinto ezifunyenweyo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imida emithathu emikhuluUbomi nokufa kweenkwenkwezi, ikhemistri eyinkimbinkimbi ye-interstellar medium kunye nokwahlukahluka okungalindelekanga kweeplanethi ezinkulu ezijikeleze ezinye iinkwenkwezi.
Iibhola zeBucky esithubeni: indlela iWebb eyityhile ngayo i-Tc1 nebula
Esinye seziphumo ezimangalisayo ezivela kwiJames Webb Laboratory sinxulumene nabanye abantu abaqhelene nabo kwikhemistri: ukugcwalisaEzi molekyuli zekhabhoni ezingqukuva, ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuba iibhola zebhakiZaqala ukwenziwa kwilebhu ngo-1985, kodwa ngo-2010 kwafunyaniswa ukuba zazenzeka ngokwendalo esibhakabhakeni, zijikeleze i-Tc1 nebula.
I-Tc1 nebula, imveliso yesigaba sokugqibela senkwenkwezi efana neLanga, ifundwe ngezinye iiteleskopu; nangona kunjalo, uvakalelo kunye nokusombulula kweJames Webb Space Telescope kuvumele abaphandi ukuba bahambe phambili kakhulu. Izixhobo zayo zityhile imisebe emihle kakhulu, imicu ethambileyo, kunye neengqimba zegesi ezikhanyayo emaphethelweni e-nebula, iinkcukacha ezazingacacanga ngaphambili.
Embindini we-Tc1, okuqwalaselweyo kutyhile isakhiwo esimile njengophawu lombuzo oluguqulweyoindalo yayo isabangela iingxolo kubaphandi. Akucaci nokuba ingaba yinto ekhutshwe ngokungalinganiyo, isiphumo sokusebenzisana nendawo ephakathi kweenkwenkwezi, okanye yinto enzima ngakumbi, kwaye okwangoku iye yaba yenye yezo zinto zingacacanga iWebb Space Telescope.
Nangona kunjalo, isitshixo sisekulungelelanisweni kwekhabhoni. Ezo buckyballs zafunyanwa ngo-2010 azibonakali zisasazekile nje; iJames Webb Space Telescope ibonise ukuba Zenza i-sphere enkulu kakhulu engenanto ijikeleze i-central white dwarf, ngokungathi yi-bubble enkulu ye-molecular eyenziwe ngexesha lokuphefumla kokugqibela kwenkwenkwezi.
Xa iinkwenkwezi zikhupha amafutha azo enyukliya, zikhupha iileya zazo zangaphandle ngendlela yegesi nothuli, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho olu hlobo lwe-nebulae. Kwi-Tc1, iteleskopu ivumele izazinzulu ukuba zilandele ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu. ukwakheka kwezinto ezikhutshiweyo kunye nobukho bekhabhoni eyinkimbinkimbi, kuquka nokusasazwa okuneenkcukacha kwee-fullerenes, okubonelela ngombono okhethekileyo wendlela izinto eziphinda zisetyenziswe ngayo kwi-interstellar medium.
Isayensi kunye nemfundo yabemi: umfanekiso ocutshungulwayo ngaphandle kwesekethe eqhelekileyo
Enye into engaqhelekanga ngalo msebenzi nge-Tc1 nebula kukuba Umfanekiso opapashiweyo awukacutshungulwa liqela eliphambili lezenzululwazi.kodwa ngutitshala wesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo waseKhanada, uKatelyn Beecroft, umthandi omkhulu weenkwenkwezi kunye ne-astronomy.
Umphandi uJan Cami, owayekhokela olu phando, wayeqhelene namava kaBeecroft okukhokela abafundi kwiihambo zasentsimini ukuya kwiWestern University observatory kwaye wayesazi ukuba unobuchule kwiindlela zokucubungula imifanekiso yeenkwenkwezi. Ngenxa yoko, wagqiba kwelokuba thembele kuyo ukuze ufumane okuninzi kwidatha eluhlaza evela kwiWebb kwaye iphucule nezona zakhiwo zincinci kakhulu.
Isiphumo ngumfanekiso we-Tc1 onomgangatho weenkcukacha odibanisa amandla eteleskopu yesithuba ngobuhle kunye nokuqonda kobugcisa komntu oqhele ukusebenza ngeefoto zesibhakabhaka sasebusuku. Le ntsebenziswano ibonisa indlela i-astronomy yanamhlanje, nokuba kwiiprojekthi zanamhlanje, enokuvuleleka ngayo kwiiprofayili ezivela kwimfundo kunye nokufikelela ebantwini.
