Kwiminyaka ezayo, Ukubeka esweni ii-asteroids ezikufutshane noMhlaba Iza kuqhubeka ivelisa iintloko. Amagama anje ngo-2005 UK1, 2025 YH6, kunye no-2025 MN45 sele esasazekile kwiindaba nakwiinethiwekhi zentlalo, ngamanye amaxesha ehamba noloyiko oluthile, ngamanye amaxesha ekhatshwa kukutsalwa. Ngaphaya kwengxolo, okusemva kwayo yonke le nto kukudibana kobungqongqo besayensi, itekhnoloji yanamhlanje, kunye nesidingo somntu sokwazi okwenzekayo kuluntu lwethu.
Kude nebali lefilimu yentlekele, inyani kukuba ezi zinto zifundwa ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu kwaye kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambili. Izazinzulu ziye zabala imijikelo yazo ngokuchanekileyo okukhuluBayazi ukuba baza kusondela kangakanani kwaye zeziphi iingozi abazifaka kuzo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, njengoko siza kubona, ingozi incinci, kodwa ulwazi abalunikayo malunga neSolar System kunye ne ukhuselo lweplanethi inkulu.
Umlinganiswa oyintloko: i-asteroid 2005 UK1 kunye nendlela yayo ekhuselekileyo
Enye yezona mizimba zifumene ingqwalasela enkulu yi i-asteroid 2005 UK1Into enkulu enamatye iya kudlula kufutshane noMhlaba ngoMvulo, umhla we-12 kweyoMqungu, ngentsimbi ye-11:26 kusasa ngexesha leSpanish Peninsular (10:26 UTC). Igama layo lobuchwephesha libonisa ukuba yachongwa ngo-2005, kwaye ukujikeleza kwayo kuyibeka kusapho lwe-asteroid yohlobo lwe-Apollo, ezo zinqumla indlela yazo iplanethi yethu ijikeleza iLanga.
Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba ububanzi bayo bufumaneka phakathi kweemitha ezingama-600 kunye neekhilomitha ezili-1,4Olu luhlu luyenza ibe yenye yezona zinto zinkulu phakathi kwee-asteroids ezikufutshane noMhlaba, kwaye yile ngqalelo kanye, kunye nejometri yokujikeleza kwayo, eyenze yabizwa ngokuba "yingozi" kwiikhathalogu zeNASA kunye nezinye iiarhente zasesibhakabhakeni.
Kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuba, nangona elo gama liphazamisayo, Akukho meko yempembelelo elindelekileyo. Oku akunjalo kule ndibano, kwaye akunjalo nakwabo sele befundelwe kwixesha elizayo. Xa isondela, u-2005 UK1 uza kuba malunga neekhilomitha ezili-12 lezigidi ukusuka eMhlabeni, ngaphezulu kwe-30-32 umgama oqhelekileyo phakathi kwethu neNyanga. Oko kukuthi, ngokweenkwenkwezi "usondele," kodwa ngokusebenza kude kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na impembelelo ethe ngqo.
Izibalo ze-orbital zikwasivumela ukuba siqinisekise ukuba Akulindelwanga ukuba kubekho ukungqubana kweli nyathelo okanye kula manyathelo alandelayo.Indlela elandelwayo ilandelwa ngamashumi eminyaka okuqwalasela kunye neekhathalogu esele zidlule [inani elingekhoyo]. 40.000 asteroidsngempazamo encinci kakhulu. I-asteroid efanayo sele ibonwe ngendlela efanayo ngo-Epreli 2018 kwaye enye indlela, ekude nangakumbi, iqikelelwa ngoDisemba 2029.
Olu landelelo olude lwenziwe lwaba nokwenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi weenkqubo zokukhangela ezifana ne , eseArizona (eUnited States), eyiyo kanye le yayifumana ngo-Okthobha ka-2005. Ukususela ngoko, yonke into eyongezelelweyo eye yanceda ekuphuculeni umjikelezo, ukulungisa iimodeli zezibalo nokuqinisekisa ukuba, okwangoku, indima yayo kwimbali yoMhlaba iya kuba yeyondwendwe olukude kwaye ayisoyikiso.
