La indawo yehlathi yaseYurophu IYurophu ifumana umzuzu oyimbali: ilizwekazi alizange ligqunywe emahlathini kangangeenkulungwane, umahluko omkhulu kwilahleko enkulu yokhuseleko lwamahlathi ebonwa kweminye imimandla yehlabathi. Nangona iYurophu inembali ende yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, namhlanje iye yankqenkqeza phambili ekutshatyalalisweni kwamahlathi, ekulawuleni amahlathi nasekulondolozweni kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Le nyaniso ibangel’ umdla kuba, ngoxa izigidi zeehektare zamahlathi zilahleka ehlabathini lonke nyaka ngamnye, kwiManyano yaseYurophu. Umkhwa ngokucacileyo uphezulu.Asiyiyo yonke into egqibeleleyo, kude nayo: kuphela inxalenye encinci yala mahlathi ahlambulukileyo, amaninzi aphenjelelwa kakhulu yimisebenzi yabantu, kwaye ukugawulwa kwemithi kulawula. Nangona kunjalo, kukho intetho eyandayo malunga nokuzinza, amahlathi anempilo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye indima abayidlalayo xa bejongene nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ingakanani indawo yamahlathi enayo iYurophu kwaye itshintshe njani?
Kuthathwe kunye, amahlathi aseYurophu agubungela ngaphezu kwesithathu sommandla welizwekaziUkuba sigxininisa kwi-European Union, indawo yehlathi ijikeleze i-158-160 yezigidi zeehektare, emele malunga ne-37% kunye ne-39% yomhlaba we-EU, ipesenti ecacileyo ngokucacileyo kunomndilili wehlabathi, ojikeleze i-31%.
Phakathi ko-1990 no-2010, i I-EU yongeze malunga ne-11 yezigidi zeehektare zamahlathiOku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala kukwandiswa kwemvelo kwezityalo kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuphinda kutshatyalaliswe amahlathi axhaswa ngemali yimali yaseYurophu neyelizwe. Ukujonga ummandla we-pan-European, ingxelo ethi "I-State of Europe's Forests (SoEF 2020)" ibonisa ukuba indawo yamahlathi inyuke yaya kutsho malunga ne-227 yezigidi zeehektare, ikhule malunga ne-9% kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
Ehlabathini lonke, umfanekiso uhluke kakhulu: i-UN iqikelela ukuba iplanethi IArgentina ilahlekelwa malunga ne-13 lezigidi zeehektare zehlathi nyaka ngamnye., ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ukuguqulwa komhlaba kusetyenziso lwezolimo nemfuyo nangeempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. IYurophu, ke ngoko, iyindawo eyahlukileyo phakathi kwendlela exhalabisayo yehlabathi yokugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-Eurostat, malunga I-5% yendawo yamahlathi ehlabathi Ilele ngaphakathi kwemida yeManyano yaseYurophu. Oku kusenokubonakala kungenamsebenzi, kodwa sithetha ngommandla onabemi abaninzi kakhulu nonemizi-mveliso kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba amahlathi angahlali nje enjalo kodwa aqhubeke esanda.
Ubuninzi bolu tyani lubangelwa kukutshintsha kokusetyenziswa komhlaba: ukulahlwa komhlaba wokulima ongenangeniso, ukuncitshiswa kwemfuyo eninzi kwiindawo ezithile, ukuncipha kwabemi basemaphandleni, kunye nokutshintshwa kweenkuni nezinye izinto zokwakha namandla. Ezi nkqubo, zidityaniswe nemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu, zikuvumele oko IYurophu ibuyisela umhlaba wamahlathi emva kweenkulungwane zokuhla, kwaye umzekelo baye banda iinkqubo zokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kwiindawo ezichatshazelwa yimililo.
