La indawo yehlathi yaseSpain Amahlathi ayaqhubeka ekhula, yaye nangona sisenokungasoloko sikuqaphela oko, ngokoqobo sihlala kwilizwe lamahlathi. Ngoxa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuhambele phambili kweminye imimandla yehlabathi, apha amahlathi ayakhula, anda yaye sele egubungela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sommandla welizwe. Noko ke, isibakala sokuba kukho imithi emininzi asithethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba imeko ye-ecosystem igqibelele okanye sikhuselekile kwimililo emikhulu okanye ekubeni yintlango.
Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yimalini indawo yehlathi esinayo, isasazwa njani, zeziphi izoyikiso ejongene nazo kunye Yeyiphi imigaqo-nkqubo ephunyezwayo ukuyilawula. Kukwafanelekile ukuthetha ngolu qhawulo lwentlalo kunye nehlabathi lamahlathi: ISpain yindawo yamandla eluhlaza, kodwa kusekho ukungabikho kwenkcubeko yehlathi, ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo, kunye nokuthintela umlilo.
Ingakanani indawo yamahlathi eSpain namhlanje?
Ukuba sijonga idatha ye-inventri yamva nje evela kwi-FAO, i indawo yonke yamahlathi eSpain idlula i 28 yezigidi zeehektare, ephantse ilingane no-a 55-56% yommandla wesizwe (ngaphandle kwe-50,6 yezigidi zeehektare zommandla womhlaba waseSpain). Oko kukuthi, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha selizwe sigqunywe ngamahlathi okanye ngamadlelo amahlathi.
Kuloo ndawo yehlathi, ulwahlulo lwenziwa phakathi indawo enemithi kunye nendawo engenamithi. Umnxeba indawo enehlathi, ehambelana nengcamango yamazwe ngamazwe "yehlathi", idlula 18 yezigidi zeehektare, ejikeleze I-37% yayo yonke iSpainAbanye, phantse 10 yezigidi zeehektare, ihambelana nommandla wamahlathi angenamithi, oko kukuthi, umhlaba ogqunywe yi-scrubland, amadlelo kunye nezakhiwo ezincinci zemithi.
Ngaloo ndlela iSpain izibeka njengeyona ndawo ilizwe lesibini kwi-European Union kwindawo yehlathi iyonke, isibini emva kweSweden, kunye ne okwesithathu kwindawo yehlathi enemithi, emva kweSweden neFinland. Ngapha koko, ipesenti yendawo yehlathi ngokunxulumene nendawo yonke yelizwe ngaphezulu komndilili we-EU, umndilili weYurophu xa iyonke, kunye nomndilili wehlabathi, nto leyo esibeka kwiqela lamagunya amakhulu amahlathi kweli lizwekazi.
Ukuba sicokisa umzobo ngakumbi, ezinye izifundo zibeka indawo yangoku yehlathi laseSpain kufutshane 27,9-28,1 yezigidi zeehektareNgokwendlela yokusebenza esetyenzisiweyo kunye nonyaka wereferensi, yonke imithombo iyavumelana ngombono ophambili ofanayo: Lo mkhwa ngokucacileyo uye wanda ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.
Ukuvela kwendawo yehlathi eSpain
Indaleko ye Indawo yehlathi laseSpain kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje Iyamangalisa. Ngokwedatha evela kuvavanyo lwemithombo yamahlathi yeFAO, iSpain ihambile malunga 25,98 yezigidi zeehektare yendawo yehlathi ukuya ngeenxa zonke 28,54 yezigidi zeehektare yangoku, emele ukwanda malunga 2,55 yezigidi zeehektare malunga neminyaka engama-35.
Ngexesha elifanayo, i- indawo enemithi (ihlathi elinehlathi) ikhule ngokukhawuleza, ngokunyuka ngokumalunga 5,23 yezigidi zeehektareOku kuthetha ukuba awukho nje umhlaba omninzi ochazwa njengehlathi, kodwa ngaphakathi kwelo mosaic kukho iindawo ezinemithi exinene ngakumbi, ezinomthamo omkhulu wokugcina ikhabhoni kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo ze-ecosystem.
