Akukho mntu unokuthi iintlango zinokusongelwa, akunjalo? Kodwa inyani kukuba bayindawo ethe-ethe ngakumbi ngaphezu kokuba sinokucinga. Izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-500 ezihlala kule mimandla ziye zaqhelana nemozulu yentlango.
Kodwa ukuba amaqondo obushushu ayaqhubeka enyuka, ubomi babo buya kuba sengozini enkulu.
Ngokwengxelo ye-UN yokusingqongileyo (i-UNEP), kwisithuba esisusela kowe-1976 ukuya kowama-2000, iqondo lobushushu leentlango lenyukile phakathi ko-0 ukuya kwiidigri ezimbini kwi-centigrade, ngokwahlukileyo kwiidigri ezingama-0 iphakanyisiwe kwiplanethi yonke. Iziphumo zegreenhouse zibangela imbalela ethe kratya kwaye ithathe ixesha elide, yiyo loo nto imvula esele iphantsi iya isiba mbalwa.
Oku kuguqulela kwimpembelelo ebaluleke kakhulu kwintlobo-ntlobo yezinto eziphilayo kwezi zixokelelwano zendalo, apho zombini iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ziye zaphuhlisa amaqhinga angaqhelekanga ukuze ziphile. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye izityalo, ezifana ne-cacti, zineenguqu ezifana neengcambu ezinzulu ukufikelela kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye namaqabunga amancinci anciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngokugqithiswa. Izilwanyana, ngokwazo, ziye zavelisa ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo, njengokukwazi ukukhupha umchamo ogxininise kakhulu okanye ukufumana amanzi kwi-metabolism yazo.
Ezona ntlango zichaphazeleka kakhulu yiKalahari eAfrika kunye neAtacama yaseChile. Kuzo zombini unokubona indlela ubomi obuzama ngayo ukusinda. Kodwa asingabo bodwa abachaphazelekayo. Ukuncipha kwamanzi kubangela ukuba yome imilambo, njengomNayile wase-Egypt, okanye iColorado e-United States. I-UNEP ilumkisa ukuba ukuba Ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza, unikezelo lwamanzi luya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu, lubeka impilo yabemi beentlango, kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana zabo emngciphekweni.
Ukuba siyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa kakhulu amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, senza iziseko zophuhliso, okanye iindawo zoqeqesho lomkhosi, sinokuyitshintsha imbonakalo yomhlaba ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphandle kwayo yonke into, uKaveh Zahedi, usekela-mlawuli weZiko loLondolozo lweHlabathi (i-UNEP), utsho njalo Iintlango zinokuba zizityalo zamandla kule nkulungwane, ukongeza ekusebenzeni njengezokhenketho, okanye nasekufumaneni amayeza amatsha anokuphucula ubomi babantu.
Iintlango, ezidla ngokucingelwa njengentlabathi enkulu, engumqwebedu, nengenabugocigoci, ziyindalo entsonkothileyo neyahlukeneyo egubungela malunga nesinye kwisithathu somhlaba womhlaba. Kunokuba zibe yingozi, iintlango zineendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiinduli zentlabathi ezigolide zaseSahara ukusa kumhlaba onamatye weNtlango yeAtacama kunye nommandla onomkhenkce weArctic.
Olona phawu luchazayo lweentlango kukubharha okugqithisileyo kwazo. Imvula ephantsi, ekholisa ukuba ngaphantsi kwe-250 mm ngonyaka, kunye namaqondo obushushu anokusuka kubushushu obutshisayo emini ukuya kwingqele eqhaqhazelisa asebusuku, kudala umngeni wobomi.
Nangona ezi meko zinzima kakhulu, iintlango zilikhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezimangalisayo. Izityalo nezilwanyana ziye zaqhelana ngendlela engakholelekiyo ukuze ziphile kwindawo eyinkqantosi. Izityalo, umzekelo, zineengcambu ezinzulu ezifuna amanzi ngaphantsi komhlaba, amagqabi amancinci anciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi ngotshintsho nangeendlela zokugcina amanzi ngexesha lembalela. Izilwanyana, ngokwenxalenye yazo, ziye zaqulunqa izicwangciso zokulondoloza amanzi, njengokukwazi ukukhupha umchamo ogxininise kakhulu okanye ukukwazi ukufumana amanzi kwi-metabolism yabo.
Phezu kwako nje ukomelela kwazo, izinto eziphilayo ezisentlango ziethe-ethe yaye zisongelwa yimisebenzi yabantu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwemithombo yobutyebi, nongcoliseko zezinye zezinto ezibeka esichengeni iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zale mimandla. Ukuqhubela phambili kokutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ukwanda kokuphindaphindeka kunye nobunzulu bezehlo zemozulu ezimandundu, nto leyo echaphazela kungekuphela nje izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kwezi nkqubo zendalo, kodwa ikwachaphazela kakubi uluntu oluhlala kwindawo ebangqongileyo.
Iintlango ngokuqhelekileyo zihlelwa ngokwendawo ezikuyo, imozulu, kunye noonobangela bobubhanxa bazo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo:
- Iintlango ezishushu: Zezona zikhulu kwaye ziyaziwa kakhulu, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu emini kunye nokufuma okuncinci, njengeSahara.
- Iintlango ezibandayo: Zimelwe kwiindawo ezifana ne-Antarctica, ezinobushushu obungaphantsi kwe-zero kunye nemvula ubukhulu becala ngohlobo lwekhephu.