Umahluko phakathi kwamazwe: ngubani onamahlathi amaninzi eYurophu
Ukuhanjiswa kwe Indawo yehlathi eYurophu ayilingani kakhulu.Kukho amazwe apho amahlathi ngokucacileyo awongamele imbonakalo-mhlaba yaye amanye apho ngokulambathayo indawo encinane yomhlaba. Amazwe amahlanu angamalungu e-EU agqame ngokuba nesiqingatha somhlaba wawo ogqunywe yimithi: iFinland, iSweden, iSlovenia, iEstonia, neLatvia.
Ukuba sijonga ipesenti yommandla ogutyungelwe ngamahlathi, iFinland iphezulu kuludwe nge I-66,2% yendawo enamahlathiilandelwa yiSweden ngama-63,8% kunye neSlovenia ngama-58,5%. I-Estonia kunye neLatvia nazo zinexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu, ngaphezu kwe-53%. La ngamazwe anabemi abambalwa ngokwentelekiso anemozulu ebandayo okanye epholileyo enemozulu epholileyo kunye nesithethe samahlathi amade.
Kwelinye icala ngamazwe angamalungu afana INetherlands, iIreland, iDenmark, okanye iMaltaapho indawo yehlathi incinci kakhulu. I-Netherlands, umzekelo, ayide ifikelele kwi-8,9% yommandla wayo ogutyungelwe ngamahlathi, ngenxa yobukhulu becala kuphuhliso lwezolimo nophuhliso lwedolophu kunye nobume belizwe ngokwalo.
Ngokwemigaqo epheleleyo, oko kukuthi, ukuba sibala iihektare ezipheleleyo zehlathi, idatha ye-Eurostat esuka kwi-2019 ibonisa ukuba ISweden ineyona ndawo inkulu yehlathi kulo naliphi na ilizwe.malunga ne-27,98 yezigidi zeehektare. IFinland ilandela nge-22,409 yezigidi zeehektare, ISpain ene-18,567 yezigidi zeehektare kunye neFransi ene-17,169 yezigidi zeehektare. Emva kwazo kukho iJamani (emalunga ne-11,419 yezigidi zeehektare), i-Italiya, iPoland neRomania, ukuhla ukuya eMalta, enehlathi elingenamsebenzi.
La manani apheleleyo kufuneka atolikwe ngononophelo, kuba Amazwe amakhulu adla ngokuba namahlathi amaninzi ngokweehektare, nangona ipesenti yazo yokugquma amahlathi ingekho phezulu. Enyanisweni, izizwe ezifana neFransi okanye iJamani, nokuba zinezigidi zeehektare zamahlathi, kuphela phakathi kwe-27% kunye ne-32% yendawo yazo ehlala kuzo, amanani angaphantsi kunalawo amazwe aseNordic kunye neBaltic.
Enye indlela ebonisa kakhulu ukulinganisa ubukho bamahlathi kukubala iihektare zehlathi ngommi ngamnyeApha, amazwe asemantla naweBaltic ayakhokela: iFinn, ngokomlinganiselo, malunga neehektare ezi-4,23 zehlathi; iSweden, 3,18; umEstonia, isi-1,85; kunye neLatvian, 1,72. Ukusuka apho, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu sele engaphantsi kwehektare enye yehlathi kumntu ngamnye.
Kwesi salathisi, iSpain ihamba kakuhle ngokumangalisayo: nge 0,59 yeehektare zehlathi ngommi ngamnyeIngaphezulu komyinge weManyano yaseYurophu (0,36 yeehektare) kwaye yodlula amazwe afana nePortugal (0,47), France (0,27), Germany (0,14), kunye neItali (0,19). Idlulwa kuphela ngamanye amazwe amancinci kodwa anamahlathi amaninzi, njengeSlovenia, kwaye yabelana ngamanani afanayo neGrisi neCroatia.
