IPluto, ihlabathi elincinci elinomkhenkce esilikhumbulayo uninzi lwethu njenge iplanethi yesithoba yeNkqubo yeLangaIphinde yaba yinto ephambili kwingxoxo endala yesayensi. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini isiwe kwisimo seplanethi encinci, ingcamango yokuba ibuyele kwisimo sayo sangaphambili iphinda ithandwe ngenxa yezicwangciso zeNASA.
Umlawuli we-arhente yasesibhakabhakeni yaseMelika, UJared IsaacmanUqinisekisile phambi kweSenate yase-US ukuba uyayixhasa into yokuba iPluto ihlelwe ngokutsha njengeplanethi kwaye i-NASA sele isebenza kuyo. amaxwebhu obuchwephesha okuvula kwakhona ingxoxo ngaphakathi kuluntu lweenkwenkwezi. Lo mba, uninzi oluwuthatha njengovaliweyo, ubuyela kwi-ajenda yamazwe ngamazwe.
Yintoni kanye kanye ecetywa yiNASA?
Ngexesha lengxoxo malunga Isicelo sohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweNdlu eNkulu yowama-2027UIsaacman wabuzwa ngqo ngekamva likaPluto. Impendulo yakhe yayigxininisa: wathi "uxhasa ngokupheleleyo" umzimba weKuiper Belt obandayo ukuba ubuyele kwimeko yawo yeplanethi kwaye wavuma ukuba le arhente sele... ukulungiselela iingxelo kunye namanqaku esayensi ukuxhasa le ndawo.
Njengoko echazile, injongo asikokuba i-NASA ithathe isigqibo sodwa, kodwa ukukhuthaza ingxoxo esemthethweni kwiiforam apho kumiselwa khona iinkcazo zeenkwenkwezi, ingakumbi i-International Astronomical Union (IAU). Le arhente ifuna "ukutyhala" lo mba kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, ivelise izinto ezintsha kunye neengxoxo zokuthethelela ukuhlelwa kwakhona okunokwenzeka.
Ukubonakala kuka-Isaacman akuzange kwenzeke kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kodwa kwakunjalo phakathi uphononongo lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwesithuba kwi-US Senate. Phakathi kwamalungu e-senator aphakamise le ngxaki yayinguJerry Moran waseKansas, ilizwe likaClyde Tombaugh, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi esafumanisa iPluto ngo-1930. Isalathiso sembali siqinisa inxalenye yomfuziselo ejikeleze eli hlabathi lincinci.
Kwindibano, u-Isaacman ukwagxininise ukubaluleka ukuqaphela umsebenzi kaTombaughKude kube ngoku, yayinguye kuphela umMelika ofumene iplanethi. Kwabaninzi abafunda ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nenxalenye enkulu yoluntu lwaseMelika, ukwehliswa kukaPluto ngo-2006 kwabonwa njengento engento kwilifa lakhe.
Kutheni iPluto yayeka ukuba yiplanethi ngo-2006
Ukuze uqonde ingxolo ekhoyo ngoku, kuyanceda ukukhumbula okwenzekileyo phantse iminyaka engamashumi amabini kwi-IAUKude kube ngu-2006, uninzi lweencwadi zezifundo, kuquka ezo zaseSpain nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, zazidwelisa iiplanethi ezisithoba, apho iPluto yayisekupheleni. Nangona kunjalo, ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezintsha kwiKuiper Belt kwanyanzelisa ukuba kuhlaziywe imephu.
Njengoko zafunyanwa izinto ezifanayo okanye ezinkulu kunobukhulu Ngokongezwa kwePluto, njengo-Eris, uMakemake, okanye iHaumea, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lujongene nengxaki: nokuba inani leeplanethi liza kuphinda-phindana lingajongwanga, okanye kuza kusekwa imigaqo engqongqo. Le ngxoxo ifikelele kwisiphelo sayo. INdibano Jikelele ye-IAU ibanjelwe ePrague e 2006.