Ngo-1990, i Indawo enemithi imele malunga ne-53,5% yendawo yonke yamahlathi aseSpainNamhlanje loo pesenti sele ijikeleze I-67% yendawo yonke yehlathiKe ngoko, indawo enamahlathi ibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwemithi yonke yaseSpain. Kwangaxeshanye, kuye kwakho ukuncitshiswa okulinganiselweyo kumhlaba wokulima kunye namadlelo emveli, athe ngokwemvelo aphinde ahlala emahlathini okanye amadlelo ashinyeneyo.
Nangona la manani ebangela ukuba sibe nethemba, iingcali zisikhumbuza oko ukukhula kobunzima behlathi ngaphandle kolawulo olululo Kwakhona kuzisa imingcipheko enzulu kakhulu, ngakumbi kuhlobo lokuqokelelwa kwamafutha kunye nemililo yamahlathi emikhulu, eyonakalisa kakhulu.
Indawo yehlathi engenamithi kunye nemithi ekhuselweyo
Ukongeza kwiindawo zayo ezinkulu zepine, i-holm oak, i-oki kunye namahlathi e-beech, iSpain yinkokeli yaseYurophu. indawo enamahlathiImalunga nabo phantse 10 yezigidi zeehektare de amadlelo kunye nengca kunye nolunye ulwakhiwo lwemithi olungahlangabezani nemilinganiselo yeqhezu lendawo egqunyiweyo ukuba lithathwe njengehlathi elinemithi, kodwa eziyinxalenye ye-ecosystem yehlathi ngengqiqo ebanzi.
Ndikufutshane ne I-10 yezigidi zeehektare zommandla wehlathi ngaphandle komthi oshinyeneyoLe mihlaba imele malunga ne-a I-19% yawo wonke ummandla wesizweNgapha koko, phantse isiqingatha seendawo ezinamahlathi aseNtshona Yurophu kunye namathafa engca agxile eSpain, enika umbono wendlela ekhethekileyo ngayo imihlaba yethu evulekileyo ye-scrubland kumxholo waseYurophu.
Enye inkalo ephambili yi indawo yehlathi idityaniswe kwiindawo ezikhuselweyoEjikeleze i I-40% yamahlathi aseSpain zibandakanyiwe kuthungelwano lweeNdawo zeNdalo eziKhuselweyo kunye/okanye kwi Inethiwekhi yeNatura 2000iyonke malunga 11,1 yezigidi zeehektareKwelo nani, ngaphezulu Iihektare ezizigidi ezisi-7 zihambelana nomhlaba onemithi kwaye phantse 4 yezigidi kwindawo egawulwe amahlathiOku kubonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kwezi ndawo zokuhlala zivulekileyo kulondolozo lweentlobo neenkqubo zendalo.
Umlinganiselo ophezulu womhlaba wamahlathi okhuselweyo unegalelo ngokugqibeleleyo ekugcineni I-biodiversity engaqhelekanga yaseSpainNgokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengeyona nto ityebileyo eYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nendawo ekhuselweyo ephepheni akuqinisekisi ulondolozo lwayo olufanelekileyo: ulawulo olusebenzayo, inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo, kunye nokubeka iliso rhoqo kuyafuneka ukuze kuliwe izisongelo ezifana nemililo eqhubekayo, izitshabalalisi kunye noxinzelelo lophuhliso lwedolophu.
ISpain kumxholo wamahlathi aseYurophu nakwihlabathi jikelele
Ukuba sithelekisa iSpain kunye nehlabathi liphela, amahlathi ahlala kuwo wonke umhlaba 4.060 yezigidi zeehektare, malunga ne I-31% yomhlaba ovelayoOku kulingana nokuba malunga I-0,52 yeehektare zehlathi ngomntu ngamnye kwisikali seplanethi, nangona ukuhanjiswa kungalingani kakhulu phakathi kwemimandla kunye namazwe, ngokutsho kovavanyo lwehlathi le-FAO.