ISpain njengamandla amahlathi aseYurophu
Ukuqala nje kokubona, imifanekiso emininzi yesathelayithi yaseYurophu ibonisa ISpain njengeyona nto ibizwa ngokuba "yi-brown exception"Ngelixa ummandla omkhulu welizwekazi ubonakala uluhlaza, ngakumbi kumntla wePyrenees, uSingasiqithi weIberia ubonakala womile ngakumbi, ngakumbi kunxweme lweMeditera nakumazantsi-mpuma. Nangona kunjalo, le mbonakalo ikhohlisayo.
Idatha esemthethweni iyayichasa loo ngcamango: iSpain izimise njenge elinye lamandla amakhulu amahlathi aseYurophuNgokuxhomekeke kumthombo kunye nonyaka wokubhekisela, iSpain ibonakala njengelizwe lesibini okanye lesithathu lelungu le-EU elinendawo enkulu yehlathi, kuphela emva kweSweden neFinland. I-Eurostat kunye ne-FAO zibeka indawo enamahlathi eSpain malunga ne-18,5 yezigidi zeehektare.
Ukuba sisebenzisa inkcazo ye-FAO yehlathi, eyamkelwa yi-Eurostat, sithetha ngamasimi ane Isigqubuthelo somthi esingaphezulu kwe-10% kunye nommandla omkhulu kune-0,5 yeehektare, apho imithi inokufikelela ubuncinane kwiimitha ezintlanu ubude ekuvuthweni. Ngokwale khrayitheriya, malunga ne-37% yendawo yaseSpain igutyungelwe ngamahlathi, kwaye le nxalenye iyaqhubeka nokukhula.
The Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge ichaza ukuba Ummandla onamahlathi eSpeyin ngoku ungaphezu kweehektare ezili-18 lezigidiLe pesenti iye yanda ngokucacileyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ngaphaya koko, iSpain inamalunga ne-10 lezigidi zeehektare zehlathi elingenamithi (i-scrubland nedlelo), emele malunga ne-19% yommandla wesizwe kunye nesiqingatha sezi ndawo zokuhlala kulo lonke elaseNtshona Yurophu; ezi ndawo zingundoqo, njengoko izifundo kwi umthamo wengca kunye namatyholo okugcina ikhabhoni.
Kwinqanaba lephondo, owona mhlaba mkhulu womhlaba onemithi ubekwe kuwo Cáceres, elandelwa nguBadajoz, uCuenca noHuelvaKwelinye icala, amaphondo anommandla omncinane wamahlathi yiAlmería, Alicante, neLas Palmas. Ukuba sijonga umthamo wezityalo zemithi, iNavarre igqwesa kuluhlu, ilandelwa yiA Coruña, iAsturias, iLugo, neLleida, ngoxa, kwakhona, iAlmería, iAlicante, neLas Palmas ziphakathi kwezo zinomlinganiselo omncinane womthi.
Ukukhula kwamahlathi aseSpain kunento eninzi yokwenza ne imfuduko yasemaphandleni kunye nokulahlwa komhlaba wokulima Kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo, njengoko indawo enikezelwe kwizityalo namadlelo iye yehla kwaye ukufuywa okubanzi kwemfuyo kwehlile kwiindawo ezithile, uhlaza lwendalo luye lwabuyela kancinane. Oku kuncediswa ngakumbi ziiprojekthi zohlaziyo lwamahlathi, ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo zokucima umlilo kunye nokuzinikela okukhulu kwezentlalo kunye neziko kulondolozo lwamahlathi.
Ngapha koko, kufutshane ne I-40% yeentaba zaseSpain zibandakanyiwe kwiindawo zendalo ezikhuselweyo okanye kuthungelwano lweNatura 2000, olufikelela malunga ne-11,1 yezigidi zeehektare. Kulo mmandla, ngaphezu kwe-7 yezigidi zeehektare zinemithi kwaye phantse i-4 yezigidi ayinamithi. Ngamanye amazwi, inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yamahlathi nemihlaba yelizwe inandipha uhlobo oluthile lokhuseleko lwemekobume.
