Uninzi lweSpeyin okwangoku lujongene nesiganeko se imvula yodaka ebangelwe yi uthuli lwesaharan nto leyo ebangela isibhakabhaka esinkungu, umoya onzima, kunye nemozulu engazinzile kakhulu kunesiqhelo ngeli xesha lonyaka. Ukufika kwemimoya emininzi efudumeleyo evela eMntla Afrika, eqhutywa zizivuthuvuthu zeAtlantiki kunye nokuguguleka komlambo we-polar jet, kubangele ukungena komoya onkungu kwi-Iberian Peninsula nakwiZiqithi zaseBalearic.
Kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa, umoya uya kuhlala unjalo azizinzanga kakhulu, zineziphango, iimvula kunye nomswakama kuyafana kwiindawo ezininzi. Apho imvula idlula kwiingqimba zomoya ozele luthuli, amathontsi aya kurhuqa amasuntswana emhlabeni, ashiye olo daka luphawulekayo ezimotweni, ezitratweni, kwiithala nakwiindawo ezingaphambili abantu abaninzi abasele bezibona.
Yintoni imvula yodaka kwaye kutheni isenzeka ngoku?
Imvula yodaka ebizwa ngokuba yi-“dack rain” yenzeka xa Amathontsi emvula awela emoyeni omkhulu kunye nothuli oluninzi lwaseSaharaOlu thuli, olwenziwe ngamasuntswana amancinci eeminerali aphakanyisiweyo kwiNtlango yaseSahara, luhlala luxhonyiwe kwaye luhamba amawaka eekhilomitha luqhutywa yimimoya yasemazantsi nakumzantsi-ntshona, de lubanjwe ngamafu ophuhliso ajikelezayo.
Njengoko ziqala ukuhla, amathontsi adibanisa la masuntswana aze agqibela ngokuwabeka kuyo nayiphi na indawo, nto leyo edala umaleko wesanti emdaka okanye ebomvuLe nto ibonakala ngakumbi emva kwemvula enkulu: iimoto zigqunywe ludaka, iindlela zabahambi ngeenyawo zinemibala, kwaye iifestile zibonisa imiqolo ecacileyo.
Ngesi sihlandlo, izithako ezininzi ziyadibana: umoya oshushu kakhulu nonothuli kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, iziphepho ezikwintshona yePeninsula kunye neengxowa zomoya obandayo ezibangela izivuthuvuthu. Olu nxulunyaniswa lukhuthaza isiganeko esibanzi somkhenkce, apho iimvula zodaka zisasazeke kulo lonke ilizwe, ukusuka eAndalusia naseExtremadura ukuya embindini, entshona, kwiMeditera nakwiZiqithi zaseBalearic.
Le meko ayiyodwa kwaye ayiyodwa: yinto isiqephu esinde sothuli oluxhonyiweyo okhula kancinci kancinci njengoko umoya omtsha waseAfrika, oqhutywa yimimoya yasemazantsi, ungena. Ngenxa yoko, nangona kukho ikhefu elifutshane, umoya obandayo kunye nemvula yodaka ziyaqhubeka iintsuku eziliqela.
Iinqwelo moya zaseSahara ezichaphazela iSpain
Iimodeli zemozulu ziyavuma ukuba sijongene ukungena okukhulu komoya waseSaharange-PM10 particles ephezulu kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo omoya. Ukufika kwalo moya uthuli kuchazwe kukushukuma okuphawulekayo komlambo we-polar jet kunye nokubakho kweenkqubo zoxinzelelo oluphantsi entshona ye-Iberian Peninsula, ezihambisa imimoya esemazantsi isiya eSpain.
Oku kuhamba kwamanzi ukusuka emazantsi nakumzantsi-mpuma kutyhala inkungu evela kwiAtlantiki ukuya ngaphakathi kwisiqithi uze uye kwiMeditera nakwiZiqithi zaseBalearic. Le nkqubo idla ngokulandela indlela ecacileyo: iqala ukubonakala emazantsi nakumzantsi-ntshona, ize isasazeke iye kwithafa, inxalenye esempuma yepeninsula, ize ekugqibeleni, iye ngasempuma-mpuma nakunxweme lwaseCantabrian, nangona apho ngendlela esasazeke ngakumbi.
Kuyo yonke le veki, inkungu sele ivakale ngamandla Andalusia, Extremadura, Castilla-La Mancha kunye neMadridngesibhakabhaka esifana nobisi okanye orenji kunye nokuncipha okukhulu kokubonakala. Emva koko, uthuli luye lwasasazeka lwaya kunxweme lweMeditera, kwiZiqithi zaseBalearic, nakwezinye iindawo ezingaphakathi ezifana nethafa elingasentla kunye nommandla ojikeleze uluhlu lweentaba zeCentral System.