Ukususela ngo-1990, iplanethi ilahlekelwe Indawo ejikeleze i-178 yezigidi zeehektare zamahlathiIndawo efana nobukhulu beLibya, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuguqulwa kokusetyenziswa kwezolimo kunye nemfuyo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuxhaphazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Okuchasene, IYurophu, kwaye ngokukodwa iManyano yaseYurophu, iye yafumana indawo yamahlathi enkosi kubukoloniyali bendalo bomhlaba owawusakuba ziifama kunye neenkqubo zokukhuliswa kwakhona kwamahlathi.
I-European Union ibone indawo yayo yamahlathi ikhula malunga I-11 lezigidi zeehektare phakathi ko-1990 kunye no-2010Nangona kunjalo, kuphela malunga nendawo I-4% yamahlathi aseYurophu inokuthathwa njengentombingokungafaneli kubekho naluphi na ukungenelela komntu; malunga ne-8% ngamasimi amahlathi kwaye amanye angamahlathi endalo, alawulwa okanye aphenjelelwa yimisebenzi yabantu ukuya kwinqanaba elikhulu okanye elincinci.
Nangona i-EU ayinayo umgaqo-nkqubo ongqongqo wehlathi eliqhelekileyo kwiZivumelwanoEwe, iye yaphuhlisa izicwangciso zaseYurophu zamahlathi kwaye yahambisa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkxaso-mali ngokusebenzisa Ingxowa-mali yezoLimo yaseYurophu yoPhuhliso lwasemaPhandleni (EFRD)Phakathi kuka-2007 no-2013, malunga ne-5.400 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro zabelwa amanyathelo amahlathi, kwaye phakathi kuka-2014 kunye no-2020, malunga ne-8.200 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro zacwangciswa, kunye notyalo-mali olomeleleyo ekuhlaziyweni kwamahlathi, ukuphucula ukomelela, kunye nokuthintela umonakalo.
Kule meko, ISpain lilizwe lesithathu le-EU elinendawo enkulu yamahlathi anamahlathi., iinzipho I-18,5 yezigidi zeehektare zamahlathiIndawo yesibini emva kweSweden neFinland. Kunye neFransi, iJamani, kunye nePoland, ezi zizwe zintandathu zibalelwa malunga nesibini kwisithathu sommandla wamahlathi weManyano, ebanika indima eqinisekileyo kubuchule bamahlathi aseYurophu.
Umbuso kunye nokwahluka kwamahlathi aseSpain
Imeko jikelele ye Amahlathi aseSpeyin agqalwa njengelungileyo ngokufanelekileyo Ukuba sijonga ubungakanani bayo kunye namandla ayo okuhlaziya, nangona kungabikho ngaphandle kwezisongelo ezinzulu. Around I-18-18,5 yezigidi zeehektare zigqunywe ngumhlaba onamahlathi, ngelixa indawo yehlathi elingenamithi (i-scrubland kunye namadlelo amahlathi) ifumaneka kufuphi ne 9,5-10 yezigidi zeehektareukwenza imosaic yeendawo zokuhlala ezinexabiso elikhulu kakhulu le-ikholoji.
ISpain yaziwa njengelizwe ilizwe elinezona ntlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eYurophuyaye kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabemi bemithi yasehlathini yenziwe ngabo amahlathi anzima, malunga nama-55%, xa kuthelekiswa ne-37% ye amahlathi e-coniferous kunye ne-8% ye intlama edibeneyoKwisiqingatha esisempuma sepeninsula, ii<em>conifers (iipayini kunye nefirs) zixhaphakile, ngelixa kwisiqingatha esentshona, imithi yamagqabi abanzi efana ne-holm oak, i-oki, kunye nemithi ye-chestnut ixhaphakile.
