La Imbali yakutshanje yaseMexico iphawulwe ziintaba-mlilo kunye neenyikima zomhlaba eziye zahlala ziphawula inkumbulo ehlangeneyo. Ngobusuku bangoMatshi 28, 1982, Intaba-mlilo yaseChichónEChiapas, intaba-mlilo yavuka emva kweenkulungwane zenzolo ebonakala ngathi iphelile yaza yatshabalalisa lonke uluntu lwaseZoque kwiiyure ezimbalwa. Loo mlilo ubulalayo, owawunabantu abangaphezu kwamawaka amabini kunye neelali ezingcwatywe phantsi kothuthu namatye, wakwenza kwacaca ukuba phantsi kweenyawo zethu kukho inkqubo yejoloji esebenza kakhulu kunokuba siqhele ukucinga.
Le meko igqithisileyo ayisiyonto ingaqhelekanga, kodwa bubuso obubonakalayo bothungelwano olunzulu apho iiplate ze-tectonic, iimpazamo, kunye namagumbi e-magma kuhlangana khona. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yale ndlela yi Ibhanti yentaba-mlilo yaseMexico I-Trans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt (TMVB), eyaziwa ngokuba yiTrans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt, sisiqwenga somhlaba esinqumla ilizwe ukusuka elwandle ukuya elwandle kwaye likhaya lenani elikhulu labemi. Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni, ukuba yakhiwe njani, kunye nokuba zeziphi iingozi ezibangelwa yiyo akuyonto yokufuna ukwazi okunzulu, kodwa yinto ebalulekileyo yolwazi lwesayensi kuye nabani na ohlala eMexico.
Yintoni iTrans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt?
El I-Trans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt liphondo elinomhlaba oneentaba-mlilo ze-tectono enqumla inxalenye esembindini yelizwe ukusuka kwiPasifiki ukuya kufutshane neGulf of Mexico. Kwimifanekiso yesathelayithi yahlulwe njenge iqela loncedo lwentaba-mlilo ubude obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-900-1.000, ukusuka kwindawo yaseBanderas Bay (eJalisco-Nayarit) ukuya empuma yeVeracruz, kufutshane nePunta Delgada.
Ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, ububanzi be I-CVT yahluka kakhuluKwicandelo layo eliphakathi, malunga neSan Luis Potosà kunye nomntla weMorelos, ibhanti yentaba-mlilo ifikelela kububanzi obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-400, ngelixa ngasempuma, phakathi kommandla waseTeziutlán (ePuebla) kunye nesixeko saseOrizaba (eVeracruz), incipha ukuya kuthi ga kwiekhilomitha ezili-100. Le geometry ingaqhelekanga ibangelwa yi-mosaic yeebhloko, iimpazamo, kunye nezitya ezinezitebhisi ezichaphazela zombini i-topography kunye nomsebenzi we-seismic.
Ezinye ze Iindawo ezinkulu zedolophu yaseMexico: iSixeko saseMexico, iPuebla, iGuadalajara, iToluca, okanye iTlaxcalaPhakathi kwezinye ezininzi. Izifundo ezahlukeneyo ziqikelela ukuba malunga nama-40% abantu belizwe—kwaye ezinye iingxelo zibonisa ukuba ama-50% nangaphezulu—ahlala ngaphakathi kwendawo esebenzayo yeTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Oku kwenza iTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt ibe yenye yeendawo emhlabeni apho intsebenziswano phakathi kweenkqubo zejoloji kunye noxinano lwabantu inzima kakhulu.
I-CVT ifumaneka Iimpawu zentaba-mlilo ezifana nePopocatépetl, intaba-mlilo yaseColima, Pico de Orizaba, Nevado de Toluca okanye ParicutÃnEzi zidibene namawaka ezakhiwo zentaba-mlilo ezi-monogenetic—ii-cones ezincinci ezirekhoda ukuqhuma kube kanye kuphela ebomini bazo—kunye nee-calderas kunye namasimi entaba-mlilo angaziwa kangako, abaluleke ngokulinganayo ngokwembono yejoloji kunye nomngcipheko.
Inkqubo endala, esaqhubeka
Ibhanti yentaba-mlilo yaseMexico Asikuko nje intsalela yejoloji yexesha elidlulileyoImbali yayo iqala ubuncinane kwiminyaka ezigidi ezimbalwa eyadlulayo, kunye nomsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo ngexesha lePlio-Quaternary (malunga neminyaka ezizigidi ezi-5 eyadlulayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku). Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ze-stratigraphic kunye ne-geochronological zibonisa ukuba intaba-mlilo yayikhona kwezinye iindawo ngaphambi kwexesha le-Oligocene kunye ne-Miocene, oko kukuthi, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20-30 eyadlulayo.