Kwezinye iinqanaba zesiganeko, uthuli lwaseSahara luhlala lugxile kakhulu isiqingatha esisezantsi, ipeninsula esembindini kunye nommandla weMediteraEmantla ayikachaphazeleki kangako. Nangona kunjalo, xa izivuthuvuthu zivela kwiAtlantiki kwaye umoya uqina, inkungu ekugqibeleni ifikelela eGalicia, kwiiNtaba zaseCantabrian, nakwiindawo ezikumntla-mpuma, apho inokudibana khona neendudumo ezinkulu.
Iindawo ezichaphazeleka kakhulu yimvula enodaka kunye nothuli
Izibikezelo zibonisa ukuba Kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kubekho iimvula zodaka Kwezo ndawo apho imvula idibana khona nobuninzi bothuli olumiyo. Uthuli lodwa alwanelanga: ukuba alunanga, uthuli lufihla nje isibhakabhaka kwaye kancinci kancinci lungcolise imiphezulu.
Kule meko, iindawo ezinokuthi zibe nodaka oluninzi zezi Andalusia, Extremadura, Castilla-La Mancha kunye noLuntu lwaseMadridkunye nenxalenye enkulu yethafa elingasentla kunye nommandla ojikeleze uluhlu lweentaba zeCentral System. Kule mimandla, indibaniselwano yezivuthuvuthu zasentwasahlobo kunye nomoya waseSahara ozele ziisuntswana ibonakalisa ukuqhuma okukhulu.
Le nto ikwaphawulwa nakwi- unxweme lweMeditera kunye neZiqithi zaseBalearicKulo mmandla, imimoya evela emazantsi iqokelela uthuli, kwaye izivuthuvuthu, xa zisenzeka, zithwala ezi zinto ziye emhlabeni. Kumzantsi-mpuma, iindawo zaseMurcia kunye neValencian Community nazo zifumana isibhakabhaka esimfiliba, esiorenji kunye nodaka olushiyekileyo emva kwemvula enkulu.
Ngaphaya emantla, iindawo ezifana iGalicia, iiNtaba zaseCantabrian, iiPyrenees kunye neendawo ezikumntla wesithathu Imvula yodaka inokubakho xa iziphepho zisenzeka phezu komoya oneengqimba zomoya. Kwezi ndawo, imvula inokuba namandla kakhulu kwaye ihambe nesichotho kunye nomoya onamandla.
Kwiindawo apho imvula ingananga kakhulu, ubukho bothuli lwaseSahara bubonakala kakhulu imbonakalo emhlophe okanye emthubi yesibhakabhaka, xa kubonakala ngathi ayibonakali kakuhle kwaye ivakalelwa kukuba kukho umoya owomileyo nonzima kancinci, nto leyo ebonakala kakhulu kwezi ziqendu.
Ishedyuli yesiqendu: ukususela ekupheleni kuka-Epreli ukuya ekuqaleni kukaMeyi
Iingxelo ezahlukeneyo ezivela kwi-AEMET kunye neemodeli zaseYurophu nezelizwe ziyavuma ukuba oku Isiqendu somkhenkce kunye nemvula yodaka siza kuhlala iintsuku ezininzingezigaba zobunzima obukhulu nobuncinci. Asilosuku olunye oluzimeleyo, kodwa lulandelelwano lweentsuku apho ukungena kothuli lwaseAfrika kunye nokungazinzi komoya kuvuselelwa khona.
Kwimizuzu yokuqala yesi siqendu, NgoMvulo nangoLwesibiniUkungena kothuli lwaseSahara kwaqala ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kwiSithili sase-Iberia esisemazantsi, ingakumbi e-Andalusia nakumzantsi-ntshona. Njengoko iiyure zazihamba, inkungu yasasazeka ngaphakathi, yafikelela embindini nasempuma yeSithili kwanakwiZiqithi zaseBalearic.
Phakathi NgoLwesibini nangoLwesithathuUxinano lothuli oluxhonyiweyo lwanda kakhulu kwiindawo ezinkulu, kunye nomoya omdaka ngakumbi kwisiqingatha esisezantsi, ummandla osembindini, nakunxweme lweMeditera. Kwakungeli xesha apho kwakulindeleke ukuba kubekho imvula enkulu yodaka kwiindawo ezifana neAndalusia, iExtremadura, iCastile kunye neLeón, ithafa elingasentla, iMadrid, kunye nommandla ojikeleze uluhlu lweentaba zeCentral System.
