Umfanekiso oqhelekileyo weMilky Way njengegalaksi uzolile kwaye ucocekileI-Galaxy, enezandla zayo ezijikelezayo ezicacileyo kunye nediski ebonakala ifana, ayiphumelelanga. Xa izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zijonge ngokweenkcukacha ukwakheka kweenkwenkwezi kufutshane neLanga, zifumanise ukuba i-galaxy yethu igcina okungaphezulu. ubuntu obubini beekhemikhali nto leyo ibisoloko iyimfihlakalo yokwenyani kangangeminyaka.
Olu "bomi bubini" lwaziwa ngokuba i-bimodality yeekhemikhaliKwindawo ejikelezwe lilanga, akukho nkwenkwezi ininzi eqhubekayo, kodwa kukho amaqela amabini amakhulu aneengxubevange zezinto ezahlukeneyo. Elinye iqela lityebile kwi-magnesium kwaye lihlwempuzekile kwi-iron, ngelixa elinye libonisa umkhwa ochaseneyo. Uphando lwakutshanje, olune ukubandakanyeka okukhulu kwe-Institute of Cosmos Sciences kwiYunivesithi yaseBarcelona (ICCUB) Kwaye amaziko aseYurophu afana neFrench CNRS okanye iMax Planck Institute for Astrophysics abhala ngokutsha imbali yeekhemikhali yeMilky Way kwaye abonisa ukuba ukuvela kwayo akuyomodeli yendalo yonke.
Yintoni i-bimodality yamakhemikhali kwiMilky Way?
Xa ubungakanani bentsimbi (Fe) kunye ne-magnesium (Mg) kumawaka eenkwenkwezi ezikummandla welanga budweliswe kumzobo, idatha ayisasazwanga ngokulinganayo, kodwa ihlelwe ngokwe ulandelelwano ezimbini ezahlukeneyoNgamanye amazwi, kubonakala ngathi kukho "iintsapho" ezimbini zeekhemikhali, nangona zidibana kwi-metallicity iyonke - umlinganiselo opheleleyo wezinto ezinzima kune-hydrogen kunye ne-helium -, zibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwezo grafu.
Esi siphumo, esiphindaphindwayo amaxesha amaninzi kwiingxelo ezahlukeneyo, sibe sesinye sezona mfihlakalo zixoxwa kakhulu imbali yeekhemikhali yeMilky WayYatsala ingqalelo engakumbi kuba Akukafunyanwa ngendlela ecacileyo efanayo iinkwenkwezi ezikufutshane njengeAndromeda, eyona spiral inkulu ikufutshane nathi. Oku kwakhokelela abantu ekubeni bakholelwe ixesha elide ukuba kwenzeke into engaqhelekanga kwiMilky Way.
Phakathi kweengcinga ezazisasazeke kakhulu yayikukungqubana kwamandulo nomthala weenkwenkwezi omfutshane, owaziwa ngokuba I-Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus (GSE)nto leyo ibiya kushiya uphawu oluthile lwekhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olutsha lubonisa ukuba oku kudibana kusenokuba nefuthe kwi-galaxy yethu, kodwa Ayibalulekanga ukuvelisa i-bimodality yeekhemikhali ebonwayo.
Abaphandi bagxininisa ukuba uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwale migqaliselo mibini lunxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne imbali yokwakheka kweenkwenkwezi ukusuka kwi-galaxy ngokwayo: xa iinkwenkwezi zizalwa, ngesantya esingakanani, kwaye loluphi uhlobo lwegesi olubangela ezo ziganeko. Ngayinye kwezi zinto ziguqukayo ishiya umkhondo weekhemikhali esinokuwufunda ngoku kwiinkwenkwezi zediski.
Ukulinganisa i-Auriga: ukuphinda udale imbali yeekhemikhali yomnyele
Ukuze kuqondwe imvelaphi yesi sakhiwo siphindwe kabini, iqela eliququzelelwe yiBarcelona neParis lisebenzise iindlela zokulinganisa izinto zendalo eziphucukileyo ezaziwa ngokuba Ukulinganisa kwe-AurigaEzi ziimodeli zamanani eziphinda zivelise, kwindalo ebonakalayo, ukwakheka nokuguquka iinkwenkwezi ezifana neMilky Way ukususela kwixesha lokuqala lendalo yonke ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.
Olu phononongo luhlalutyiwe malunga namashumi amathathu eegalaksi ezilinganisiweyo ngeempawu ezininzi ezifana nezethu. Injongo yayikukufumana, ngaphakathi kweso sampuli, ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo ezabangela ulandelelwano lweekhemikhali ezimbini ezifana nezo zibonwa kwindawo engqongileyo yeLanga. Ngokuthelekisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo, abaphandi bakwazile ukuvavanya iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemeko zokuzivelela kwezinto.