Ithetha ukuthini ngokwenene "i-asteroid enokuba yingozi"?
I binzana "i-asteroid enokuba yingozi"I-PHA (i-Potentially Hazardous Asteroid) idla ngokubangela i-alamu xa ivela kwiindaba. Nangona kunjalo, imvelaphi yayo ixhomekeke kakhulu kubuchwephesha. Ayithethi ukuba iza kungqubana noMhlaba, kodwa ithetha ukuba, ngenxa yeempawu zayo, kufuneka ijongwe ngokusondeleyo.
Iiarhente zasemkhathini zisebenzisa iindlela ezimbini ezicacileyo zokubeka le lebheli. Kwelinye icala, ubungakanani: into kufuneka ibe ububanzi obungaphezulu kweemitha ezili-140Oku kwanele ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu kummandla xa kukho impembelelo. Ngaphezu koko, ukujikeleza kwayo: indlela yayo kufuneka ikwazi ukuyisa ngaphakathi kweekhilomitha ezimalunga ne-7,5 yezigidi ukusuka kwiplanethi yethu ngaxa lithile, elilingana phantse nomgama ophindwe ka-20 ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya kwiNyanga.
2005 UK1 ngaphezulu kunezi zimo zombini. Inkulu kwaye indlela yayo inqumla uMhlaba.Ngoko ke, ifakiwe kuluhlu lwee-PHA (ii-Asteroids ezinokuba yingozi) ezijongwa rhoqo zizazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Nangona kunjalo, ukufakwa kwe-asteroid kolu luhlu akuthethi ukuba ikwindlela yokungqubana. Enyanisweni, uninzi lwezi zinto luya kudlula kangangeenkulungwane, kwaye ezinye azisayi kusondela kangako njengoko umda wethiyori uvumela.
Uluntu lwezenzululwazi luhlala lukhankanya ukuba olu didi luyasebenza "njengesihloko somsebenzi" seengcaliIsebenza ekubekeni phambili ukubonwa, ukuphucula imijikelezo yeteleskopu ngalo lonke ixesha xa kusondelelene, kunye nokugcina iikhathalogu ezisetyenziswa ekukhuseleni iiplanethi zihlaziyiwe. Nangona kunjalo, kuluntu ngokubanzi, eli gama linokukhohlisa kwaye linike umbono weengozi ezisondeleyo ezingahambelaniyo nedatha yokwenyani.
Enyanisweni, ngokweengxelo zangoku ezivela kwi-NASA, kwi-European Space Agency (ESA), nakwamanye amaziko akhethekileyo, Akukho asteroid eyaziwayo ukuba inokuba nethuba elikhulu lokuchasana nayo ngokuchasene noMhlaba kwiminyaka ezayo. Iidathabheyisi ziyahlaziywa rhoqo, izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo zongezwa, kwaye iindlela ziyabalwa ngokutsha, kodwa zonke izinto ezinobukhulu obufanelekileyo okwangoku zibonelela ngemingcipheko ephantsi kakhulu okanye akukho mingcipheko.
Umzekelo obonisayo ngulowo udumileyo iAsteroid ApophisXa yafunyanwa ngo-2004, izibalo zokuqala zabonisa impembelelo enokubakho ngo-2029, nto leyo eyabangela ukuqikelelwa okukhulu kunye nezihloko ezininzi ze-apocalyptic. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqwalasela okungakumbi, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zakwazi ukuyilawula ngcono indlela ejikeleza ngayo de zayiphelisa ngokupheleleyo ingozi, kungekuphela nje ngo-2029 kodwa nakwiminyaka ezayo. I-Apophis isadweliswe phakathi kwezinto ezinomdla, kodwa umngcipheko wokwenyani awunakuthelekiswa nanto ngedatha yangoku.
Ii-asteroids ezikhawulezayo neziqinileyo: imeko ye-2025 MN45
Ngaphandle kwezinto ezikufutshane ezifana ne-2005 UK1, uluntu lwezenzululwazi ludibene nezinto ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu, kuquka i-asteroid 2025 MN45Lo mzimba uchongiwe ngenxa yokubonwa ngeteleskopu yeVera C. Rubin Observatory kwaye utsale ingqalelo kwimpawu ethile: isantya sokujikeleza kwawo.