El NgoLwesine Kulindeleke ukuba kubekho uphuculo lwexeshana kwezinye iindawo, apho uthuli lucoca kancinci kwaye kubekho uzinzo olungakumbi emoyeni, nangona iindudumo zasemini ezizimeleyo zisenokwenzeka kwiindawo zeentaba zasempuma nasemantla. Nangona kunjalo, uthuli oluthile luya kuhlala kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, nto leyo egcina isibhakabhaka simnyama kancinci kwiindawo zasempuma yeSpain.
Ukujongana ne impelaveki kunye neholide yebhanki kaMeyiImeko isenokuhlala itshintsha: ngoLwesihlanu, uthuli lwaseSahara lunokuphinda luqalise ukuhamba kwalo phezu kweMeditera nempuma ye-Iberia Peninsula, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho izivuthuvuthu ezintsha kwimimandla esembindini nakumntla-mpuma, ngakumbi ejikeleze i-Iberia System kunye nePyrenees. Ngoko ke, ukuqala kukaMeyi kunokuphinda kuzise inkungu kwiindawo zasempuma kunye neemvula ezisasazekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe.
Izivuthuvuthu, isichotho kunye nomahluko wobushushu: ipateni yentwasahlobo ephawuleka kakhulu
Ngaphaya komoya obandayo, umoya ubonisa indlela yokuziphatha eqhelekileyo yasentwasahlobo, inamandla kakhulu kwaye ayizinzangaUmahluko phakathi komoya ofudumeleyo ongaphantsi kwetropiki kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye neengxondorha zomoya obandayo onxulunyaniswa nokuhla okukhawulezileyo kunye neziphepho zaseAtlantiki ubangela ukwakheka kwamafu ajikelezayo.
Ngexesha leeyure eziphakathi zosuku, oku kulandelayo kwenzeka iziphepho emantla, entshona nakwisiqithi esiphakathiEzi mvula, ezingahambelaniyo rhoqo, zihlala zisiya kwiintaba ezifana neePyrenees, iiNtaba zaseCantabrian, i-Iberian System, kunye neentaba ezikumzantsi-mpuma. Zinokuba shushu kwiindawo ezithile, ngelixa kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka apho imvula ingani kakhulu.
Kwiindawo ezifana neGalicia, iCastile kunye neLeón, iCastile-La Mancha, iExtremadura, unxweme lwaseCantabrian okanye iBetic Cordillera esempuma, kulindeleke oku kulandelayo: imvula enkulu yasekuhlaleni, ehamba nesichotho kunye nomoya onamandla kakhulu. Amandla amabi ezi nkqwithela ayanda xa zidibana nothuli lwaseSahara, njengoko zivelisa imvula yodaka engcolileyo kakhulu.
Ngokuphathelele amaqondo obushushu, esi siganeko sikhatshwe amaxabiso aphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga kuba kusengu-EpreliNjengoko amaqondo obushushu edlula ama-30°C kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseSpain, iindawo ezisemazantsi ezifana neAndújar kunye neMurcia zidlule kuma-32-33°C, nto leyo edala umoya ophantse ube sehlotyeni ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukungazinzi kukwabangela ukwehla kobushushu bendawoNgezinye iintsuku, ukwehla kwamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kubonwa kwisiqingatha esisezantsi nakwiindawo zaseMeditera, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye kukho ukunyuka okuncinci okubhaliweyo kwimimandla esemantla. Ubukho bamafu kunye nezivuthuvuthu zithintela ubushushu basemini kwiindawo ezininzi, nto leyo edala umahluko obonakalayo kumgama omfutshane.
Umgangatho womoya, impilo kunye neengcebiso ngexesha lobushushu
Ulusu alunampembelelo ebonakalayo kuphela; lukwamele ukuwohloka komgangatho womoya ngokucacileyoUkwanda kwee-particles ezixhonyiweyo, ingakumbi ezo zicolekileyo neziphefumlayo, kunokunyusa amanqanaba ongcoliseko ukuya kwixabiso elingafanelekanga kwiindawo ezithile, into esele ikhokelele kwezinye iindawo ukuba zikhuphe izilumkiso kunye nezilumkiso.