I-Natura 2000 Network kunye nokukhuselwa kwamahlathi kwi-EU
I-European Union ine I-Natura 2000 Network, eyona nkqubo inkulu yeendawo ezikhuselweyo yeplanethi. Injongo yayo kukugcina iindawo zokuhlala kunye neentlobo zomdla woluntu, kwaye amahlathi angundoqo kwesi sicwangciso. Ngokweengxelo ezisemthethweni, ngaphezu kweendawo ze-27.000 zongezwa kuthungelwano, ezidibanisa malunga ne-18% yendawo yomhlaba we-EU, kunye nemimandla emikhulu yaselwandle.
Ngaphakathi kweNatura 2000, amahlathi adlala indima ebalulekileyo: kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nama-375.000 km² othungelwano Le mimandla ihambelana nendalo yamahlathi, ethatha malunga nesiqingatha sawo wonke umhlaba okhuselweyo kwaye phantse i-21% yezibonelelo zamahlathi zizonke zeManyano yaseYurophu. Ubukhulu bezi sayithi bohluka kakhulu: ezinye ziyihektare enye ngobukhulu, ngelixa ezinye zidlula i-5.000 km².
Nangona i-enclaves ezininzi zibekwe kwiindawo ezikude, ezininzi zidibene ngokuthe ngqo kwi- Iindawo ezisemaphandleni zaseYurophu kwaye ziphantsi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zolawuloImisebenzi yabantu ehambelana nolondolozo yinxalenye yoyilo lwenethiwekhi, ngoko akukhona nje malunga nokugcinwa okungqongqo, kodwa malunga neendawo zokuhlala apho ukhuseleko lwezinto eziphilayo ludibaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwemveli kunye noqoqosho.
ISpain igqame ngokukodwa kule ndawo: yiyo ilizwe elinikela owona mhlaba mkhulu kwiNatura 2000 NetworkISpain inommandla ongaphezulu kwama-27% wommandla wayo ogutyungelwe luhlobo oluthile lothungelwano lwendalo, ephantse yaphinda kabini leyo yelizwe elilandelayo, iFransi. Kwi-137.365 km² yomhlaba waseSpain oqukwe eNatura 2000, malunga nama-79.780 km² ngamahlathi. Ukulandela iSpain yiFrance (69.127 km²), Poland (61.059 km²), Italy (57.137 km²), kunye namanye amazwe angamalungu.
Eli galelo libanzi libonisa ubutyebi bendalo bendawo yaseSpain kunye nokubaluleka kwayo i-ikhosistim yehlathi kulondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo YaseYurophu. I-mosaic yeMeditera, iAtlantiki, intaba kunye namahlathi aphakamileyo eentaba ibonelela ngokwahlukana okukhulu kweendawo zokuhlala, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, uninzi lwazo lukhuselwe yimiyalelo yaseYurophu.
Iintlobo zamahlathi aseYurophu kunye neqondo lendalo
Iintlobo ze Amahlathi aseYurophu ayamangalisa. kwaye ubukhulu becala ibonisa iyantlukwano ye-geoclimatic yelizwekazi. Ezi zisuka kumahlathi amakhulu e-boreal coniferous emantla ukuya kumahlathi eMeditera e-holm oak kunye ne-cork oak emazantsi, edlula kumahlathi asezintabeni, amahlathi e-Atlantiki beech, kunye amahlathi aqaqambayo kunye namahlathi adibeneyo aphakathi.