Umlinganiselo ubonisa ukuba i-2025 MN45 inobukhulu obuqikelelweyo be malunga neemitha ezingama-710 ububanzi kwaye ijikeleza kwi-axis yayo kwimizuzu eyi-1,88 kuphela. Ukubeka oku kwimeko, uninzi lwee-asteroids ezikumgca ophambili—ophakathi kweMars neJupiter—ziindibano zamatye kunye nenkunkuma ebanjwe kunye ngumxhuzulane, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-“rubble pile.” Ukuba enye yezi zinto ijikeleza ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, amandla e-centrifugal anokubangela ukuba iqhekeke.
Iimodeli zozinzo zibonisa ukuba, kwibhanti ephambili, Umda oqhelekileyo wokujikeleza ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqhekeka umalunga neeyure eziyi-2,2Nasiphi na into enobukhulu obukhulu ejikeleza ngaphantsi kolo ngqameko kufuneka ibe nobumbano lwangaphakathi olungaqhelekanga. Kwimeko ye-2025 MN45, ukugqiba ukujikeleza ngaphantsi kwemizuzu emibini kuthetha ukuba isakhiwo sayo kufuneka sibe siqinile kakhulu, sahluke kakhulu kweso seemfumba zenkunkuma eziqhelekileyo.
USarah Greenstreet, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi esinxulumene ne-NOIRLab kunye nentloko yeQela eliSebenzayo le-Near-Earth kunye ne-Interstellar Objects kwiqela leSayensi yeSolar System yeRubin Observatory, ubonise ukuba izibalo zibonisa ukuba ukumelana okufana noko kwelitye elincinciNgamanye amazwi, izinto ezidibeneyo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokujikeleza okugqithisileyo ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Olu hlobo lokufumanisa lunyanzelisa ukuhlaziywa kweengcamango malunga nokwakheka kunye nokuguquka kwezinye ii-asteroids.
Kunye ne-2025 MN45, ezinye "ii-rotator ezikhawulezayo" kunye "nee-rotator ezikhawulezayo" zichongiwe. Iqela lee-asteroids ezili-16 libonisa amaxesha okujikeleza phakathi kwemizuzu eli-13 kunye neeyure ezi-2,2.Kwaye kufunyenwe izinto ezintathu ezigqibezela ukujikeleza ngaphantsi kwemizuzu emi-5, kuquka ne-2025 MN45 ngokwayo. Uphononongo oluneenkcukacha ngobuninzi bazo, imilo, kunye nokwakheka kwazo kunokusinceda siqonde ngcono iimeko ezibangela ezi zakhiwo zomeleleyo.
I-Asteroid 2025 YH6 kunye nokuxinana rhoqo kwamatye asesibhakabhakeni
Omnye undwendwe oluphawulekayo kwiinyanga zakutshanje ngulo i-asteroid 2025 YH6Yinto encinci ngobukhulu kodwa iluncedo kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokujonga ezicwangcisiweyo. Ubukhulu bayo buqikelelwa malunga neemitha ezingama-70 ububanzi (malunga neenyawo ezingama-230), umlinganiselo ofana nobude benqwelo-moya enkulu yorhwebo, njengeBoeing 747 okanye iAirbus A380.
Ukuba ibibekwe ngokuthe nkqo, i-asteroid ibiya kufikelela kubude obungange- isakhiwo esinemigangatho engaphezu kwamashumi amabiniInkulu kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nabantu, kodwa ayiweli kudidi lwezinto ezinkulu ezinokubangela iimpembelelo kwihlabathi liphela. Nangona kunjalo, luhlobo lwento enokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindawo okanye kummandla xa kwenzeka ingozi engalindelekanga.