Phakathi kweentlobo ezimelwe kakhulu kumphezulu zi imithi elishumi elinambini egxininisa malunga ne-84% yobunzima behlathiI-Scots pine, i-maritime pine, i-Canary Island pine, i-black pine, i-holm oak, i-beech, i-eucalyptus eqhelekileyo, i-oki yasePyrenean, i-Monterey pine, i-oki eqhelekileyo, i-chestnut kunye ne-stone pine. Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba inxalenye elungileyo ye Iindawo ze-eucalyptus kunye ne-radiata pine zithathwa njengezityalo zamahlathi ezinzulu ngaphezu kwamahlathi endalo ngengqiqo engqongqo.
La ubutyebi bomthi —iqondwa njengenani neentlobo ngeentlobo zemithi ekwisiza esinye—igxininiswe ngakumbi kwintsimi Ilizwe laseBasque, i-pre-Pyrenees, iCatalonia, indawo esemazantsi yeNkqubo ye-Iberia kunye neentaba zeCádiz kunye neCazorlaKule mimandla, ukuxubana kweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwakheka kwehlathi kwenza izinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo nezikwaziyo ukumelana nendalo.
Ngenxalenye yalo, i ukutyeba kwamatyholo Inkulu kwiindawo ezinoxinano olusezantsi lwemithi kunye nemozulu eyomileyo yeMeditera, apho i-scrubland idlala indima esembindini yendalo. Iindawo ezifana ne-Asturias zibalasele ngokungafaniyo kwemithi-nge-chestnut, i-oki, i-beech, i-eucalyptus, i-maritime kunye ne-radiata pine, i-ash, kunye ne-holm oak-kunye nomthamo wabo wemithi ebalulekileyo. Ngokubanzi, i amaphondo asemantla eSpeyin Bagxininisa owona mthamo mkhulu womthi ngenxa yeentlobo zemveliso ezifana ne-eucalyptus, i-radiata pine kunye ne-maritime pine.
Yintoni ejongwa njengehlathi kwaye ilawulwa ngubani?
Ukusuka kwimbono yobugcisa, i Ummandla onamahlathi uchazwa njengomhlaba apho imithi ilutyani kunye neqhekeza lecanopy cover (intelekelelo yeekhenopi emhlabeni) ingaphezulu kwe-10%. Xa isigqubuthelo singaphantsi kwaloo mgubasi, umhlaba uchazwa njengehlathi elingenamithi, nangona useyinxalenye yendalo yehlathi kwaye lisebenza njengamafutha xa kutsha.
ESpeyin, ukuhanjiswa kobunini bomhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela amahlathi alawulwa ngayo. Malunga ne I-28% yendawo yehlathi iphantsi koluntu (uRhulumente, uluntu oluzimeleyo, amabhunga ephondo, oomasipala namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni), ngelixa malunga I-72% eseleyo yeyabucalaOku kugqwesa kwepropathi yabucala kunika imingeni kunye namathuba xa kufikwa kulawulo lomhlaba, ukulungelelanisa iinzame zokuthintela, kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwamahlathi oluzinzileyo.
Iingcali ezininzi zigxininisa imfuneko yokuba oorhulumente bakhuthaze Iindlela zokudlulisa ulawulo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa bumniniIzivumelwano zolawulo lomhlaba kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kukarhulumente namashishini abucala zibalulekile. Ngaphandle kwale ntsebenziswano, kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukujongana nommandla omkhulu okwangoku ongenazo izixhobo zokucwangcisa kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo rhoqo.
Kutheni ummandla wamahlathi uye wanda kangaka?
Okuphawulekayo ukwanda kwindawo yamahlathi eSpeyin Ayingenxa yesizathu esinye, kodwa yindibaniselwano yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo noqoqosho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu. Phakathi kwezinto ezikhankanywa rhoqo yi imfuduko enkulu yasemaphandleni kwinkulungwane yama-20nto leyo eyakhokelela ekulahlweni kweendawo ezininzi zokulima namadlelo emveli, kamva aphinda alawulwa yimihlambi ekhukulisayo namahlathi amatsha.