Okumangalisayo kukuba uninzi lwazo iigalaksi ezibonakalayo zazivelela zodwa. amasebe amabini ahlukeneyo ekhemistri ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwazisa ukungqubana okukhulu kohlobo lwe-GSE. Kwezinye iimeko, i-bimodality yavela emva ukuqhuma okukhulu kokwakheka kweenkwenkwezi kulandele amaxesha angenamandla kakhulu; kwezinye, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayikukuba igesi ejikelezileyo yayingena njani kwi-galaxy ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Umbhali ophambili walo msebenzi, umphandi UMatthew Orkney (ICCUB kunye ne-Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, IEEC), ishwankathela le ngcamango ngebinzana elaphula imbono yemveli: i Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali zeMilky Way alukho kwinqanaba elibanziNgamanye amazwi, asinakucinga ukuba zonke iigalaksi ezijikelezayo kufuneka zilandele iskripthi esifanayo ukuze zifumane isiphumo esifanayo.
Esi sigqibo sisinyanzela ukuba sicinge ngokutsha ngendlela iMilky Way esetyenziswa ngayo njengendawo yokubhekisa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iingcamango ezininzi zokuvela kwe-galactic zicinga ukuba i-galaxy yethu yayiyimodeli elungileyo "esemgangathweni." Umsebenzi omtsha, oxhaswa zezi simulations ze-Auriga, ucebisa ukuba iMilky Way isenokuba... ityala elinye phakathi kwezinto ezininzi ezinokwenzeka, enye ngakumbi kuluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lweendlela zokuzivelela kwezinto.
Igesi ejikelezayo: indima yendalo esingqongileyo kwikhemistri yeenkwenkwezi
Esinye seziphumo ezicacileyo zolu phando kukubaluleka I-Circumgalactic medium (CGM)Ummandla wegesi eshushu nenciphileyo ejikeleze iigalaksi. Nangona kunzima ukuyijonga ngokuthe ngqo, le gesi isebenza njengendawo enkulu yokondla igalaksi kangangeminyaka ezigidigidi.
Iimodeli zibonisa ukuba ukungena okuqhubekayo kwegesi engenamandla esinyithi Ubungakanani begesi evela kwi-CGM bunokwanela ukuvuthela uthotho lwesibini lweenkwenkwezi olunesakhiwo esahlukileyo kwesezizukulwana zangaphambili. Xa le gesi "ingaqhelekanga" ixubana nezinto ezisele zityebile kwidiski, iinkwenkwezi ezintsha zizalwa zinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yesinyithi kunye ne-magnesium, ngaloo ndlela zivelisa i-bimodality yeekhemikhali.
Kule meko, abaphandi bathi akuyomfuneko ukusebenzisana okukhulu ukuze kuchazwe idatha. Okubonakala kubalulekile kukuba Ilawulwa njani indlela yokungena kwegesi? Ukusuka kwindawo esingqongileyo: xa yenzeka, ngamandla angakanani, kwaye yintoni ukwakheka kwaloo nto. Utshintsho kwezi ndlela zokuhamba lunokuvelisa amaqela amabini amakhulu eekhemikhali eenkwenkwezi kwigalaksi enye.
Enye into egqanyiswa ngumsebenzi kukunxulumana okusondeleyo phakathi kwezi ziganeko kunye ulandelelwano lweziganeko zokwakheka kweenkwenkweziKwigalaksi apho kukho iziqendu ezinzima kakhulu zokwakheka kweenkwenkwezi kwizigaba zokuqala, usapho lokuqala lweekhemikhali luyaqiniswa; kwezo apho ukungena kwegesi entsha kuqhubeka ixesha elide, usapho lwesibini lufumana udumo. Igophe ngalinye kumzobo weekhemikhali, ngokuyintloko, libonisa isingqisho apho igalaksi ishukuma khona.
Olu fundo lucokisekileyo lwekhemistri yeenkwenkwezi luvula ithuba lokusebenzisa ubuninzi besinyithi, i-magnesium, kunye nezinye izinto njengohlobo oluthile lwezinto "ugcino lweefosili" yembali yeenkwenkwezi. Endaweni yokubala nje iinkwenkwezi, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zinokuphinda zakha indlela iinkwenkwezi ezitshintshe ngayo ukusuka kwisiginitsha yeekhemikhali ezigcinwe zezo nkwenkwezi ukususela ekuzalweni kwazo.
Uphando olufana nolwaseYurophu oluqhutywa yinkokheli yaseSpain
Lo msebenzi ukhokelwa ngamaqela avela I-Institute of Cosmos Sciences kwiYunivesithi yaseBarcelona (ICCUB) kunye I-Institute of Space Studies yaseCatalonia (IEEC), ngentsebenziswano esondeleyo ne Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ezivela eFransi. Ezi zongezwa kwiminikelo evela kwi IYunivesithi yaseLiverpool yaseJohn Moores (eUnited Kingdom) kunye ne I-Max Planck Institute ye-Astrophysics (eJamani), besenza iqela laseYurophu elinobukho obubonakalayo kwi-astrophysics ye-galactic yangoku.
Ukusuka eSpain, i-ICCUB kunye ne-IEEC bebethatha inxaxheba iminyaka emininzi ekukhokheleni iiprojekthi ezinxulumene nolwakhiwo kunye ikhemistri yeMilky WayOlu phononongo, olupapashwe kwijenali yamazwe ngamazwe, luxhomekeke kwiidathabheyisi ezinkulu zokujonga kunye nokulinganisa amanani okucaca okuphezulu. Izaziso zanyanga zonke zeRoyal Astronomical SocietyIyahambelana nale nto kwaye iqinisa ukubakho kophando lwaseSpain kwindawo yaseYurophu yeenkwenkwezi.