Idatha evela kwiJet Propulsion Laboratory yeNASA (JPL) ibonisa ukuba i-2025 YH6 isiya malunga Iimayile ezingama-20.000 ngeyure (malunga ne-32.000 km/h)Esi santya sinokubonakala simangalisa, kodwa siqhelekile kwii-asteroids zohlobo lwe-Apollo, ezijikeleza nazo emhlabeni. Indlela ekufutshane yenzeka ngoDisemba 30, 2025, xa into idlule malunga neekhilomitha ezi-2 ezigidi ukusuka kwiplanethi yethu, nto leyo elingana neeyunithi zeenkwenkwezi eziyi-0,0136.
Loo mgama, nangona ungabonakala umfutshane ngokweenkwenkwezi, usengumgama kukhuselekile kakhulu kuthiEnyanisweni, ingaphezulu kakhulu komda osetyenziswayo ukwahlula into njengenokuba yingozi. iindlela ezigqithisileyoIiparamitha ze-orbital ze-2025 YH6 ziqinisa olo qinisekiso: inobuqhetseba obuphantse bube yi-0,49, ukuthambekela kwayo kungaphantsi nje kweedigri ezisibhozo kunye nexesha le-orbital elimalunga neminyaka emibini enesiqingatha.
Umgama omncinci phakathi komjikelezo we-2025 YH6 kunye nowoMhlaba, owaziwa ngokuba yi-MOID (Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance), awubonisi kunqumla okubalulekileyo kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. Iinkqubo zokukhusela iiplanethi ziyigcina ijongiwekodwa ngaphandle kokubonisa umngcipheko. Ngokwenyani, ukubeka esweni kwayo kusebenza njengendawo yokuvavanya ukuqinisekisa iimodeli zamanani nokuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zokuxela kwangaphambili zisebenza njengoko kufanele.
Indlela izinto ezikufutshane noMhlaba ezijongwa ngayo
Ukubekwa esweni kwee-asteroids ezifana ne-2005 UK1, 2025 YH6 okanye 2025 MN45 yinxalenye yomzamo wehlabathi obandakanya iindawo zokujonga izinto, ii-arhente zesithuba, kunye namaziko edathaInjongo ilula ukuyichaza kodwa inzima ukuyenza: ukufumanisa, ukudwelisa, kunye nokulandelela zonke izinto ezinobukhulu obufanelekileyo ezihamba kufutshane nomjikelezo woMhlaba.
Uninzi lwalo msebenzi luwela kwi Iziko leZifundo zeZinto ezikufutshane noMhlaba (i-CNEOS)I-Observatory ekhokelwa yi-NASA inoxanduva lokuqokelela izinto ezijongwayo kwihlabathi liphela, ukubala ii-orbits, ukuhlaziya iikhathalogu, kunye nokuvavanya iingozi. Ngalo lonke ixesha iteleskopu ibona into entsha okanye iphinda ijonge eyaziwayo, iiparameter ze-orbital ziyalungiswa ukuze kuncitshiswe ukungaqiniseki.
Ukongeza, i-arhente yaseMelika kunye ne-ESA ziqalise iinkqubo ezithile zokukhusela iiplanethiEzi ziquka iinethiwekhi zeeteleskopu ezizenzekelayo, ii-algorithms ezijonga isibhakabhaka ukuze zibone iindawo zokukhanya ezihambayo, kunye neekhompyutha ezilinganisa izigidi zee-orbits ezinokwenzeka ukuze kuchongwe amathuba okuba kubekho impembelelo kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
Esinye isixhobo esinomdla kakhulu kuluntu ngokubanzi kukuba Amehlo kwi-AsteroidsI-application ye-NASA esebenzisana nayo evumela abasebenzisi ukuba babone ngexesha langempela indawo, ubungakanani, kunye nendlela yee-asteroids ezininzi ezikufutshane noMhlaba. Phakathi kwazo yi-2025 YH6, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezilandelwa imihla ngemihla ziinkqubo zokubeka esweni.
Zonke ezi mizamo zincediswa ziimishini ezithile zasesibhakabhakeni. Enye yezona zaziwayo yile I-DART (Uvavanyo lokuHlola kwakhona i-Asteroid kabini)Yaqaliswa ngo-2021 ngenjongo ethile: ukuvavanya ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukutshintsha umjikelezo we-asteroid ngokulinganisela ngempembelelo elawulwayo yenqwelo-moya. Umsebenzi ufezekise kanye oko kwinkqubo ye-asteroid ye-Didymos-Dimorphos, ebonisa ukuba, ubuncinane kwithiyori, ukuphambukisa into enobungozi lukhetho lokwenyani logama nje kukho ixesha elaneleyo.