Kuluntu lwezenzululwazi lwaseYurophu, oluqhele ukukhuthaza iiprojekthi ze isayensi yabemi kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntuLo mzekelo ubaluleke kakhulu: ubonisa ukuba idatha kaJames Webb ayipheleli nje ekufumaneni amanqaku kwiijenali ezikhethekileyo, kodwa ikwaba zizixhobo zemfundo zokukhuthaza imisebenzi yesayensi yexesha elizayo.
Ngaphaya kobuhle, umfanekiso ocutshungulwayo usebenza njengesikhokelo sezifundo ezintsha kwi ikhemistri yekhabhoni kwiindawo eziyingozi kakhuluukunceda ekuchazeni imiqondiso ye-spectral ekunzima ukuyitolika kunye nokuvavanya iimodeli zendlela izinto eziphilayo eziguquka ngayo kwizigaba zokugqibela zokuvela kweenkwenkwezi, umxholo onxulumene ngokuthe ngqo neengcinga malunga nemvelaphi yobomi.
"Iplanethi engavumelekanga" kunye nezinye izigebenga eziqhekeza imoldi
Ukuba kwi-nebulae iJames Webb Space Telescope imaphu ubomi beenkwenkwezi emva kokufa, kwicandelo leeplanethi ezingaphandle iyadiliza, enye emva kwenye, iingcamango ezininzi ezikhululekileyo malunga nokwakheka kwehlabathi elikhulu. Umzekelo omhle ngulo I-TOI-5205b, iplanethi engaphandle abanye oososayensi bade bayibiza ngokuba "yiplanethi engavumelekanga".
Eli hlabathi lijikeleza inkwenkwezi encinci nepholileyo ye-M dwarfSekunjalo inobukhulu nobunzima, ngokweemodeli zemveli, obungahambelani kakuhle nezinto ezifumanekayo kwidiski ebeziza kujikeleza inkwenkwezi ebutsheni bayo. Ngexesha lokuhamba—xa iplanethi idlula phambi kwenkwenkwezi yayo—ivala umgama othile. 6% yokukhanya kweenkwenkwezi, isibalo esiphezulu kakhulu esenza kube lula ukubona umoya waso nge-spectroscopy, intsimi apho iWebb ihamba khona ngokulula.
Idatha efunyenwe kuphando olukhokelwa ngamaqela avela kwiNASA nakwiCarnegie Science ikhomba imeko-bume ihlwempu kwizinto ezinzima xa kuthelekiswa nenkwenkwezi ngokwayo kunye nezinye iigesi ezinkulu ezifana neJupiter. I-James Webb Space Telescope iyibonile imikhondo ye-methane (CH4) kunye ne-hydrogen sulfide (H2S), izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zokuqonda imbali yokwakheka kwayo kunye nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi.
Iimodeli zesakhiwo seplanethi ezisetyenziselwa ukutolika okubonweyo zibonisa ukuba, ukuba ubunzima kunye nerediyasi ziyadibana, I-TOI-5205b ifanele ibe neentsimbi ezininzi ezinzima Enye ingcaciso enokwenzeka kukuba uninzi lwaloo nto lwatshona embindini, lushiya iileya zangaphandle zincinci kakhulu kwiintsimbi, nto leyo echasene noko kubonakala kwezinye iigesi ezinkulu ezaziwayo.
Le planethi yinxalenye ye Inkqubo yokujonga igxile kwiiplanethi ezinkulu ezijikeleze ii-red dwarfsngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba "ziiRed Dwarfs kunye neeSeven Giants." Injongo kukuthelekisa ihlabathi elifana neTOI-5205b kunye nee-giants ezikufutshane, ezifana neeJupiters ezishushu, ukuze kufunyanwe ukuqonda okubanzi kwendlela ezi zi-giants zegesi ezakha ngayo kwaye ziguqukela ngayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeenkwenkwezi.
Umkhenkce wamanzi kwiJupiters ezishushu: xa i-thermodynamics ingaphumeleli
Enye into emangalisayo ebangelwe yiJames Webb ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo oko kuthiwa IiJupiter ezishushuIiplanethi ezinkulu zijikeleza kufutshane neenkwenkwezi zazo kangangokuba amaqondo obushushu azo adlula lula kwi-1.100°C. Kude kube kutshanje, ingcamango ibonise ukuba kwezi ndawo amanzi anokubakho kuphela njengomphunga oshushu kakhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, izinto eziqwalaselweyo kutshanje eziququzelelwe yi-ESA kwaye zihlalutywe ngamaqela aseYurophu ziqinisekisile ukuba kukho amafu enziwe ngamanzi abandayo kwimigangatho ephezulu yomoya wehlabathi ezininzi. Esi sixhobo MIRINgenxa yobuchule bayo obuphezulu kwi-mid-infrared, yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwahlula uphawu oluthile lomkhenkce phakathi komphunga omninzi kunye nezinye iisuntswana ezikhoyo.
