Iipleyiti zeTectonic zikhulu, iziqwenga ezomeleleyo zeLithosphere yoMhlaba ezinoxanduva lokushukuma kunye nokucwangciswa komphezulu weplanethi yethu. Uqweqwe loMhlaba luqulathe ukwakheka kwamatye amakhulu aziwa ngokuba ziitectonic plates, ezihlulwe zangamacandelo amaninzi kwaye zihamba kancinci kancinci ngenxa yobushushu bangaphakathi beplanethi. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze imiphetho yepleyiti yetectonic.
Ubume kunye nokuhamba kweeplate zetectonic
ICortex
Ukubunjwa koMhlaba kunokohlulwa ngokwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi loMhlaba lunemigangatho emithathu enzulu, nganye inokwakheka okwahlukileyo kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo. Ezi maleko ziquka undoqo, i-mantle, kunye noqweqwe. I-crust, eyenza i-tectonic plates, Iqhekekile kwaye iyahluka ngobukhulu kunye neempawu zomhlaba. Unokwandisa ulwazi lwakho malunga nokuqulunqwa kwezi zakhiwo kwinqaku lethu Zenziwa njani iintaba.
Ukuhamba kweetectonic plates kwizizukulwana. Uphononongo lwamaza enyikima, ngokukodwa i-refraction ye-seismic kunye nokucamngca, lunike ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokwakheka kweNdawo yangaphakathi yoMhlaba, ebonisa ubukho bezowuni ezintathu ezahlukileyo okanye iileya, enye yazo ingumhlaba.
Ukubunjwa kunye nobukhulu bolu hlobo lwamatye kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni ifumaneka kwimimandla yolwandle okanye yelizwekazi. Yenziwe ngokuhlukana kwengubo, okubangelwa ukudibanisa inxalenye. I-oceanic crust iyahluka ngobukhulu, phakathi kwe-7 kunye ne-25 km, kwaye yenziwe ubukhulu becala ngamatye e-basaltic. Kwelinye icala, i-continental crust ijiyile, inomlinganiselo ophakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-70 km, kwaye yenziwe ikakhulu ngamatye e-andesitic.
Ingubo
Yenza malunga ne-85% yomthamo woMhlaba kwaye isuka kwi-Moho ukuya kumda ophakathi kwengubo kunye nombindi, ngobunzulu obumalunga nama-2.891 km. Ezi nkqubo zinxulumene ne iintlobo zeepleyiti kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo kwi-dynamism yomhlaba.
Ukutshintshwa kobushushu ukusuka kumbindi wangaphakathi weplanethi ukuya kwi-crust kuququzelelwa ngumsebenzi wayo njengomqhubi wokushisa. Le nto, ebizwa ngokuba yi-convection currents, yiyona nto iqhuba ukuhamba kweetectonic plates. Ukuqonda ngcono ukuba ezi nkqubo ziwuchaphazela njani umphezulu woMhlaba, unokwandisa ulwazi lwakho kwinqaku lethu Izibane ezibonwe eMexico emva kwenyikima.
Core
Uqinisekiso lwemagnethi eveliswa zizinto ezinzima ezifana intsimbi, i-nickel, i-vanadium kunye ne-cobalt ngokusebenzisana nobushushu bangaphakathi ixhaswa ngumyinge we-radius ye-3481 km.. Imvelaphi ephambili yolu bushushu ingabalelwa kwimithombo emibini ephambili.
Mibini imithombo ephambili yobushushu ngaphakathi eMhlabeni: ubushushu bokuqala obuveliswa ziimpembelelo zeplanetesimal kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla omxhuzulane ngexesha lokubunjwa kweplanethi, kunye nobushushu obuveliswa kukubola kweradioactive yezinto ezifana neuranium, thorium, kunye nepotassium. Ukongeza, ukuhamba kwamacwecwe kwi-asthenosphere kukwanegalelo ekusasazweni ngokubanzi kobushushu ngaphakathi eMhlabeni.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamacwecwe
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kweepleyiti ze-lithospheric, ezenza indawo engaphandle yoMhlaba, kubangela uchungechunge lweziganeko ze-geological ezifana ne-volcanic, ukuguqulwa koqweqwe lomhlaba, iziganeko zenyikima kunye neenkqubo zentlenga. Ukujonga nzulu kwindlela olu nxibelelwano luvelisa ngayo iintshukumo kwi-cortex, unokujongana nohlalutyo lwethu Iinyikima ziyiguqula njani ipropathi enwebekayo kuqweqwe loMhlaba. Oku kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo neentshukumo zabo kunye nemiphumo.
Ukunyakaza kweplate kubangelwa ngokuyinhloko kubushushu bangaphakathi obuveliswa ngaphakathi kwe-lithosphere. Ziliqela izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinegalelo kule nto. I-lithosphere ifumana uxinzelelo olusuka kwi-asthenosphere enyukayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ridge thrust, ngelixa ukutshona kwe-oceanic lithosphere yakudala kusebenzisa amandla abizwa ngokuba yi-slab pull. Ukubaluleka kwala mandla kuxhomekeke kwimpembelelo yabo kwisantya sokufuduka kwamacwecwe kunye umlinganiselo ohambelanayo womda wepleyiti odityaniswe kwindawo yokuthotywa.