Umbhali-mbhali kunye UChervin Laporte, edibene ne-ICCUB-IEEC, iParis Observatory (CNRS) kunye neKavli IPMU institute, igxininisa ukuba iziphumo zibonisa ukuba imeko eyahlukahlukeneyo kakhuluNezinye iigalaksi kufuneka zibonise uluhlu olubanzi lweendlela zeekhemikhali, endaweni yokukopa ingongoma ngengongoma oko sikubonayo kwiMilky Way.
Ngokutsho kukaLaporte, ukuba nezi ntlobo zeesimulator kusenza sikwazi ukuqikelela ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zeekhemikhali ekufuneka zifunwe kwi-galaxies zangaphandle xa isizukulwana esitsha seeteleskopu zemitha ezingama-30Ezi zixhobo, ezisaphuhliswa eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo ngoku, ziya kwenza uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwendlela ezibunjwe ngayo iinkwenkwezi kwezinye iigalaksi lungasafani kodwa lube ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo.
Kuluntu lwezenzululwazi lwaseYurophu, olu hlobo lomsebenzi lukwayindlela yokusebenzisa utyalo-mali olukhulu kwi iziseko zophuhliso zekhompyutha ezingaphezulu kunye neeprojekthi ezinkulu zentsebenziswano, apho iSpain kunye namanye amaqabane oluntu adlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi ekuphononongeni imbali yeekhemikhali yendalo iphela ekufutshane.
Iiteleskopu kunye nemisebenzi eya kuvavanya lo mbono mtsha
Iziphumo zolu phando azizukuhlala ziyingcamango nje kuphela. Abaphandi baqinisekile ukuba, kwiminyaka ezayo, indibaniselwano yeeteleskopu zasesibhakabhakeni kunye neendawo zokujonga ezinkulu ezisemhlabeni ziya kuvumela... khangela ukuba ngaba ukwahluka kweepateni zeekhemikhali Uqikelelo lwe-Auriga simulations lukwabonwa nakwiigalaksi zokwenyani.
Phakathi kwezixhobo eziphambili kukho UJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST)Iyakwazi ukuhlalutya ukukhanya okuvela kwiinkwenkwezi kunye namaqela kwiMilky Way nakwezinye iigalaksi kwiLocal Group ngeenkcukacha ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Uvakalelo lwayo kwi-infrared luyivumela ukuba ilinganise ubuninzi beekhemikhali ezincinci, nakwiindawo ezinothuli kakhulu kwi-galactic disk.
Ngaxeshanye, imisebenzi yaseYurophu efana ne I-PLATO kunye neeprojekthi ezicetywayo ezifana iikhronos Zenzelwe ukufunda ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu iipropati zangaphakathi zeenkwenkwezi —umzekelo, nge-asteroseismology— kunye nokwakheka kwazo. Oku kuya kunceda ekufumaneni umhla ongcono phakathi kweenkwenkwezi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokudibanisa iminyaka yazo kunye nolandelelwano lweekhemikhali ezikulo.
Ezi zixhobo zesithuba zincediswa zezexesha elizayo iiteleskopu eziziimitha ezingamashumi amathathu ububanzi EMhlabeni, zixhotyiswe ngee-spectrographs ezinokuqhekeza ukukhanya okuvela kwiinkwenkwezi ezahlukeneyo kwi-galaxies zangaphandle. Ngenxa yezi, kuya kuba nokwenzeka ukuzoba imizobo ye-Fe-Mg kwezinye ii-galaxies ezijikelezayo kwaye ubone ukuba, njengoko ii-simulations zibonisa, nazo zibonisa i-bimodality kunye ne-multiple sequences.
Ukuba oku kuqwalaselweyo kuqinisekisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamabali eekhemikhali Ngenxa yeemodeli, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziya kuba nesiseko esiqinileyo ngakumbi sokuthelekisa iMilky Way nezinye iigalaksi. Kwaye, ngokwenza njalo, ziya kukwazi ukuphucula ukwakhiwa kwakhona "kwendlela yokuguquka" elandelwe yigalaksi yethu ukususela kwiinkwenkwezi zayo zokuqala ukuya kwisakhiwo sayo esintsonkothileyo sangoku.
Umfanekiso omtsha ovela kulo msebenzi ngulowo wendalo iphela apho Iigalaksi azinazo incwadi yemiyalelo enyeKunoko, balandela iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze bafikelele kwiziphumo ezibonakala zifana. I-Milky Way, kungekhona ukuba yipateni enyanzelekileyo, izityhila njengemeko ethile apho imbali yayo yekhemikhali inokuqondwa kuphela xa indima yegesi ejikelezayo, amazinga okwakheka kweenkwenkwezi, kunye nombono odibeneyo weemodeli, iiteleskopu zesithuba, kunye neendawo zokujonga ezinkulu zaseYurophu zithathelwa ingqalelo.