Ingcaciso ecetywayo ngabaphandi kukuba kwezi planethi kukho imisinga enamandla yokuhambisa umoya eziphakamisa umphunga wamanzi ukusuka kwiindawo ezinzulu ukuya kwiindawo eziphezulu nezibandayo zomoya, ingakumbi kufutshane nendawo ebizwa ngokuba yi- "iziphelisi", umgca owahlula icala lasemini kwicala lasebusuku kwiplanethi enokujikeleza okuhambelanayo.
Kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi, amanzi angenza qhwa okomzuzwana ngaphambi kokuba itsalwe kwakhona, apho iphinda iphele khona. Iikristale ezifunyenweyo zingaba zincinci kakhulu, zifana nezo zenziwe ngamafu e-cirrus emoyeni woMhlaba, kodwa zihamba ngesantya esiphezulu ngenxa yemimoya enamandla yala maplanethi.
Olu phando lufuna uphononongo lwazo zombini iimodeli zemozulu egqithisileyo kwiiplanethi ezingaphandle ezifana neengcamango malunga nemvelaphi yazo. Ubukho bomkhenkce oqinileyo bubonisa ukuba iiJupiter ezininzi ezishushu zisenokuba zakha kwiindawo ezipholileyo, ezingaphandle kwenkqubo yazo yeeplanethi, ngaphambi kokuba zifudukele ngaphakathi, ingcamango ehambelana nezibikezelo ezithile zethiyori kodwa ngoku ifumana inkxaso yokujonga ngokuthe ngqo ngenxa yeWebb.
29 Cygni b: isigebenga esikumda phakathi kweplanethi kunye "nenkwenkwezi ehlulekileyo"
Phakathi kwezinto ezazibangela iingcali zeenkwenkwezi iintloko ezibuhlungu kakhulu yayizizinto Umzimba onobunzima obuphantse buphindwe kalishumi elinesihlanu kunoJupiter. Kangangeminyaka ubuhamba kuloo ndawo ingaqhelekanga apho kungacaciyo ukuba yiplanethi enkulu kakhulu okanye yi-brown dwarf, ezo "nkwenkwezi zingasebenziyo" ezingazange zikwazi ukukhanyisa ukudibana okuzinzileyo ngaphakathi kwazo.
Ingxaki esisiseko kukuba ukusebenzisa ubunzima njengomlinganiselo wodwa kushiya iindawo ezininzi ezingwevu. UJames Webb, ngoncedo lwekhamera NIRCamOku kuye kwabavumela ukuba bathathe inyathelo elongezelelweyo: endaweni yokugxila kubungakanani kuphela, abaphandi baye bahlalutya ngokweenkcukacha umoya kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ka-29 uCygni b, nto leyo elingana, ngandlela ithile, nokwakha ngokutsha ubomi bakhe.
Idatha ibonisa ukuba le nto ine ukutyeba okunamandla kwizinto ezinzima —ngokweenkwenkwezi, iimetali— xa kuthelekiswa nenkwenkwezi engumsingathi wayo. Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba kukho iimetali ezinzima ezilingana ne- Amaxesha ali-150 ubukhulu bomhlabaOku kuqheleke kakhulu kwiplanethi eyenziwe ngokukhula kwediski yothuli nomkhenkce kunokuba yenziwe ngumzimba ozelwe ngokuwa kwegesi ngokuthe ngqo, njengoko kwenzeka kwiinkwenkwezi kunye nee-brown dwarfs ezininzi.
Olu hlobo lwesiginitsha sekhemikhali kunzima ukuluchaza ukuba i-29 Cygni b yavela ngenkwenkwezi encinci. Endaweni yoko, ihambelana kakuhle nemeko apho isiseko esiqinileyo sakhula ngokuqokelela amatye kunye nomkhenkce, size emva koko sibambe igesi eninzi—indlela eqhelekileyo yokwakheka kweeplanethi, kodwa yathatyathwa yaya kuthi ga kwinqanaba layo eliphezulu.