Ukusasazwa kwezi ntlobo zamahlathi kuxhomekeke ngokuyintloko imozulu, umhlaba, umphakamo kunye nobume bendawoImimandla ebandayo enobusika obude ilawulwa yi-conifers efana nepineyini kunye nefirs; imimandla epholileyo yindlu yamahlathi e-beech, amahlathi e-oki kunye namahlathi adibeneyo; ngelixa imimandla yeMeditera ine-sclerophyllous formations eguqulelwe kwimbalela yasehlotyeni, njengamahlathi e-holm oak, amahlathi e-cork oak kunye namahlathi e-pine eentlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Phezu kwawo nje obu butyebi, asingawo onke amahlathi aseYurophu anomlinganiselo ofanayo wendalo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-4% kuphela I-8% yendawo yamahlathi aseYurophu ingathathwa njengehlathi lokuqala okanye elinyulu, okuthetha ukuba i-ecosystems engazange iphazanyiswe ngabantu. Enye i-8% ngamahlathi ayilwe kwaye alawulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu, ngelixa intsalela ingamahlathi "ezendalo".
Amahlathi angendalo ziinkqubo ezithi, nangona ziye zaphinda zavela ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokuzenzekelayo, zigcine uqilima. umkhondo womsebenzi womntuUkugawulwa kwamaplanga, ukutshintsha kweentlobo zezityalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, ukugawulwa okukhethiweyo, amadlelo, imililo yembali, njalo njalo. Ngamafutshane, ngamahlathi aphilayo nasebenzayo, kodwa abunjwe kwiinkulungwane ngeenkulungwane ngokusetyenziswa kwemveli kunye nanamhlanje.
Ngokuphathelele kwipropati, ngeenxa zonke kwi I-60% yamahlathi aseYurophu abucalangelixa i-40% eseleyo iyeyezolawulo lukarhulumente (imimandla, imimandla, oomasipala, okanye amanye amaqumrhu). Olu lwakhiwo lobunini luphembelela ulawulo, iinjongo zemisebenzi, kunye nolungelelwaniso phakathi kolondolozo nokusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yaseYurophu, iimali kunye nezicwangciso-qhinga zokutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi
Nangona i-European Union ingenayo i umgaqo-nkqubo wehlathi oqhelekileyo njengoko unjalo Ngelixa ibandakanyiwe kwizivumelwano, iYurophu iphuhlise isicwangciso saseYurophu samahlathi kwaye ixhasa amanyathelo amaninzi anefuthe elithe ngqo kulondolozo kunye nokwandiswa kwehlathi. Ulawulo oluthe ngqo luwela kuMazwe angamaLungu, kodwa kukho isakhelo solungelelaniso kunye nenkxaso-mali ekwabelwana ngayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiingxoxo malunga umlo wokugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Inxalenye enkulu yezenzo zihanjiswa nge Ingxowa-mali yezoLimo yaseYurophu yoPhuhliso lwasemaPhandleni (EFRD)Kuqikelelwa ukuba kwixesha 2007-2013 ezinye 5.400 billion euro ukusuka kule ngxowa-mali zabelwa amanyathelo co-zemali ezinxulumene namahlathi, kwaye ixesha 2014-2020 inkcitho kawonke kufutshane 8.200 billion euro yacwangciswa.
Kolu hlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakutsha nje, malunga nolunye I-27% yayizinikele ekuhlaziyweni kwamahlathi kunye nokudalwa kwemimandla emitsha yamahlathi, i-18% ekuphuculeni ukukwazi ukumelana nokuphazamiseka (izinambuzane, izifo, utshintsho lwemozulu), kunye nenye i-18% yokuthintela umonakalo onjengemililo okanye iziganeko zemozulu ezimbi. Intsalela yasasazwa phakathi kwamanyathelo olawulo oluzinzileyo, iziseko ezingundoqo, iinkonzo zeengcebiso, kunye namanye amanyathelo anxulumeneyo.
Ukongeza kwi-EU, imibutho efana ne Ihlathi laseYurophu INkomfa yaBaphathiswa ngokuKhuselwa kwamaHlathi eYurophu idlala indima ephambili kuququzelelo lomgaqo-nkqubo. Ihlathi laseYurophu lidibanisa amazwe angama-46 aseYurophu kunye ne-European Union ngokwayo, kwaye ukususela kwi-1990 iye yaqulunqa imigaqo, izikhombisi kunye nezikhokelo zokulawulwa kwamahlathi azinzileyo kwilizwekazi, ngokubambisana ne-UNECE, i-FAO kunye neZiko loPhando oluHlangeneyo (JRC).