Kuloo ntlanganiso, abathunywa bavumile oko kusasele namhlanje inkcazo esemthethweni yeplanethi kwiNkqubo yeLanga. Ngokwe-IAU, iplanethi kufuneka ihlangabezane neemeko ezintathu: ukujikeleza iLanga, ibe nobunzima obaneleyo bokuthatha imo ejikeleze iLanga, kunye ukuba icoce umjikelezo wayoOko kukuthi, ukulawula ngamandla omxhuzulane indawo ehamba kuyo.
IPluto yayihlangabezana lula neemfuno ezimbini zokuqala: ijikeleza iLanga kwaye iphantse ibe ngqukuva. Nangona kunjalo, ihlala kwindawo ezele zizinto ezininzi. ezinye izidalwa ezinomkhenkce kwiKuiper Belt kwaye ayikwazanga ukususa zonke izinto ezinobukhulu obufanayo kwindawo ehlala kuyo. Ngenxa yokungaphumeleli ukudlula esi sihluzo, yehliselwa kudidi olutsha lwe iplanethi encinci kunye noCeres, uEris, uHaumea kunye noMakemake.
Esi sigqibo samkelwe ziimpendulo ezahlukeneyo. Inxalenye yoluntu yasibona njengesigqibo inyathelo eliyimfuneko lokulungiselela ikhathalogu ekhulayo kwezinto ezikwiNkqubo yeLanga, kodwa elinye icandelo lathi "yimpazamo yesayensi" laza lagxeka inkcazo njengengachanekanga. Ukususela ngoko, ukungavisisani akuphelanga.
Ubungakanani bePluto, ukujikeleza kwayo, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga
Ngaphaya kweleyibhile, iPluto isasele ilihlabathi elingaqhelekanga. Ngobubanzi obujikeleze Iikhilomitha ezili-2.250 (kwezinye iindlela zokulinganisa, malunga ne-2.376 km), incinci kakhulu kuneNyanga yoMhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, inkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba igcine imo ephantse ibe yingqukuva kwaye ibambe i-geology entsonkothileyo ngokumangalisayo.
Ijikeleza malunga Iikhilomitha eziyi-5.800 zeebhiliyoni ukusuka eLangeniOku kulingana nomgama oqhelekileyo ophindwe ka-39 ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya kwinkwenkwezi yethu. Lo mgama wenza imitha yelanga ibe buthathaka kakhulu kwaye ubushushu bomphezulu bujikeleze -232 ºC, indawo ebandayo apho kukho i-nitrogen, i-methane kunye ne-carbon monoxide eninzi khona.
Ukujikeleza kwayo akupheleli nje ekubeni kude kakhulu, kodwa kukwakho inde kwaye ithambekele Ukujikeleza kwayo kuthambekile xa kuthelekiswa nendiza apho uninzi lweeplanethi lujikeleza khona, nto leyo ethetha ukuba, kwiindawo ezithile, isondela nakwiLanga kuneNeptune. Ngaphezu koko, yabelana ngommandla wayo nezidalwa ezininzi ezinomkhenkce, esinye sezizathu ezinikiweyo zokuthethelela ukubekwa kwayo njengeplanethi encinci.
Ngokuphathelele indawo eyingqongileyo, iPluto inobuncinane iinyanga ezintlanu ezaziwayoICharon yeyona inkulu neyona inomtsalane. Ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kakhulu xa buthelekiswa nePluto kangangokuba izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezininzi zichaze le nkqubo njenge "iplanethi ephindwe kabini" ngaphezu kweplanethi enesathelayithi.
Umdla wesayensi kweli hlabathi wanda kakhulu ngo-2015, xa uphando IiHorizons ezintsha zeNASA Yabhabha phezu kwayo okokuqala. Le mishini yabonelela ngemifanekiso egqibeleleyo, ityhila amathafa abandayo, iintaba, ii-craters, kunye nesakhiwo esidumileyo esine ukumila kwentliziyo eyaziwa ngokuba yiTombaugh Regio. Konke oku kwaqinisa ingcamango yokuba iPluto ingaphezulu kakhulu kuneqhekeza lomkhenkce elilahlekileyo emngceleni.