Phantsi kweCVT, oku kulandelayo kuchongiwe amanqanaba amabini amakhulu entaba-mliloIsigaba sokuqala senzeke ngexesha le-Oligocene-Miocene, kwaye esesibini ngexesha le-Pliocene-Quaternary, sahlulwe ngamathuba okungasebenzi okufana kakhulu kulo lonke ibhande. Kwiindawo ezifana neLos Humeros (Michoacán) okanye ummandla weCaldera de la Primavera (Jalisco), ukuyeka kokusebenza kubonwa kulandelwa kukuvuselelwa kwakhona okulandelayo, kunye nokuma okunokudlula iminyaka ezigidi ezibini okanye ezintathu, kodwa okwahluka kakhulu kwicandelo elinye ukuya kwelinye.
Le ndlela yokuziphatha engaqhelekanga ishiye ulandelelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwee-lava, ii-tuffs, ii-pyroclasts kunye nee-sedimentszidibene. Izitya ezinkulu zeCVT—ezifana nezo zaseToluca, eMexico, ePuebla-Tlaxcala, eMpuma okanye eColima Basin—zizaliswe yi-lacustrine, i-alluvial kunye ne-fluvial sediments, ezixutywe neemveliso zentaba-mlilo zemixube eyahlukeneyo yeminerali kunye neyekhemikhali, ezibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuqhuma.
Imeko yangoku ibonisa loo mbali: ummandla okwinkqubo yokuvela, ezichaphazeleka ngamandla oxinzelelo adala imiqolo ye-tectonic kunye neentsika eziphakamileyoUmzekelo, entshona, eNayarit naseColima, izitya zingafumaneka malunga neemitha ezingama-400 ngaphezulu kolwandle, ngelixa kwicala elisempuma-mpuma, njengaseToluca okanye eTlaxcala, ukuphakama kudlula iimitha ezingama-2.600. Olu lungiselelo lunyathelo lubangelwa kukuphakama kwe-crustal okuneezaphuko kunye neziphene ezisasebenzayo.
Xa zizonke, idatha yesakhiwo kunye ne-paleomagnetic ibonisa ukuba I-Trans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt isebenza njenge-tectonic domain enyengaphandle kokujikeleza okukhulu, okuzimeleyo kweebhloko kwisikali sengingqi. Ukuguquguquka kuchazwa ngcono yinkqubo ye-transtensional, apho ulwandiso lulawula ngaphezu kwe-lateral shear, nangona le yokugqibela ikhona.
Indlela eyakheka ngayo: iipleyiti ezingadibaniyo kakuhle
Umahluko we-CVT ulele kwi Ayilandeli ijiyometri eqhelekileyo ye i-arc yentaba-mlilo yakudalaKwiindawo ezininzi zeplanethi, imixokelelwane yentaba-mlilo ihamba ngaxeshanye nomsele wolwandle apho ipleyiti enye ingena phantsi kwenye. Nangona kunjalo, eMexico, ibhanti yentaba-mlilo inqumla loo mda nge-engile ethe tyaba. Kungathi imiqolo emibini yeemoto ingqubana ngqo, kodwa ichasene ecaleni: iimpembelelo azisasazwanga ngokulinganayo, kwaye azenzeki zonke ngaxeshanye.
Ingongoma ikwintsebenziswano phakathi Iipleyiti zaselwandle zaseCocos naseRivera, eziwela phantsi kwepleyiti yaseMntla Melikakwaye kancinci, impembelelo yeCaribbean Plate. La mapleyiti awanciphi ngesantya esifanayo okanye i-engile elunxwemeni lwaseMexico. Ii-engile zokuthambeka kweCocos Plate, umzekelo, ziyahluka phakathi kwe-20° nangaphezulu kwe-40° kuxhomekeke kummandla, kwaye ukuhamba kwayo okunxulumeneyo kumalunga ne-23 millimeters ngonyaka kwezinye iindawo, okukhawulezisa kwezinye ukuya ngasemzantsi-mpuma.