Ezi zicwangciso-qhinga zamazwe ngamazwe zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amahlathi ahlala enemisebenzi emininzi, oko kukuthi, angakwazi ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokusingqongileyo, ezentlalo nezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni amandla abo okuhlaziya. Ingxelo ye-SoEF 2020 yenye yezona mveliso zibanzi zale nkqubo yentsebenziswano yobugcisa nezopolitiko phakathi kwamazwe.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo yendawo yamahlathi aseYurophu
Amahlathi aseYurophu enza imisebenzi emininzi yendalo ebaluleke ngokoqobo. Zilawula imozulu kwaye zisebenza njengemiphunga yokwenene al bamba ikharbon diokside (CO2) ukusuka kwiatmosfera baze bayigcine kwimithi, izityalo, nasemhlabeni. Ngale ndlela, bangamahlakani ayimfuneko ekulweni nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ngapha koko, amahlathi adlala indima ephambili kwi umjikelo wamanzi kunye nokuhluzwa kobutyebi bamanziZikhusela iindawo ezinamanzi, zinciphisa ukubaleka, zikhuthaza ukungena komhlaba, kwaye zinceda ukugcina umgangatho wamanzi ethu okusela. Ngaphandle kwamahlathi aphilileyo, imingcipheko yokhukuliseko, izikhukhula, kunye nelahleko yokuchuma komhlaba yanda kakhulu.
Ngokuphathelele iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho amahlathi ngaphezu kwesibini kwisithathu sezilwanyana zasendle kunye nezityalo ezisemhlabeniOku kubandakanya yonke into ukusuka kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo ukuya kwiintaka, izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izinambuzane, kunye noluhlu oluninzi lwefungi, i-lichens kunye ne-microorganisms. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamahlathi aseYurophu zenza uthungelwano lweendawo zokuhlala eziyimfuneko ukuze kuphile amawaka eentlobo zezilwanyana.
Ukongezelela kuko konke oku lixabiso lenkcubeko, indawo ebukekayo neyokuzonwabisa yamahlathi. Abemi baseYurophu baya bezonwabela ngakumbi. ukusetyenziswa kweentaba kwezentlalo kwimisebenzi efana nokunyuka intaba, ukhenketho lwendalo, imfundo yokusingqongileyo okanye imidlalo yangaphandle, eqinisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwabemi kunye nezi nkqubo zendalo.
Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zilumkisa ukuba ukwandisa indawo yamahlathi akwanele: impilo yehlathi kunye nokwahluka Zilingana okanye zibaluleke ngakumbi. Amahlathi abonakala emakhulu kodwa abunjwe ziintlobo ezimbalwa, axubene kakhulu, okanye angalawulwa kakuhle anokuba sesichengeni kakhulu kwizinambuzane, imililo kunye nemiphumo yokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Icandelo lamahlathi, uqoqosho kunye nengqesho eYurophu
Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, i Amahlathi aseYurophu kunye neshishini lemithi Inobunzima obuninzi. Idatha yakutsha nje ibonisa ukuba ngo-2022 eli candelo lenze ixabiso elongeziweyo elimalunga ne-27.9 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro, elimele ukwanda okumalunga ne-13% xa kuthelekiswa no-2021.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso yezoqoqosho kwindawo nganye yeyunithi, amazwe afana Netherlands, Czech Republic kunye Slovakiangexabiso elenziwe ngehektare nganye ngaphezu komndilili (malunga ne-€597/ha, €471/ha kunye ne-€401/ha ngokulandelelanayo). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iSpain, enokulima kakhulu kunye nokugawulwa kwamaplanga okuncinane, ingaphantsi komndilili waseYurophu kwisivuno soqoqosho ngehektare nganye.