El ukulahlwa kokusetyenziswa kwamahlathi emveli (Iinkuni, amaplanga anexabiso eliphantsi, ipine cones, intlaka, amadlelo amaninzi) ibe negalelo ekwandeni kwezityalo ezininzi ezikhula ehlathini. Olu tyani, alusagawulwanga okanye luvuthululwe, luyayoma luze lusoloko lusetyenziswa rhoqo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba umhlaba uvuthe ngakumbi kunendlela eyayifudula isetyenziswa kwi-agroforestry mosaic, apho kwakutshintshwa izilimo, amadlelo namadlelo avulekileyo.
Kongezwa kule nto iliza elikhulu le Ukuhlaziywa kwemithi ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kunye noo-1960Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kubandakanya iintlobo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye akukho lawulo olufanelekileyo olulandelayo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yokucima umlilo kunye nokwanda kokusebenza kwezixhobo zokucima umlilo zenze okuseleyo: imililo emincinci emininzi iyacinywa, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, amafutha amaninzi aqokelelana, athanda ukuqhambuka kwemililo emikhulu, emandla kakhulu xa iimeko zemozulu zilungile.
Iziphumo ngu eqhubekayo kakhulu, eshinyeneyo kwaye isoloko ilahliwe imbonakalo yehlathiapho iziqwenga zezityalo namadlelo ebezikade zisebenza njengezithinteli-mlilo zendalo ziye zanyamalala. Kulo mxholo, ukubonakala kophuhliso lwezindlu, amakhaya esibini, okanye iziseko ezingundoqo ngaphakathi okanye ecaleni kweendawo zamahlathi kwandisa kakhulu umngcipheko kubantu kunye nepropati xa kukho umlilo.
Imililo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuba yintlango
Los imililo yehlathi Zezinye zezona zoyikiso zibonakalayo nezixelwe ngokubanzi kumahlathi aseSpain. Nangona kwiminyaka ethile-efana ne-2018-indawo etshisiweyo iphantsi kakhulu (malunga neehektare ezingama-25.000), amanye amaxesha akutshanje aye amangalisayo: kwiinyanga ezintlanu zokuqala ze-2023, ngaphezu kweehektare ezingama-47.000 sele zitshisiwe, phantse kathathu kwixesha elifanayo lonyaka odlulileyo, kwaye kwi-2022. Iihektare ezingama-270.000 zitshisiwe, kunye ne-57 yomlilo omkhulu wehlathi ojongene ngaphezu kwe-80% yendawo echaphazelekayo.
El Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuyenza mandundu indlela yokuziphatha komlilonangona ingengoyena nobangela ungqalileyo. Phantse i-95% yemililo eSpeyin ivela kwimvelaphi yabantu (ukungakhathali, ukusetyenziswa kakubi komlilo, ukutshiswa, iziseko zophuhliso, njl.). Nangona kunjalo, amaza obushushu, imbalela ehlala ixesha elide, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu Zomisa uhlaza, zandise ukuphefumla komphunga, kwaye zijike intaba ibe ngumgubo wokwenyani wegodi elicolekileyo nelirhabaxa.
Le cocktail ye Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, imbalela, ukulahlwa kwamaphandle, nokungabikho kolawulo Oku kuphembelela inguqu ukusuka kwimililo emincinci, elawulwa ngokulula ukuya egqithileyo, ekhawulezayo, engalindelekanga, kunye neziqendu eziyingozi kakhulu kubemi. Oku kubangela umjikelo ombi apho uhlaza olomileyo luphembelela imililo emikhulu, yaye oku kukhawulezisa ukhukuliseko nokulahleka komhlaba ochumileyo.