Iinguqu kwi ubudala, ubukhulu, kunye ne-engile yokunciphisa iipleyiti Ezi zinto zichaphazela ubunzulu bezinto ezidalwe zii-magmas, ukwakheka kwazo (ukusuka kwii-andesites ukuya kwii-dacites kunye nee-rhyolites, kunye nee-magmas ezisisiseko), kunye nendawo ezivela kuyo kumphezulu. Oku kubangela i-mosaic yeentaba-mlilo ezineempawu ezahlukileyo ecaleni kwebhanti kunye nokufuduka okubonakalayo kwamaziko aqhumayo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ezinye iimodeli zicebisa ukuba i-CVT inokutolikwa njenge i-arc ye-volcanic yangaphakathi kwelizwekazi enxulunyaniswa nomngxuma we-crustalIbhanti yavulwa ngokudityaniswa kweCocos Plate phantsi kwelizwekazi. Abanye bathi kukuvuselelwa komngxuma wamandulo kwisiseko selizwekazi okanye ukuqhubeka kwelizwekazi komqolo ophakathi kolwandle owawusele ufunxwe. Nokuba kunjalo, ubungqina buyavuma ukuba amandla adibeneyo eeplate zaseMntla Melika, eCocos, eRivera, naseCaribbean abe negalelo elikhulu kwimvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwebhanti.
Umzekelo ocacileyo ngummandla waseBanderas Bay, apho Ukususwa kweRivera Plate bekuya kusebenza njenge-wedgeLe nkqubo yayikhuthaza ukuqhekeka koqweqwe lwamatye kunye nokwenziwa kwezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo kakhulu ze-fault kunye ne-graben (iintlambo ezitshonileyo) ezifana neendawo zaseChapala naseCuitzeo. Olu nxibelelwano lweebhloko ezitshonileyo neziphakanyisiweyo ludlulela ngaphakathi, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho izitya ezinkulu zentaba-mlilo kumbindi weMexico.
Ukunyikima komhlaba, ukuguquguquka okucothayo kunye nomhlaba ongaphantsi "ophefumlayo"
I-Trans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt yinxalenye ye Indandatho yoMlilo yePacificICentral Valley, indawo ye-tectonic, ibandakanya malunga ne-90% yentshukumo yenyikima yehlabathi kunye ne-75% yeentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo zeplanethi. Nangona sihlala sidibanisa iinyikima ezinkulu zaseMexico nonxweme lwePasifiki, ingaphakathi lelizwe likwafumana ukunyikima okukhulu okunxulunyaniswa neCentral Valley.
Kuye kwakho iinyikima ezibalulekileyo kwimbalinjengenyikima yase-Acambay yowe-1912 okanye ezinye iziganeko zenkulungwane yama-20 neye-21, kuquka nezo zaseMichoacán. Uninzi lwezi nyikima luvela kwiinkqubo zangaphakathi zeziphene, ezikude nonxweme, kwaye ingozi yazo ikukusondela kwazo kwiindawo zasezidolophini ezinabantu abaninzi.
Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, uphando olwenziwe yi-Institute of Geophysics e-UNAM nakwamanye amaqela luye lwagxila kwizinto ezingabonakaliyo, ezifana iziganeko zokushukuma kancinciEzi ziinduli zomhlaba ezenzeka kwiindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba emva kweeveki okanye iinyanga, zikhupha amandla kancinci kancinci kwaye phantse zingabonakali kubemi. Ezi nkqubo ziye zafundwa ngakumbi eGuerrero naseOaxaca.
Ngenxa yenethiwekhi zokubeka esweni i-geodetic kunye ne-seismic, kuye kwabonwa ukuba ezi ziganeko zibangela ukuguquguquka kwesikhumba esiphakathi kweemilimitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezili-15Luhlobo lokuphefumla kancinci komhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba, nangona ungavakali ngathi yinyikima eqhelekileyo, kodwa unokuphembelela ukuqokelelwa koxinzelelo kunye nokwakheka kweenyikima ezinkulu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Olu "nyikima engathethiyo" lusinyanzela ukuba sicinge ngokutsha ngendlela iimpazamo ezisebenzayo ezijongwa ngayo kunye neempawu ekufuneka zifakwe kwiinkqubo zesilumkiso kwangethuba.
Iingcali ziyayigxininisa loo nto Iinyikima zomhlaba kunye neentaba-mlilo ziimpawu ezahlukeneyo zemeko efanayo ye-tectonic.Nangona kunjalo, azilandeli ulwalamano olulula lwesizathu kunye nesiphumo. Indawo eqhubekayo yokunciphisa imozulu idala, kwelinye icala, ukunyikima okuqhubekayo, ngakumbi ecaleni konxweme, kwaye kwelinye icala, i-axis esebenzayo yentaba-mlilo edlula kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini kuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye kusengumxholo wophando olunzulu.