Ukugxekwa kwenkcazo yangoku yeplanethi
Umthetho owamkelwe yi-IAU ngo-2006 ube nempikiswano. Izazinzulu ezininzi zeeplanethi zigxininise ukuba umlinganiselo we "ukujikeleza okucacileyo" Kunzima ukuyisebenzisa ngokungqongqo. Bathi, ukuba itolikwa ngokoqobo, noMhlaba ubungayi kushiya umjikelo wawo ungenazo ii-asteroids kunye nezinye izinto ezimdaka.
Umphandi uPhilip Metzger, waseYunivesithi yaseCentral Florida, ude wathi yi-“ inkcazo "yokutyibilika" Kwaye akukho planethi ifikelela ekukhanyeni okupheleleyo kwe-orbital. Ukuze kuthintelwe le ngxaki, i-IAU ngokwayo itolika le mfuneko njengendawo enomxhuzulane: iplanethi kufuneka ibe nkulu ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na enye into ehlala kwindawo yayo ejikeleze umhlaba.
Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, Ndingathi uMhlaba yiplanethi. kuba ububanzi bayo buphindwe kane kunobeNyanga kwaye ubunzima bayo bubonakala ngokucacileyo bulawula indawo eyingqongileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iPluto ihlawuliswa kuba ubukhulu bayo buphindwe kabini kunobeCharon kwaye umjikelezo wayo ugcwele ezinye izinto ezinomkhenkce ezinomlinganiselo ofanayo.
Phakathi kwabachasi abaziwayo benkcazo ka-2006 kukho Alan SternUStern, umphandi oyintloko we-New Horizons mission, uphindaphinde wathi isigqibo se-IAU "sasingenangqondo" kwaye, ngokoluvo lwakhe, Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezavumayo zenze impazamo yesayensi nto leyo ebangele ukudideka okukhulu kunokucaca.
Eli qela labagxeki licebisa enye indlela eyaziwa ngokuba yi inkcazo yeplanethi ngokwejografiLe nkcazo ithatha zonke izidalwa ezijikelezwe ngumxhuzulane wazo ezingangeni kwi-nucleus fusion njengeeplanethi, nokuba ziphume kakuhle na kwiindlela zazo. Phantsi kwale mbono, iPluto, iNyanga, iGanymede, kwanezinye zeenyanga zikaJupiter kunye neSaturn zingawela kolu luhlu, ziphindaphinde inani elisemthethweni leeplanethi kwiSolar System.
Amazwi aphikisana nokubuyela kukaPluto kuluhlu lweeplanethi
Inyaniso yokuba i-NASA ifuna ukuvuselela ingxoxo ayithethi ukuba uluntu lwezenzululwazi luza kurhoxa nje. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezininzi, nazo zikwi- eYurophu nakwiziko laseSpainBaqhubeka besithi inkcazo ka-2006 yeyona ifanelekileyo ukugcina isakhelo esihambelanayo sokubhekisa.
Isazinzulu seenkwenkwezi uAdam Frank, waseYunivesithi yaseRochester, ubhale kutshanje ukuba lixesha lokuba "Yekani ukulila ngekamva likaPluto"Ngokoluvo lwakhe, le nto ayizange ixatyiswe kakhulu, kodwa ibekwe nje kudidi oluchanekileyo njenge Umzimba webhanti yeKuiperUFrank ugxininisa ukuba kukho ezinye izinto ezininzi ezinobukhulu obufanayo kuloo mmandla kwaye, xa kujongwa ngolu hlobo, iPluto ayiyonto ingaqhelekanga kangako.
Evela eSpain, uPedro Amado, umphandi we Iziko leAstrophysics yaseAndalusia (IAA-CSIC) kunye nengcali ye-exoplanet, ithelekise ingxoxo nengxoxo engapheliyo malunga utshintsho lwexesha lasehlotyeniNgokoluvo lwakhe, kukho iingxoxo ezixhasa nezichasayo, kodwa ukugcina le mpikiswano iphila ngonaphakade akunangqiqo kangako ukuba sele kukho ingcaciso ecacileyo neyamkelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe.