Ngexesha elifanayo, ngeenxa zonke Iikota ezintathu zeSpeyin ziphantsi kweenkqubo zokuba yintlangoKubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba ubuntlango akuthethi ukuguqula ilizwe libe yintlango efana neSahara, kodwa kunoko ukwanda kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba "yimimandla eyomileyo": iindawo ezonakeleyo apho imveliso iyancipha, imbalela iyaqina, kunye ne-scrubland evuthayo izuza umhlaba. Ezi ndawo zisesichengeni ngakumbi kukhukuliseko kunye nemililo eqhubekayo, ethintela ukuhlaziywa kwendalo kwaye iqhubekisela phambili ukuhla komgangatho.
Kule meko, iingcali ezininzi zilumkisa ukuba ukubuyisela isixa esikhulu ngaphandle kwesicwangciso solawulo esilandelayo Bangayenza mandundu ingxaki ngokongeza nje i-biomass enokutsha kwindawo esele igcwele. Bathi, eyona nto iphambili kufuneka ibe kukubuyisela imosaic ye-agroforestry, enomthwalo omncinci wamafutha, iintlobo ngeentlobo zokusetyenziswa, kunye noqoqosho oluguquguqukayo lwasemaphandleni olukwaziyo ukugcina lo mfanekiso uphila.
Ulawulo lwamahlathi oluzinzileyo kunye nesiqinisekiso
Ukuze ukwanda kwe indawo yehlathi iguqulela kumahlathi azinzileyo Kwaye kungekhona kumahlathi ashiyiweyo agcwele amafutha, kubalulekile ukuqhubela phambili ekulawuleni amahlathi azinzileyo, alungelelanise imeko entsha yemozulu kunye nentlalontle. ESpeyin, i Ummandla ophantsi kwezicwangciso zolawulo lwamahlathi ujikeleze i-2,9 yezigidi zeehektare, malunga I-10,5% yendawo yonke yehlathi, kwaye inxalenye enkulu yaloo ndawo ilawulwayo (phantse i-2 yezigidi zeehektare) yeyoluntu.
La manani akwenza kucace ukuba kufutshane ne-a I-80% yamahlathi aseSpain asenayo izixhobo zokulawula ezisemthethweniOku kwenza kube nzima ukucwangciswa kokugawulwa kwemithi, ukucheba, ukuvunwa, kunye namanyathelo okuthintela umlilo. Ukwandisa indawo elawulwa ngokuzinzileyo yinto ephambili evunywayo zii-arhente zikarhulumente kunye necandelo lamahlathi ngokwalo.
Kule ndawo, i isiqinisekiso sehlathi ngokuzithandela Kuye kwaba sisixhobo esiphambili sokubonisa kwiimarike kunye noluntu ukuba ihlathi elithile lilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo. ESpain, itywina I-FSC (iBhunga loLawulo lwamahlathi) sele iqinisekisa ezinye Iihektare ezingama-742.451 zommandla wehlathi, isasazwe phakathi kwabaphathi abangama-37, kurhulumente (ulawulo olujongene nehlathi) kunye nabucala (abanini babucala kunye noluntu).
Ngoluntu oluzimeleyo, I-Galicia ineehektare ezimalunga ne-248.000 eziqinisekisiweyo yi-FSC.ICastilla-La Mancha ineehektare ezimalunga ne-196.800, iAndalusia ijikeleze i-170.600 yeehektare kunye neCastilla y León malunga ne-56.000. I-Navarra iphinda ivelele malunga neehektare ze-30.000, i-Asturias engaphezulu kwe-22.000 kunye neLizwe laseBasque eliphantse libe neehektare eziqinisekisiweyo ze-5.000, ezibonisa umdla okhulayo wokudibanisa ulawulo lwamahlathi kwimigangatho yozinzo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngaphaya kolawulo lwamahlathi, i Ikhonkco leFSC lesiqinisekiso sokugcinwa Iqinisekisa ukulandelwa kweemveliso ukusuka ehlathini ukuya kumthengi wokugqibela. ESpeyin, kukho ezinye I-1.628 yabanini bezatifikethi ze-FSC zekhonkco lokugcinwangokukhula malunga ne-5,7% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka odlulileyo. Awona macandelo amelwe kakhulu yi-pulp, iphepha kunye nekhadibhodi, ukupakishwa, kunye neemveliso zokhuni zefenitshala kunye nokwakhiwa, kunye nobukho obunamandla beenkampani zaseCatalonia, i-Valencian Community, iGalicia kunye noLuntu lwaseMadrid.