Iintaba-mlilo ezidumileyo kunye neelabhoratri zendalo
Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi ezibangela iintaba-mlilo zeCVT, ezinye ziye zaba iilabhoratri ezivulekileyo zokwenyani kwi-volcanoology. Ityala le-volcano yaseChichón, nangona ingekho ngqo ngaphakathi kwebhanti kodwa kwi-arc ye-volcano yaseChiapas, inesimo esifanayo se-tectonic sokunciphisa ubushushu kwaye ibe sisiseko sokuqonda indlela ezi nkqubo ezisabela ngayo emva kokuqhuma okukhulu.
Ukususela kwintlekele ka-1982, iChichón iye yatshintshatshintsha ixesha elide lokuzola kunye nezigaba zokuvuselelaKangangeminyaka emininzi, ukubekwa kweliso bekungaphelelanga okanye kungaqhubeki, kunye neenethiwekhi zenyikima ezisebenza ngokungakhuselekanga okanye ngamaxesha athile. Uninzi lotshintsho lubonwe phantse "ngesandla," ngokujongwa ngqo ngabo babehlala okanye besebenza kuloo ndawo.
Kutshanje, amaziko afana neCenapred kunye ne-UNAM aqinise ukubekwa kweliso, ebandakanya ukulinganiswa kwe ikhemistri yegesi, ukujongwa kwechibi le-crater kunye neenethiwekhi zenyikima ezixineneyo. Umzekelo, utshintsho oluphawulekayo kumbala wechibi lubhaliwe: ukusuka kumbala oluhlaza okotshani, olawulwa yi-algae, luye lwatshintshela kwi-turquoise engwevu enxulunyaniswa ne-silicas kunye ne-sulfates. Kuye kwavela ne-fumaroles ezintsha ezine-sulfur deposits etyheli, kwaye amanqanaba aphezulu e-hydrogen sulfide awakha alinganiswa arekhodwe, kunye nokunyuka okuya kuthi ga kwiindidi ezimbini zobukhulu phakathi kowama-2021 nowama-2025.
Ukususela ngoJuni 2025, kuye kwafunyanwa indawo [engacacanga] phantsi kwesakhiwo saseChichón inyikima eqhubekayongeziganeko ezingaphezu kwe-100 zeenyikima ngosuku. Konke oku kubonisa utshintsho olucacileyo kwimeko yenkqubo yentaba-mlilo, etolikwa njengesigaba sokuvuselela. Nangona kunjalo, uluntu lwezenzululwazi lugxininisa ukuba ezi mpawu azifani nokuqhuma okuzayo, kodwa zifana nesidingo sokugcina nokuphucula ukujonga ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza kuyo nayiphi na into eyenzekayo.
Ezinye iintaba-mlilo kwiCVT, ezifana nePopocatépetl okanye intaba-mlilo yaseColima, zikho izinto zokubeka esweni rhoqo kunye neendlela ezininzi zophandoKwimeko yeColima, umzekelo, ii-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa sele zivavanyiwe ukuze kuhlalutywe kwakhona uthotho lwe-seismic kunye nokufumanisa iipateni ezingabonakaliyo, okuvumela ukuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwemiqondiso yangaphambi kotshintsho kumsebenzi.
Iingozi zentaba-mlilo: ngaphezulu kakhulu kune-lava nomlilo
Xa sithetha ngeentaba-mlilo, umfanekiso ohlala ufika engqondweni ngulo... ukuqhuma okumangalisayo okuneengqimba zothuthu kunye nemilambo yelavaNangona kunjalo, umngcipheko onxulumene neTrans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt ubanzi kakhulu kwaye, ubukhulu becala, awubonakali kakuhle. Enye yezona ngozi ziphindaphindayo kukuwa kothuthu olucolekileyo, olunokuchaphazela impilo yokuphefumla, lungcolise imithombo yamanzi okusela, lonakalise izityalo, kwaye lubangele ukuba uphahla olukhaphukhaphu ludilike.
Kwiiziqendu zemisebenzi ePopocatépetl, umzekelo, sibone izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya zingasebenzi kakuhle Kwaye izixeko ezifana nePuebla okanye neMexico City ngokwazo zigqunywe ngumaleko omncinci wothuthu. Ukongeza koku kukho ii-lahars, umxube wamanzi, udaka, kunye neengceba zamatye ezinokuhla kwiinduli ngesantya esiphezulu emva kwemvula enkulu okanye ukunyibilika kwekhephu ngequbuliso, zitshabalalisa yonke into endleleni yazo.