Iinkuni ezithathwe kumahlathi aseYurophu ubukhulu becala zimiselwe iinjongo zamandlaMalunga nama-42% amaplanga avuniweyo asetyenziswa njenge biomass ukuvelisa amandla. Malunga ne-24% iya kumatshini wokusarha amaplanga, i-17% iya kumashishini ephepha, kunye ne-12% kwimveliso yeephaneli. Enyanisweni, phantse isiqingatha se-EU sokusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo sivela kwi-biomass yamahlathi.
Kunye neemveliso zamaplanga, amahlathi abonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo iimveliso ezingezizo iinkuniAmakhowa, iziqhamo zasendle, amaqunube, izikhwebu, iintlaka, iioli eziyimfuneko, izityalo zamayeza, njl.
Lilonke, icandelo lamahlathi (i-silviculture, imithi yamaplanga kunye neshishini lamaphepha) limele malunga nesinye I-1% ye-GDP yeManyano yaseYurophuNangona kumazwe afana neFinland le pesenti inokufikelela kwi-5%. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kuqeshwe malunga ne-2,6 yezigidi zabantu kwi-European Union kwi-European Union, ngokuqwalasela zonke izigaba zekhonkco lexabiso.
Ukuqeshwa kwamahlathi kunye nemeko ethile eSpain
Nangona iyindawo enkulu enamahlathi, ISpain yenye yezona ngxinaniso zisezantsi zengqesho enxulumene ngokuthe ngqo namahlathi. Ngokutsho kwe-Eurostat, abantu abangaphantsi kwe-0,9 basebenza ngeehektare ze-1.000 zehlathi, inani eliphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namazwe apho ukuxhaphazwa kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngamanani apheleleyo, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngeenxa zonke Abantu abangama-17.000 babandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kumahlathi nasekugawulweni kwamaplanga eSpeyin, phezu kwako nje ukuba eli lizwe lineehektare ezimalunga nezigidi ezili-19 zamahlathi. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe anjengeSlovakia okanye iLatvia, umsebenzi kwihektare ezili-1 000 zehlathi ungaphezu kwabantu abali-10.
Le ngxinano isezantsi yengqesho ichazwa zizinto ezininzi: ngakumbi imeko yezoqoqosho emaphandleni. Olubanzi kunye noomatshini yeefama, inzuzo ephantsi yezoqoqosho kwiindawo ezininzi zamahlathi, ukulahlwa kwemisebenzi ethile yasemaphandleni kunye nokwaluphala kwabemi kwimimandla yeentaba kunye nehlathi.
Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zithi a ulawulo lwamahlathi oluzinzileyo nolucetywe ngcono Oku kunokuvelisa amathuba amatsha emisebenzi kuthintelo lomlilo, ukubuyisela inkqubo yendalo, isiqinisekiso sehlathi, ukhenketho lwendalo, kunye noqoqosho lwendalo. Ngamanye amazwi, ikomkhulu lendalo lamahlathi linokusetyenziswa ngcono ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ulondolozo lwawo.
Ukujonga phambili, enye yeengxaki ezinkulu zeSpain kunye ne-EU iyonke iya kuba kukulinganisela ngobukrelekrele ulondolozo lwamahlathi nokusetyenziswa kwawo kwezoqoqoshoukuze imimandla yasemaphandleni ifumane emahlathini umthombo ozinzileyo wengeniso onceda ukugcina abemi nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, iingozi kunye nesidingo samahlathi aphilileyo
Ukwanda okuthe chu kwindawo yamahlathi aseYurophu, kuqikelelwa ngeenxa zonke Iihektare ezingama-80.000 zamahlathi amatsha ngonyaka Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukutyala imithi kukodwa akuqinisekisi ikamva elinqabisekileyo kwezi nkqubo zendalo. Into ephambili ayikona nje ukutyala imithi, kodwa kukuqinisekisa ukuba amahlathi abangelwayo ahlukeneyo, ayakwazi ukunyamezela, kwaye ahambelana kakuhle neemeko zendawo.