Kutheni le ndlela ilithuba lesayensi?
Kwizazi ngeenkwenkwezi, indlela nganye esondeleyo ye-asteroid ekufutshane iyindlela lithuba elihle lokuqokelela idathaAkupheleli nje ekucokiseni ii-orbits, kodwa kukwamalunga nokufunda ukwakheka, imilo, uxinano, kunye nokuziphatha kwezi zidalwa. Njengoko zisondela, isignali ezibuyela kuyo kwiiteleskopu—ngokukhanya okubonakalayo, kwi-infrared, okanye kwi-radar—iyaqina ngakumbi, nto leyo evumela ukulinganiswa okuchanekileyo.
Kwiindibano ezifana nentlanganiso yase-UK1 ka-2005, iiteleskopu kwihlabathi liphela zinokusebenzisana ukuze zijonge into enye kwiiwavelengths ezahlukeneyo. Oku kunceda misela i-albedo yayo (inxalenye yokukhanya ebonakalisayo), qikelela ukwakheka kwayo (ngamatye okanye ngesinyithi ngakumbi), kungcono uqikelele ubungakanani bayo bokwenyani, okanye ufumanise notshintsho ekukhanyeni kwayo olutyhila isantya ejikeleza ngaso kwi-axis yayo.
Olu hlobo lophando lunefuthe ngqo kwisayensi esisiseko kunye nokhuselo lweplanethi. Ukuqonda indlela ezenziwa ngayo ii-asteroids Oku kuvumela uyilo lweendlela ezingcono zokuphambuka kwimeko yomngcipheko wokwenyani. Ukuchaphazela ilitye eliqinileyo, njengalawo abonakala emelwa yi-2025 MN45 kunye nezinye ii-rotator ezikhawulezayo, akufani nokuchaphazela ilifu eligcweleyo lenkunkuma. Yiyo loo nto iindlela ezifana... ziphandwa. Imiqadi yeion ukuphambukisa iiasteroids kunye nezinye iindlela ezincedisayo.
Ngaphezu koko, ii-asteroids zii-capsules zexesha ezithembekileyo. iintsalela zokwenziwa kweNkqubo yeSolarEzi ziqwenga, ezingazange zihlangane zibe ziiplanethi, ziqulethe izinto ezifana kakhulu nezo zazikho kwiminyaka eyi-4.600 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo xa uMhlaba kunye nabamelwane bawo babesakhiwa. Ukuzihlalutya ngokusondeleyo, nangona imisebenzi ebuyisela iisampulu, inceda ekwakheni kwakhona elo nqanaba likude lembali yendalo yonke.
Ngaphezu koko, ulungelelwaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe olufunekayo ukulandelela ezi zinto lusebenza njengendawo yokuvavanya iindlela zokuphendula kwizisongelo zokwenyaniNangona okwangoku kungekho zi-asteroids zinobungozi obukhulu, imisebenzi yokulinganisa, amaphulo okujonga, kunye nonxibelelwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwemibutho luhlobo lokuziqhelanisa ngesinxibo xa umzimba onethuba elikhulu lokungqubana ubonakala ngenye imini.
Lonke eli phulo liguqulela kwinto elula kakhulu: ukuba nembono ecacileyo Yintoni ehambahambayo kwiplanethi yethu?Zithini amathuba okuba into ethile ibe yingxaki, kwaye zeziphi iindlela ezikhoyo zokusabela ngexesha elifanelekileyo? Okwangoku, iindlela ezisondeleyo zee-asteroids ezifana ne-2005 UK1 okanye i-2025 YH6, ngaphezu kwako konke, ziseyithuba elihle lokufunda ngakumbi malunga nommandla wethu wendalo yonke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokubeka esweni ziyasebenza, kwaye ukhumbule ukuba umbono wokwenyani, okwangoku, ukwiiteleskopu, kungekhona kwizikripthi zaseHollywood.