Ukuhamba kwe-pyroclastic—amafu avuthayo egesi kunye nezinto eziqhekekileyo ezihamba ngesantya samashumi okanye amakhulu eekhilomitha ngeyure—akuxhaphakanga kangako, kodwa onakalisa ngokugqithisileyoUkuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okufana nokweChichón ngo-1982 okanye okwembali kweColima okanye iPopocatépetl kubonisa ukuba ezi zinto zingangcwaba uluntu lonke kwimizuzu embalwa.
Kongezwa kule nto iintaba-mlilo ze-monogenetic ze-CVTIikhowuni ezincinci ezizalwa, ziqhume, kwaye zinyamalale ngexesha elifutshane. I-ParicutÃn, eyavela ngo-1943 kwifama eMichoacán, ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo: kwiminyaka embalwa nje, yatshintsha kakhulu imeko-bume yendawo. Inkxalabo yangoku kukuba izinto ezifanayo zinokwenzeka kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi ngoku basezidolophini, nto leyo ethetha iingxabano phakathi kokusetyenziswa komhlaba, iziseko zophuhliso, kunye namaziko amatsha aqhumayo.
Umngeni wokwenene webhanti awupheleli nje kwijoloji, kodwa nakwidemokhrasi kunye nendawo: Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabemi baseMexico banokuhlala kule ndawo isebenzayophezu kwezitya zentaba-mlilo zamandulo kunye nomhlaba ezithi kwiimeko ezininzi zikhulise amaza enyikima. Nasiphi na isiganeko esiphakathi okanye esiphezulu sinokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwizakhiwo, iindlela, uthungelwano lwezinto eziluncedo, kunye nezakhiwo ezibalulekileyo.
Ukubeka iliso, isayensi kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa: ukulinganisa oko kungabonakaliyo
Ukubeka esweni inkqubo enzima njengoko ifuna i-CVT iinethiwekhi zokujonga i-seismic, geodetic, geochemical kunye ne-volcanic isebenza ngokuqhubekayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iMexico yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu kweli candelo, ingakumbi ngokusebenzisa amaziko afana neCenapred, iUNAM, kunye namanye amaziko ophando. Nangona kunjalo, kusasekho ukusilela okukhulu kwebhajethi kunye neziseko zophuhliso.
Kwiintaba-mlilo ezininzi, irekhodi yezixhobo zomculo ibonisa izikhewu zexeshana, izikhululo ezingasebenziyo okanye ukugubungela okunganelangaOku kunciphisa amandla okubona utshintsho oluncinci ngexesha kwaye kuthintela ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo ezintsha ezifana nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. I-AI inokunceda ekuhlalutyeni kwakhona iidathabheyisi ezinkulu ze-seismic, ichonge iipateni ezandulela utshintsho kumsebenzi, okanye ihlele ngokuzenzekelayo imiqondiso enzima, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuxhomekeke ekubeni nedatha eninzi nesemgangathweni ophezulu.
Kwiindawo ezijongwe kakuhle, njengentaba-mlilo yaseColima, idatha sele ifunyenwe iziphumo ezithembisayo kusetyenziswa ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini ukwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziganeko zenyikima kunye nokuphucula isilumkiso sangethuba. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iinkqubo, ezifana ne-El Chichón, ukungaqhubeki kwedatha kwimbali kuqala kufuna ukuhlanganiswa kwenethiwekhi zezixhobo ngaphambi kokuba ufune ukujonga ngokusekwe kwi-AI.
Ukongeza kwizixhobo, isayensi esisiseko idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Izifundo zePaleomagnetic kulo lonke iTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), kunye namakhulu eesampuli zeMiocene-Recent lavas, ziye zavumela yakha kwakhona imbali yentsimi ye-geomagneticukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kokujikeleza okukhulu kweebhloko kunye nokuqikelela amazinga okufuduka kwemisebenzi yentaba-mlilo. Kwiindawo ezifana neSierra de las Cruces, kuye kwabalwa ukuhamba okubonakalayo kwamaziko aqhumayo ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma, kunye namazinga aphakathi kwe-1,6 cm ngonyaka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4 cm ngonyaka ngamaxesha athile.