Umzekelo, eCastile naseLeón, kubekho isilumkiso malunga nokuba kungenzeka ukuba Uxinzelelo lwamasuntswana e-PM10 ludlula i-50 μg/m³Oku kubangele ukuba umgangatho womoya ube mbi kakhulu. Eminye imimandla ijonga ngokusondeleyo ukufundwa, njengoko ezi ziqendu zinokubangela izicwangciso zokwenza ukujongana nongcoliseko lomoya kwizixeko ezikhulu.
Ngokwembono yezempilo, abasemagunyeni bathi olu hlobo lokungenelela lunokubangela ukucaphuka kwamehlo nomqala, ukuziva ukoma, ukukhohlela, ukudinwa kunye nokuba mandundu kweemeko zokuphefumla okanye zentliziyo esele zikhona, ezifana ne-asthma okanye i-COPD. Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zinokuhlala iintsuku ezininzi emva kokuphela kwesiganeko sothuli.
Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba abona bantu basesichengeni kakhulu—abantu abadala, abantwana, kunye nezigulana ezineengxaki zokuphefumla okanye zentliziyo— Nciphisa imisebenzi enzima yomzimba yangaphandle Ngeentsuku apho umoya ungekho semgangathweni, kuyacetyiswa ukuba iifestile zivaliwe ngexesha lothuli oluphezulu, ujonge ukubonakala kweempawu, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, ulandele imiyalelo yeenkonzo zempilo.
Kwinqanaba elisebenzisekayo, xa kukho imvula yodaka kuyacetyiswa Kuphephe ukuhlamba imoto okanye ukucoca iifacade kunye neefestile De kube luthulile uthuli, khusela iipatio kunye nefenitshala yangaphandle, kwaye uqaphele kakhulu xa usendleleni xa ukubonakala kunciphile okanye i-asphalt igqunywe ludaka. Ngaphezu koko, ukutshisa inkunkuma yezityalo okanye ukubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyonyusa ukukhutshwa kwee-particle akukhuthazwa kulo lonke ixesha lesiganeko.
Isiganeko esiqheleke ngakumbi kwi-meteorology yaseSpain
Umkhuhlane nemvula yodaka aziyonto intsha eSpain; ziyinxalenye ye iziqendu eziphindaphindayo zokungena komoya eAfrika Ezi ziganeko zenzeka ngakumbi entwasahlobo, kwaye kancinci, ehlotyeni. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje kubekho ukwanda okubonakalayo kokuphindaphindeka kunye nobukhali bezinye zezi ziganeko, ezichaphazela i-Iberian Peninsula kunye neZiqithi zaseBalearic ngendlela ebanzi kakhulu.
Ngeli xesha, indibaniselwano yezivuthuvuthu zeAtlantiki, umqolo ongaphantsi kwetropiki, kunye nokugeleza okuqhubekekayo okusuka emazantsi kuvelisa ulandelelwano lweentsuku ezinomkhenkce obonakalayo kakhuluIdibene nokuphuculwa okwethutyana kunye nokungena kothuli olutsha, isibhakabhaka esinombala o-orenji omdaka, ukubonakala okuncinci, kunye nokuziva ngathi kukho ukungcola kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwizixeko ezininzi kule mihla.
Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-WHO iye yalumkisa amaxesha amaninzi ukuba Iziqephu zothuli nesanti emoyeni zixhalabisa kakhulu impilo yoluntungenxa yokunxibelelana kwayo nezifo zokuphefumla kunye nezifo zentliziyo. Kwimimandla efana neCanary Islands, apho i-calima ixhaphake khona ngakumbi, izifundo zifumanise ukwanda okukhulu kwabantu abangeniswa esibhedlele ngenxa yeemeko zokuphefumla ezihambelana nezi ziganeko.
Yonke into ibonisa ukuba olu hlobo lokungenelela luza kuqhubeka luyinxalenye yemeko-bume yemozulu yase-Iberia, nangona ubukhulu kunye nobubanzi La manani ayahluka unyaka nonyaka. Nokuba kunjalo, ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo zokuqikelela kuvumela ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ukufika kothuli lwaseSahara, iindawo ezichaphazeleka kakhulu, kunye namathuba emvula yodaka, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukwamkelwa kwamanyathelo okuthintela yiziphathamandla kunye nabemi.
Kwimihla ezayo, iSpain iza kuqhubeka nokujonga esibhakabhakeni ngomxube womdla kunye nokurhoxa okuthile: isibhakabhaka esimnyama, iziphepho ezisasazekileyo, kunye neemvula zodaka Baza kuqhubeka bephawula imozulu kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe, ngaphambi kokuba umoya uzinze kancinci kancinci kwaye uthuli lwaseAfrika luphume, ubuncinane okwethutyana, kwindawo leyo.
