Imozulu yeAntarctic

I-Antarctica lilizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni kunye nelona lizwekazi likumazantsi (emazantsi). Ngapha koko, iziko layo lommandla likuMazantsi ePole yoMhlaba. Ummandla wayo uphantse waphela (98%) ugqunywe ngumkhenkce ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,9 km ubukhulu. I Imozulu yase-Antarctica Ifundwe ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu ukuze kuqondwe yonke into efumaneka kule ecosystem.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga nemozulu ye-Antarctica, ukuvela kwayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwihlabathi.

ilizwekazi elinomkhenkce

Kuba sithetha ngeyona ndawo ibandayo, eyomileyo kunye neyona ndawo inomoya emhlabeni, ubomi obuqhelekileyo e-Antarctica phantse akunakwenzeka, ke ngoko. akanabemi bomthonyama. Ihlaliswa kuphela ngamaphulo oqwalaselo enzululwazi awahlukeneyo (malunga ne-1.000 ukuya kwi-5.000 yabantu unyaka wonke) eneziseko ngaphakathi kwemida yayo, ngokubanzi kwi-Antarctic Plateau.

Ukongeza, lelona lizwekazi lisanda kufunyanwa. Yaqala ukubonwa ngumatiloshe waseSpeyin uGabriel de Castilla (malunga nowe-1577 ukusa malunga nowe-1620) kwihlobo lasemzantsi lowe-1603. De kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1895, xa iinqanawa zokuqala zaseNorway zafika kunxweme ngowe-XNUMX.

Kwelinye icala, igama layo lisuka kumaxesha amandulo: yaqala ukusetyenziswa sisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle (384-322 BC) malunga no-350 BC. KwiMeteorology yakhe, wathi le mimandla "ijonge emantla" (kungoko igama layo lisuka kwisiGrike esithi antarktikós, "ejongene neNcam yoMntla").

Iimpawu zeAntarctica

I-Antarctica inezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Umphezulu welizwekazi mkhulu kune-Oceania okanye iYurophu, kwaye lilizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kunye nommandla we-14 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, apho kuphela i-280.000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha ezingenawo umkhenkce ehlotyeni kunye ne-17.968 km2 ngaselunxwemeni.
• Iqela elikhulu leziqithi liyinxalenye yommandla walo, eyona inkulu yiAlexander I (49.070 km²), iBerkner Island (43.873 km²), iThurston Island (15.700 km²) kunye neCany Island (8.500 km²). I-Antarctica ayinabemi bomthonyama, akukho lizwe, kwaye akukho mimandla, nangona ibango lezizwe ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo: iNew Zealand, iOstreliya, iFransi, iNorway, iGreat Britain, iArgentina, neChile.
• Ummandla we-Antarctic ulawulwa siSivumelwano se-Antarctic, esebenza ukususela ngo-1961, ethintela naluphi na uhlobo lobukho bemikhosi, ukutsalwa kwezimbiwa, ukuqhunyiswa kwebhombu ye-athomu kunye nokulahlwa kwezinto ezine-radioactive, kunye nenye inkxaso yophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-ecoregion.
• Inamanzi amaninzi angaphantsi komkhenkce njengeOnyx (32 km ubude) okanye iLake Vostok (14.000 km2 kumphezulu). Ukongeza, lo mmandla uqulethe i-90% yomkhenkce woMhlaba, oqulethe i-70% yamanzi acocekileyo ehlabathi.
• I-Antarctica yeyona ndawo isemazantsi eMhlabeni, ngaphakathi kwe-geographic South Pole kunye ne-Antarctic Circle, ngaphantsi kwe-Antarctic Convergence Zone, oko kukuthi, ngaphantsi kwe-latitudes 55 ° kunye ne-58 ° South. Ijikelezwe yi-Antarctic kunye nolwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, kufuphi nePasifiki kunye nolwandle lwase-Atlantiki yaseMzantsi, kwaye ifumaneka kuphela kwiikhilomitha ezili-1.000 ukusuka kwincam esemazantsi yoMzantsi Melika (Ushuaia, Argentina).