Ezi zifundo zikwabonise ukuba Ukusasazwa kwentsimi ye-geomagnetic okubhalwe ematyeni e-CVT Ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki, oku kuhambelana neemodeli zehlabathi jikelele zobubanzi bayo. Ke ngoko, akukho "festile yentsimi ye-dipolar" engaqhelekanga ebonwa eMexico, njengoko ezinye izifundo zangaphambili zicebisile. Konke oku kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba ibhanti iziphatha ngendlela ehambelanayo ngokwembono ye-tectonic kunye ne-geomagnetic.
Umlinganiselo wengozi kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko
Ngaphandle kwesayensi, iTrans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt ibonakalisa umngeni onzulu kwezopolitiko nakwezentlaloUlawulo lomngcipheko aluxhomekekanga kuphela kwinto eyaziwayo kwiilabhoratri, kodwa nakwindlela olo lwazi oluxhaswa ngayo ngemali, lucwangciswe kwaye ludluliselwe ngayo. Kwimeko ye-El Chichón, umzekelo, uninzi loqwalaselo lwangoku lugcinwa ziiprojekthi kunye nemizamo yeyunivesithi, ngaphandle kolwabiwo-mali oluzinzileyo nolwaneleyo oluvela kuRhulumente.
Le nyaniso yenza kube nzima ukuhlanganiswa kwenethiwekhi zokujonga eziqinileyo nezihlala ixesha elide. Kwangaxeshanye, kubekho inkqubela phambili kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwi unxibelelwano phakathi kwabasemagunyeni, izazinzulu kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleniEChiapas, bekukho uluntu olwalungabonakali nakwizicwangciso ezisemthethweni zokufuduka; lwalwaziwa ngenxa yokutyelelwa ziingcali zentaba-mlilo, kodwa lwalungekho kwiimephu zokhuseleko loluntu.
Ukususela ngo-2020, uKhuseleko loLuntu lwenze umzamo odibeneyo woku faka ezi ndawo "zingabonakaliyo" ngokutyelela intsimi, ukwenza imaphu ebandakanya abantu abaninzi, kunye nokudalwa kweekomiti zoluntu ezinceda abantu. La maqela afumana uqeqesho kulawulo lomngcipheko, iinkqubo zokufuduka, kunye nonxibelelwano nabasemagunyeni, nto leyo eqinisa impendulo edibeneyo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ezinokubakho.
Kwangaxeshanye, kugxininiswe ukubaluleka ukufunyanwa kweemvakalelo zotshintsho ngabantuIvumba lesalfure elingaqhelekanga, utshintsho kumbala wamanzi, ukubonakala kwe-fumaroles ezintsha, okanye ingxolo engaqhelekanga engaphantsi komhlaba zonke ziimpawu zeengxaki ezinokubakho. Ingcebiso icacile: musa ukoyika, kodwa xela naziphi na izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiindlela ezisemthethweni kwaye ulandele ulwazi oluvela kwimithombo eqinisekisiweyo. Abantu abahlala kufutshane neentaba-mlilo, ekugqibeleni, ngabona baphambili abajongwayo.
Konke oku kubonisa ukuba umngcipheko we-CVT awubangelwa yi-geodynamics kuphela; kodwa ubangelwa nayi- ucwangciso lwedolophu, iziseko zophuhliso ezizinzileyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu ezinzileyoUkwakha kwiindawo ezinenyikima kunye nentaba-mlilo ngaphandle kwemithetho engqongqo, ngaphandle kwemigangatho yokwakha efanelekileyo kunye nokungabikho kwemfundo yokuthintela ukwanda kobungozi bezinto ezingenakuze ziphetshwe.
I-Trans-Mexicon Volcanic Belt, kwangaxeshanye, ngumthombo we ukuchuma komhlaba, imithombo yamanzi kunye neendawo ezintle zomhlabaKwaye sisikhumbuzo esihlala sihleli sokuba ummandla waseMexico uguquka ngonaphakade. Iintaba-mlilo zayo, iimpazamo zayo, kunye nokuguquka okucothayo azizozinto zemyuziyam, kodwa ziinkqubo ezisebenzayo eziya kuqhubeka zichaphazela ubomi bezigidi zabantu. Okukhona siyiqonda ngcono le web intsonkothileyo—ukusuka kwisikali esincinci seeminerali ezinomtsalane ukuya kwisikali sabantu beendawo ezisengozini—kokukhona sinamandla amakhulu okuhlala nelizwe, ngokoqobo, elingayekiyo ukuhamba.