Iinzuzo zokusingqongileyo, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo zamahlathi
I-ecosystems yamahlathi aseSpain, edlulayo 28 yezigidi zeehektareBangaphezulu kakhulu kunekhadi leposi eliluhlaza ngeempelaveki. Iindawo zabo ezinamahlathi kunye nama-scrub Zilawula imozulu, zigcina ikhabhoni, zihluza amanzi, zizinzise umhlaba, kwaye zibonelela ngekhusi kwindawo enkulu yezityalo nezilwanyana ezisemhlabeni.Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezu kwesibini kwisithathu sezidalwa ezisemhlabeni zixhomekeke emahlathini kwinqanaba elithile lomjikelo wazo wobomi.
Ngokwemozulu, i Amahlathi kunye neenkuni zisebenza njenge-COâ‚‚ i-sinks ebalulekileyokuba zifunxa ikharbon diokside ngephotosynthesis zize ziyigcine kwibiomass nasemhlabeni. Le nxaxheba ibaluleke kakhulu kumazwe afana neSpeyin, apho ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekwandiseni inani lekhabhoni ehluthwe kwiindawo ezilawulwa kakuhle, ezinokumelana nomlilo.
Amahlathi nawo umthombo wamanzi okusela, amandla ahlaziyekayo (i-biomass) kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada ezifana neenkuni, i-cork, i-resin, i-cellulose fibers, kunye nerabha yendalo. Ukongeza kwizibonelelo zemithi, zibonelela ngeemveliso ezininzi zexabiso eliphezulu-ezongeziweyo ezingezizo iinkuni: i-chestnuts, i-pine nuts, iziqhamo zasendle, ubusi, izityalo ezivumba kunye neyeza zonyango, kunye nezixhobo zemidlalo, ezixhasa iindidi ezininzi zezoqoqosho zasemaphandleni.
Umnxeba i-bioeconomy ejikelezayo Amahlathi adlala indima ephambili, ekhuthaza iimveliso ezivuselelekayo kunye nezinto ezithatha indawo yemvelaphi yefosili okanye ekunzima ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona. ESpain, ishishini elidityaniswe nokusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenzwa kweenkuni kunye nefenitshala liqesha malunga 150.000 abantu, kunye nendawo ekhoyo yokubonelela ngeenkuni kunye neenkuni zokubasa ngeenxa zonke 14,9 yezigidi zeehektareOkubangel 'umdla kukuba, izinga lokutsalwa lingama-41% kuphela, ngaphantsi komndilili waseYurophu (malunga nama-69%), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba amandla angasetyenziswanga ukuze asetyenziswe ngokuzinzileyo.
Ekugqibeleni, amahlathi ane indima enkulu kwezentlalo nenkcubekoEzi ziindawo zokuzonwabisa, ukhenketho lwendalo, imfundo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuba sempilweni ngokwasengqondweni. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ezininzi zibonisa ukuba "ukungakhathali" okanye ukungahoywa kuyaqhubeka eSpeyin. uqhawulo lwentlalo kwilizwe lamahlathiSikhumbula amahlathi ngoSuku lweZizwe ngeZizwe okanye xa kuvela imililo emikhulu, kodwa asifane siqonde yonke into abanegalelo ngayo imihla ngemihla okanye iingozi ezinxulumene nokungakhathalelwa kwabo.