Ngaphezulu I-90% yamahlathi e-European Union Ziyilelwe, ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye, ukwenzela ukuveliswa kwamaplanga. Le ndlela yokwenza imveliso ikholisa ukukhokelela ekuthandeni iziqwenga ezinkulu zohlobo olunye okanye iintlobo ezimbalwa kakhulu, ngokuyintloko kufunwa ingeniso yezoqoqosho yexesha elifutshane. Ngokophando oluvela kwiDyunivesithi yaseVermont, malunga ne-73% yamahlathi aseYurophu ajonge kwiqondo elithile le-homogenization.
Izazinzulu ziyayigxininisa loo nto ihlathi homogeneous sisengozini ngakumbi kwizitshabalalisi, izifo, izaqhwithi, imbalela, kunye neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokwahlukileyo, amahlathi ahlukeneyo endalo, aneentlobo ezininzi, iminyaka eyahlukeneyo, kunye nezakhiwo, asebenza ngcono njenge-carbon sinks, i-harbor yezilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezininzi, kwaye imelana neziganeko ezigqithisileyo.
Ngoko ke, kugxininiswa ukuba esona sicwangciso silungileyo sokutsha kwakhona kwamahlathi seso Ilinganisa iinkqubo zendaloUkukhuthaza ukuvela ngokutsha okuzenzekelayo xa kunokwenzeka, kusetyenziswa iintlobo zendalo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithi namatyholo anobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye nobudala buhlala kunye. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kwamahlathi, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela le migaqo, kunokukhokelela kwiindawo zokumisa ezingalungiswanga kakuhle kunye nomngcipheko omkhulu wemililo okanye iingxaki zempilo.
Amahlathi aphilileyo adala i-ecosystem epheleleyo ebonelela ngeenzuzo zokusingqongileyo, ezentlalo, nezoqoqosho: ziphucula umgangatho womoya kunye namanzi, Zikhusela umhlaba kukhukulisekoBathatha i-CO2, i-biodiversity ye-harbor, banikezela ngezixhobo ezivuselelekayo ezifana nemithi, i-cork, kunye ne-resin, kunye nokugcina ubomi boluntu oluninzi lwasemaphandleni. Kwimeko yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, imbalela ephindaphindiweyo, kunye namaza obushushu obugqithisileyo, ukuba namahlathi axhathisayo kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Ukujongana nokunyuka kwemililo, kubandakanywa nemililo yesizukulwana sesithandathu, izisombululo zibandakanya ukomeleza uthintelo kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lwamahlathiEsi sicwangciso sidibanisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nolawulo lwepetroli, lukhuthaza ukumila kwemosaic, kunye nokuxhasa ukuvunwa kwamahlathi ngokuzinzileyo. Eyona njongo iphambili kukugcina amahlathi aphilayo, ahlukeneyo, nalawulwa kakuhle akwazi ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ze-ecosystem kunye nokugcina uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni ngaphandle kokuphinda iimpazamo ezidlulileyo.
Imbali yakutshanje yendawo yehlathi eYurophu ibonisa ukuba, xa utshintsho kusetyenziso lomhlaba, imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela, amalinge acwangciswe kakuhle ohlaziyo lwamahlathi kunye nokwanda kolwazi lwentlalo, Amahlathi anokubuyisela umhlaba kunye nodumoUmceli mngeni ngoku kukuqinisekisa ukuba olu hlumo lukhatshwa ngumgangatho wendalo, ukomelela kwemozulu, kunye namathuba okwenene entlalo-qoqosho kwabo bahlala kwimimandla yamahlathi elizwekazi.