Inkqubo yokufunxa i-slab ibandakanya ukuhoxiswa kwe-lithosphere ethotyiweyo, ngelixa i-force echasayo iqhutywe yi-viscous drag kwi-asthenosphere. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, izifundo ezibanzi zibe negalelo ekuphuhliseni nasekuqondeni ithiyori yeetectonics zeplate.
Ithiyori yePlate tectonic
Ithiyori yepleyiti yetectonics idibanisa ingqikelelo ye-continental drift kunye nenkqubo yokusasazwa kolwandle, idala ukuqondwa okubanzi kwezehlo zejoloji yoMhlaba. Ukuhamba kwamacwecwe oMhlaba kuququzelelwa kukwandiswa kwe-oceanic okanye i-continental crust egubungela i-lithosphere, ezivumela ukuba zihambe ngaphaya komphezulu weplanethi. Olu lwando lunxulumene neziganeko ezinjengokuzalwa kwamaqhekeza amatsha kumbindi wolwandle, onokuthi uphonononge kumanqaku anxulumene nawo. inkqubo yeplate tectonics.
Iipleyiti zetectonic zomhlaba ngamacandelo amakhulu oqweqwe lweplanethi ahamba kwaye anxibelelane. Ukusasazeka komgangatho wolwandle sisiphumo sokuguquguquka kwengubo, ekhokelela ekwakhekeni koqweqwe lwe-oceanic kumbindi wolwandle. Njengoko ixesha lihamba, olu qweqwe luhamba ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kumqolo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-crust inokuntywila kwaye itshatyalaliswe njengoko idibana nenye i-tectonic plate.
Uninzi lweenyikima ezitshabalalisa kakhulu ezenzeka eMhlabeni, kunye nesikali esiphezulu seRichter, inokubangelwa ukuhamba kweetectonic plates. Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela ezi ntshukumo zichaphazela ngayo umphezulu, siyakumema ukuba u tyelele inqaku lethu.
Imida yepleyiti yeTectonic
Ithiyori yeTectonic Plates ihlela iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemida yeepleyiti ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sayo. Iziphumo ezibonakalayo zamandla e-tectonic zibonakaliswa kakhulu kwiindawo zoqhagamshelwano ezimxinwa, ezaziwa njengemida yeplate, apho kwenzeka khona ukunyakaza. Ukuqonda nzulu ukuba le mida iveliswa njani, unokubonisana nendlela abachaphazela ngayo ukubunjwa kwe Iintaba-mlilo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi kunye neempembelelo zazo kwindalo. Kwakhona, ukuba ufuna ukuya nzulu kwabo iintlobo kunye neeyantlukwano, sincoma ukuba ubuyekeze inqaku lethu kwi.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemida yeepleyiti ziquka imida yeepleyiti ezahlukeneyo. Imida eguquguqukayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yimida eyonakalisayo, yileyo apho iipleyiti zingqubana kwaye zinxibelelane. Le mida ingahlelwa ngokweendidi ezintathu: i-oceanic-continental, oceanic-oceanic, kunye ne-continental-continental. Kukudibana kolwandle-lizwekazi, ipleyiti eshinyeneyo yolwandle ithoba ngaphantsi kwepleyiti yelizwekazi encinane, yenze umsele kwaye ibangele ukwenzeka kwentaba-mlilo. Le nkqubo ikhokelela ekudalweni kweentaba, njengeeAndes. Ukuhlangana kwe-Oceanic-oceanic kwenzeka xa iipleyiti ezimbini zolwandle zingqubana, nto leyo eyaphumela ekuyilweni kweziqithi ezinentaba-mlilo, njengeJapan neePhilippines.
Okokugqibela, ukudibana kwelizwekazi nelizwekazi kwenzeka xa iipleyiti ezimbini zelizwekazi zingqubana, nto leyo ebangela inguqu emandla nokusekwa kweentaba, njengeeHimalaya. Ungquzulwano oluphakathi kwamacwecwe eIndiya nelaseEurasia lwabangela ukuba kubekho udederhu lweentaba zeHimalaya. Le mida iguquguqukayo iyaguquguquka kwaye ihlala ibumba umphezulu woMhlaba kangangezigidi zeminyaka.
Imida eyonakalisayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yimida yokunciphisa, iyenzeka xa i-crust ichithwa njengoko ipleyiti enye ithoba ngaphantsi kwenye. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukurisayikilishwa koqweqwe, njengoko iipleyiti zidibana kwaye enye izika ngaphantsi kwenye. Ukuze uqonde ngcono ukuba ezi zithintelo zenzeka njani, sincoma ukuba uphonononge inqaku lethu Iinyikima kunye nobudlelwane bazo kunye nemimandla yokunciphisa.
Xa iipleyiti ezimbini zolwandle zidibana kwinkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-oceanic-oceanic convergence, ipleyiti enye ikholisa ukuthoba ngaphantsi kwenye, okukhokelela ekwenziweni komsele. Umzekelo woku unokubonwa kwi-Mariana Trench, ehamba ngokuhambelana neZiqithi zaseMariana.
Los imida yolondolozo, eyaziwa ngokuba yimida yenguqu, kwenzeka xa uqweqwe loMhlaba lutyibilika ngokuthe tye phakathi kweepleyiti ngaphandle kokudalwa okanye ukutshatyalaliswa. Ummandla weMeditera-Alpine, ophakathi kwamacwecwe ase-Eurasia naseAfrika, ngumzekelo wale mida. Kule ndawo, amaqhekeza amancinci amancinci, aziwa ngokuba yi-microplaques, achongiwe.