Imingeni kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yekamva lendawo yamahlathi eSpain
Ikamva le indawo yehlathi yaseSpain Kuya kuxhomekeka kwindlela esijongana ngayo nemingeni emininzi ngaxeshanye: inkqubela phambili Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukwanda kwembalela, ukuncipha kwabemi basemaphandleni, ukungabikho kolawulo olucwangcisiweyo lwamahlathi, kunye nemfuneko yokuqhelanisa amahlathi neemeko ezintsha zokusingqongileyo.Iindawo ezininzi zokuma ziya kuwa ngaphandle koluhlu lwemozulu olufanelekileyo kwaye ziya kuba sesichengeni somlilo, izinambuzane kunye nezifo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yamahlathi yaseSpain isekelwe Iintsika ezintathu eziphambili: isikhokelo somthetho kunye nolawulo, izixhobo zokucwangcisa -efana neSpanish Forest Strategy okanye iSpanish Forest Plan 2022-2032- kunye nezixhobo zokuyisebenzisa ulawulo lwamahlathi oluzinzileyoEnye yeenjongo eziphambili kukwandisa indawo phantsi kwezicwangciso zolawulo, ukuphucula ukuthintela umlilo kunye nokuqinisekisa inkxaso-mali ezinzileyo yezenzo ehlathini.
El UkuBuyiselwa kwakhona kweManyano yaseYurophu, iSicwangciso soTshintsho kunye noBuyiselo (RTRP) Inika ithuba elibonakalayo lokukhuthaza iiprojekthi zamahlathi ezizinzileyo nezikwaziyo ukumelana nemozulu, ukusuka ekuziqhelaniseni nokutshintsha kwemozulu ukuya ekukhuthazeni ukwakhiwa kwamaplanga kunye nophuhliso lwamakhonkco exabiso anamandla asemaphandleni. Imibutho efana ne-FSC yaseSpain igxininisa ukubaluleka kokwenza uninzi lwezi mali ukomeleza amandla okusebenza kulo mmandla.
Phakathi kwamanyathelo acetywayo yimibutho kunye neengcali zokusingqongileyo, oku kulandelayo kugqamile: ukubuyiselwa kwembonakalo-mhlaba yemosaic ye-agroforestryngokusetyenziswa kwepetroli kancinane, ukwahluka okukhulu kokusetyenziswa, kunye noqoqosho oluguquguqukayo lwasemaphandleni olukwaziyo ukugcina le mosaic iphila. Ukufezekisa oku, utyalo-mali olukhulu lukawonkewonke, ulungelelwaniso olungcono phakathi korhulumente, ingingqi, kunye nolawulo lwasekhaya, kunye nokudalwa kwezixhobo ezithile ezifana Inkxaso-mali yokuxhasa uthintelo lomlilo nolawulo lwamahlathi.
Ikwabalulekile ukuphucula inkcubeko yamahlathi kuluntuukucacisa ixabiso lamahlathi, iingenelo zawo zokusingqongileyo, ezentlalo, nezoqoqosho, kunye nendima engenakubuyiselwa yabemi basemaphandleni ekunyamekeleni kwabo. Ngaphandle kwabemi abanolwazi, iimveliso eziqinisekisiweyo ezixabisekileyo emarikeni, kunye nabanini-mhlaba abanenkuthazo yokwenene, kuya kuba nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwanda okumangalisayo kummandla wamahlathi eSpeyin kuguqulelwa ekubeni Amahlathi aphilileyo, ahlukeneyo nalawulwa kakuhle akwaziyo ukujongana nemingeni yenkulungwane yama-21.
Umfanekiso opheleleyo ojongwa yiyo yonke le datha yelizwe elinamahlathi ngokucacileyo, elingaphezu kwesiqingatha sommandla walo ogutyungelwe ziintaba, ukwandisa ummandla wamahlathi kunye nendima ephambili kulondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaseYurophuKodwa kunye neentaba ezigcwele amafutha, ulawulo olungonelanga, kunye nomngcipheko okhulayo wemililo emikhulu kwimozulu ekhulayo; umceli mngeni omkhulu kumashumi eminyaka ezayo iya kuba kukuguqula lo mhlaba mninzi wamahlathi ube yindawo ekwaziyo ukomelela ngokwenene, ephilayo, nesetyenziswa kakuhle, endaweni yokuba indawo engasemva eluhlaza eshiywe kwizixhobo zayo.