Imozulu yeAntarctic

IAntarctica ineyona mozulu ibandayo kuwo onke amazwekazi. Elona qondo lobushushu lisezantsi kulo lonke ixesha likwalelona lisezantsi lirekhodiweyo kwiplanethi yonke (-89,2 ° C), kwaye imimandla yayo esempuma ibanda kakhulu kunemimandla yasentshona kuba iphezulu. Ubuncinci bonyaka wokushisa ebusika kunye nangaphakathi kwilizwekazi ngokuqhelekileyo malunga no -80°C, ngelixa elona qondo liphezulu lobushushu bonyaka ehlotyeni nakwiindawo eziselunxwemeni limalunga ne-0°C.

Ukongeza, yeyona ndawo yome kakhulu eMhlabeni kwaye amanzi angamanzi anqabile. Umbindi wayo unemimoya embalwa efumileyo yaye yomile njengentlango enomkhenkce, ngoxa imimandla engaselunxwemeni inomoya ovuthuza ngamandla, obangela ukuba kube nekhephu.

Imbali yokwakheka komhlaba ye-Antarctica yaqala malunga nezigidi ezingama-25 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ngokuqhekeka ngokuthe ngcembe kwelizwekazi laseGondwana. Kwamanye amanqanaba obomi bayo bokuqala, yafumana indawo esemantla ngakumbi kunye nemozulu eshushu okanye epholileyo ngaphambi kokuba i-Pleistocene ice age igubungele ilizwekazi kwaye yatshabalalisa izityalo nezilwanyana.

Inxalenye esentshona yelizwekazi iyafana ngokwejoloji neeNtaba zeAndes, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho ubomi obuthile kwimimandla engaselunxwemeni esemazantsi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ummandla osempuma uphezulu kwaye unethafa elincanyana kumbindi walo, owaziwa ngokuba yi-Antarctic Plateau okanye i-Geographic South Pole.

lo ukuphakama inabela ngaphezu kwe-1.000 yeekhilomitha ukuya empuma, ngomlinganiselo wokuphakama oziimitha ezingama-3.000. Eyona ndawo iphakamileyo yiDome A, iimitha ezingama-4093 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

Izilwanyana zasendle zase-Antarctic

Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica zinqongophele, ngakumbi malunga nezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni, ezikhetha iziqithi ezingaphantsi kwe-subantarctic ezinemozulu embi kangako. Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo ezifana tardigrades, iintwala, nematodes, krill kunye microorganisms ezahlukeneyo.

Imithombo ephambili yobomi kule ndawo ifumaneka kwiindawo ezisezantsi kunye nonxweme, kubandakanywa ubomi basemanzini: iminenga eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iminenga ebulalayo, i-squid okanye i-pinnipeds (efana ne-seals okanye ingonyama yolwandle). Kukho neentlobo ezininzi zeepenguin, phakathi kwazo i-emperor penguin, i-king penguin kunye ne-rockhopper penguin.

Uninzi lwabatyikityi beSivumelwano se-Antarctic baneziseko zophando lwezenzululwazi kwilizwekazi. Ezinye zisisigxina, zinabasebenzi abajikelezayo, kwaye ezinye zezonyaka okanye zasehlotyeni, xa amaqondo obushushu kunye nemozulu ingekho mbi kakhulu. Inani leziseko lingahluka ukusuka kunyaka ukuya komnye, ukukwazi ukufikelela kwiziseko ezingama-40 ezivela kumazwe angama-20 ahlukeneyo. (2014).

Uninzi lweziseko zasehlotyeni zezeJamani, iOstreliya, iBrazil, iChile, iChina, iSouth Korea, iUnited States, iFransi, iIndiya, iJapan, iNorway, iNew Zealand, iUnited Kingdom, iRussia, iPoland, uMzantsi Afrika, iUkraine, iUruguay, iBulgaria, iSpain, E-Ecuador, eFinland, eSweden, ePakistan, ePeru. Iziseko zasebusika zaseJamani, eArgentina naseChile zihlala e-Antarctica ngexesha lobusika obunzima.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemozulu ye-Antarctica kunye neempawu zayo.