- Iintlango eziphantse zibe yintlango: Banexesha elithile eliphawulwe ngakumbi kunye namaxesha amafutshane emvula, njengeNtlango yaseKalahari.
- Iintlango eziselunxwemeni: Zinomswakama ovela kumanzi abandayo olwandle, kodwa kunye nemvula encinane, njengeNtlango yaseAtacama.
- Iintlango zangaphakathiKude neelwandle kunye neelwandle, zinemvula ephantsi kakhulu, ehlala ifumaneka kuMbindi weAsia.
Uhlobo ngalunye lubamba i-ecosystem ekhethekileyo kunye nohlengahlengiso oluthile lwezityalo nezilwanyana ukuze ziphile kwiimeko ezimandundu.
- Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushuUkufudumala kwehlabathi kwandisa amaqondo obushushu, kwandisa ukoma kunye nokuqhuba ubuntlango.
- Ukuguqulwa kweepateni zeMvulaUtshintsho kwiinkqubo zemozulu lunokubangela ukuba imvula esele inqongophele entlango iguquguquke nangakumbi.
- Ukwandiswa kwezehlo eziBabekileyoIzaqhwithi zesanti ezinamandla ngakumbi kunye nembalela ende zichaphazela inkqubo yendalo yasentlango.
- Iziphumo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo: Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana ezikhethekileyo kwiindawo zokuhlala entlango zisongelwa lutshintsho olukhawulezayo lwemekobume yazo.
- Impembelelo kuLuntu lwaBantu: Abemi abaxhomekeke kwezi ndawo ukuze baphile bajongana nemiceli mngeni emikhulu ekufumaneni izixhobo ezifana namanzi nokutya.
Iintlango zihlala malunga nesinye kwisithathu somhlaba womhlaba. Phakathi kwezona zinkulu zezi:
- Intlango yeSaharaIfumaneka e-Afrika, yeyona ntlango inkulu eshushu ehlabathini, ngaphezu kwe-9 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha.
- intlango yaseArabia: Inabela kumazwe aliqela kuMbindi Mpuma, ifikelela phantse kwi-2,3 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha.
- Intlango yeGobiEAsia, ikakhulu eMongolia naseTshayina, igubungela malunga ne-1,3 yesigidi seekhilomitha.
- Intlango yaseKalahari: Kwakhona e-Afrika, inendawo ephantse ibe yi-900,000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha.
- Intlango enkulu yaseVictoria: Yeyona inkulu eOstreliya, inommandla ongaphezulu kwe-647,000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha.
Le mimandla emikhulu ibubungqina bempembelelo yemozulu kunye neenkqubo zendalo ekubunjweni kweentlango. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-75% yendawo yomhlaba yaseSpain isengozini yokuba yintlango, kwaye i-70% yeendawo zayo zamanzi zinezinga eliphezulu okanye elinzima loxinzelelo lwamanzi, ngokutsho kweGreenpeace. Lo mkhwa wokujika ube yintlango, okukonakaliswa komhlaba kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu, kwindawo eyinkqantosi, neyomileyo ephantsi komswakama, wenziwa mandundu kukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokukhula kwemfuno yobutyebi bamanzi.
Iingxelo zemozulu zigqiba kwelokuba iintlango zinotshintsho olukhulu okuya kuba neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kunikezelo lwamanzi kubantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kule mimandla. Kubalulekile ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo ukunciphisa ukuchanabeka kutshintsho lwemozulu, ukukhusela i-ecosystem, nokuqinisekisa ukuphila koluntu oluxhomekeke kwezi meko.
Indibaniselwano yobuntlango kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu ikwaphembelela ukwanda kokukhukuliseka komhlaba. Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba iindawo eziyintlango zijongene nomngcipheko owothusayo onxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kwamaxesha eziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu. Ngokomzekelo, izantyalantyala zemvula kwimimandla ekungafane zibe nayo imvula zinokuyonakalisa imekobume, zingachaphazeli nje izilwanyana zasendle kuphela kodwa kwanoluntu. Ezona mvula zinamandla zingqineka ziyonakalisa kanye, ukuba azikho ngaphezu koko, kunembalela ethabatha ixesha elide.
Iimeko zasentlango nazo ziluncedo kuphuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo. Iindawo ezibharhileyo zinesakhono esiphezulu sokunika amandla elanga, ngenxa yokuchanabeka kakhulu elangeni. U-Kaveh Zahedi uphinde wagxininisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa ezi zithuba njengezisombululo ezizinzileyo kwiimfuno zamandla ezizayo, ngelixa ehlala eqinisekisa ulawulo olululo kunye noluxanduva lwezibonelelo.
Iintlango beziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali yoluntu yaye ziye zaphembelela inkcubeko, uqoqosho, nendalo yemimandla ezihlala kuyo. Ulwazi lwemveli loluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngolawulo lwamanzi kunye nezolimo kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu lubalulekile ekuphuhliseni amacebo asebenzayo okujongana nokukhula kwentlango kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Imbali yeentlango ikwayimbali yokomelela. Iindidi ezihlala kwezi nkqubo zendalo ziye zavela kwimillennia ukuze ziqhelane nemekobume enobutshaba. Ngoku umbuzo ngowokuba ingaba uluntu lunokuziqhelanisa ngokuphumelelayo notshintsho esilubangeleyo.