Kwabo baphandi, naluphi na utshintsho lohlulo luya kufuna hlaziya imimiselo eyamkelwe luluntu kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini. Ngaphaya kokukhumbula izinto zakudala okanye indlela ezazifundiswa ngayo esikolweni, bathi eyona nto iphambili kufuneka ibe kukuba neendlela zokusebenza ezingasetyenziswa nakwisifundo iiplanethi ezingaphandle kwezinye iinkqubo zeenkwenkwezi.
Ngoko ke, le ngxoxo ayisiyonto nje ebangelwa ziimvakalelo. Ukuyivula kwakhona kuthetha ukucinga ngokutsha ngendlela iikhathalogu zeenkwenkwezi ezakhiwe ngayo, indlela ihlabathi elisingqongileyo elithelekiswa ngayo naleyo ifunyenwe ijikeleze ezinye iinkwenkwezi, kunye nendlela ezi ndidi zichazwa ngayo kwimfundo esisiseko.
Impembelelo yenkcubeko, yemfundo neyenzululwazi yotshintsho olunokwenzeka
Umfanekiso wePluto udlula nje ubugcisa. Kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe, wawubonakala kwi- iincwadi zesikolo, iipowusta zesikolo kunye needokhumentari njengeplanethi yokugqibela kwiNkqubo yeLanga. "Ukuhla kwayo" ngo-2006 kwakuyinto encinci yokwethuka kwenkcubeko kubantu abaninzi, into esakhunjulwa ngokuhlekisa nanamhlanje.
Ukuba iPluto ibingabuyela kwimeko yayo yeplanethi, iziphumo beziza kubonakala ngoko nangoko kwicandelo lemfundo. Kuya kufuneka ukuba hlaziya izixhobo zokufundisa, ukubhala ngokutsha iingcaciso kwiincwadi zesikhokelo kunye nezixhobo zokufikelela ebantwini, kwaye, mhlawumbi, ukuphinda sijonge iingxoxo zaseklasini malunga nesizathu sokuba iinkcazo zesayensi zitshintshe ngokuhamba kwexesha.
EYurophu, apho i I-IAU inesiseko esibalulekileyo sobulungu Kwaye ekubeni amaziko amaninzi ophando ebandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo ekuchazeni imigangatho yeenkwenkwezi, naluphi na uhlaziyo luya kuvula inkqubo yokubonisana ebanzi. Amaziko kumazwe afana neSpain, iFrance, iJamani, ne-Itali kuya kufuneka athathe isigqibo sokuba kuyafaneleka na ukuvula ingxoxo malunga nenkcazo yeplanethi.
Ngokwembono yesayensi, ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kweentlobo ngeentlobo kunokusebenza ukugxila kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zehlabathi ezikhenkcezisiweyo ezizalisa iindawo ezingaphandle zeNkqubo yeLanga. Imisebenzi yexesha elizayo eyenzelwe ukuhlola iKuiper Belt, okanye izindululo zokubuyela kwiPluto ngeeprobe ezintsha, zinokuqiniswa ngumdla ovuselelweyo kwimeko yazo.
Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ezininzi zithi, ngaphandle kwamalebheli, Ifiziksi kaPluto ayizukutshintshaIya kuhlala ikwindawo ekuyo, inomjikelezo ofanayo, ubukhulu obufanayo, kunye nobushushu obufanayo obugqithisileyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ngaphezu kwako konke, yindlela esiluhlela ngayo ulwazi kunye negama esilisebenzisayo ukuluchaza.
Ekugqibeleni, iphulo elitsha le-NASA lokuba UPluto uba yiplanethi kwakhona Oku kuvula kwakhona impikiswano edibanisa isayensi, imbali, kunye nomlinganiselo ophilileyo wokukhumbula izinto zakudala. Isigqibo sokugqibela asixhomekekanga kwi-arhente yaseMelika, kodwa kwi-International Astronomical Union, ekufuneka ihlole ukuba iingxoxo zangoku ziyayithethelela na imithetho yokuhlaziya ebikho kangangeminyaka ephantse ibe ngamashumi amabini. Okwangoku, uPluto uza kuhlala, kwabaninzi, ihlabathi elincinci elivukelayo elingavumiyo ukushiya ngokupheleleyo iqela leeplanethi.