Indawo ekuyo i-29 Cygni b yongeza olunye ungqimba lobunzima, njengoko ikwi- umgama omde ukusuka kwinkwenkwezi yayoKwindawo apho iimodeli zemveli zithatha iidiski ezixineneyo nezingasebenzi kakuhle ekudaleni ii-giants ezinkulu kangaka, le nkcukacha isinyanzela ukuba siqwalasele kwakhona ubungakanani bezinto ezikhoyo kwiidiski zeprotoplanetary, ubomi bazo, kunye neenkqubo zokufuduka ezinokwenzeka ebezinokusasaza kwakhona ubunzima ngempumelelo kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili.
Utshintsho kwindlela ekwakhiwe ngayo iiplanethi ezinkulu
Iimeko ze I-TOI-5205b, iiJupiter ezishushu ezinomkhenkce kunye ne-29 Cygni b Zikhomba kwicala elinye: indalo yonke ibonakala iguquguquka ngakumbi kuneemodeli zakudala ezazixelwe kwangaphambili malunga nendlela kunye nendawo apho iiplanethi ezinkulu zinokuvela khona.
Kwimeko ye-29 Cygni b, ukufundwa kweekhemikhali okubonelelwe yiWebb kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba Ukwanda kwee-cores eziqinileyo kunokubangela ihlabathi elikhulu ngakumbi kunokuba bekucingelwa ukuba kusengqiqweni ngaphambili. Ngaxeshanye, ukufunyanwa komkhenkce wamanzi kwimozulu yesihogo kubonisa ukuba ukufuduka kweeplanethi ukusuka kwiindawo ezibandayo ukuya kwiindawo ezijikeleze kufutshane kakhulu neenkwenkwezi zazo kunokuba yinto eqhelekileyo okanye enzima ngakumbi kunokuba bekucingelwa.
Kuluntu lwaseYurophu, olubandakanyeka kakhulu ekubumbeni iimodeli zethiyori nasekugcinweni nasekuhlalutyweni kweeplanethi ezingaphandle—kuquka nomsebenzi we Amaqela ophando e-ESA Exoplanet Archive asasazeke kulo lonke elaseSpain, eFransi, eJamani, e-Itali nakumazwe aseNordic.—, ezi ziphumo zithuba kwaye zingumngeni. Iikhathalogu ezininzi zezinto ezingaqinisekanga, ezikumda phakathi kweplanethi kunye ne-brown dwarf, zinokufuna ukuhlaziywa njengoko i-Webb teleskopu inika ii-spectra ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Iiprojekthi ezintsha zokujonga sele ziqalile ukufundwa ezinye izidumbu ezikuloo mda ufanayo ukuba 29 Cygni b. Ukuba kwiinxalenye zazo umzekelo wokutyebisa izinto ezinzima kunye neempawu zokwanda okukhulu uyaphindwa, yonke into ibonisa ukuba asijongani nezinto ezingaqhelekanga, kodwa sijongene nenani elikhulu lamazwe agqithisileyo, kude kube ngoku, awayetolikwa ngokungaphelelanga.
Kwangaxeshanye, idatha evela kwiJames Webb Space Telescope idityaniswa nedatha efunyenwe eYurophu ngemisebenzi efana ne I-Cheops, iGaia okanye uPlato wexesha elizayokunye neeteleskopu ezinkulu ezisemhlabeni ezikwiCanary Islands, eChile, okanye kumantla e-hemisphere, ukwakha umfanekiso ocacileyo wendlela iinkqubo zeeplanethi ezicwangciswe ngayo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo embali yazo.
Konke oku, uJames Webb uzityhila njengo ngaphezulu kakhulu kunomlandeli weHubbleSisixhobo esisinyanzela ukuba sibhale kwakhona izahluko ezipheleleyo ze-astrophysics, ukususela ekufeni kweenkwenkwezi ukuya kwindlela iiplanethi ezinkulu ezizalwa kwaye ziphuhla ngayo. Ukuphononongwa kwayo, okuhlalutywe ngamaqela avela kwihlabathi liphela kunye nenxaxheba enkulu yaseYurophu, kupeyinta umfanekiso wendalo yonke engaqikeleliyo neyahlukahlukeneyo, apho kwanento ebonakala ingenakwenzeka—umkhenkce kwii-oven zendalo yonke, iiplanethi ezinkulu ezijikeleze iinkwenkwezi ezincinci, okanye amaqamza e-fullerenes acwangciswe ngokugqibeleleyo—ifumana indawo yayo xa ijongwa ngesixhobo esifanelekileyo.