El Intaba-mlilo yaseMayon ivukile kwakhona ngamandla Kumzantsi-mpuma weSiqithi saseLuzon, ePhilippines, kuye kwaqhambuka uthotho lweziganeko zokuqhuma, kwagquma iidolophu ezininzi ngothuthu olukhulu kwaye kwanyanzela amawaka abantu ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo. Umfanekiso wekhowuni ephantse yagqibelela, enye yezona zidumileyo eMzantsi-mpuma Asia, uthathelwe indawo yingcongolo engwevu ende ephakama ngaphezu kwephondo laseAlbay.
Abasemagunyeni basePhilippines bagcina inqanaba lesivuseleli 3 Bejongene noko bakuchaza njengexesha "lemisebenzi emikhulu ye-magmatic," amaqela engxamiseko, ii-arhente zoKhuseleko loLuntu kunye nolawulo lweentlekele zisebenza nzima ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabantu, ziququzelela ukufuduka kunye nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yokucoca kunye nokulawula ukuhambahamba.
Ukuqhuma kweMayon: kwenzeka ntoni kwintaba-mlilo esebenzayo kakhulu ePhilippines
Kwiintsuku zakutshanje, uMayon ubhalisile ukukhutshwa okuqhubekayo kwe-lava, uthuthu kunye neegesi ezinobungoziOlu qhushumbo luhamba nokungcangcazela kwentaba-mlilo kunye neziqendu zokungcangcazela ixesha elide. Lo msebenzi ubangele uqhushumbo oluvelisa iintsika ezinkulu zezinto zentaba-mlilo, ezibonakala kwiikhilomitha ezininzi ukusuka apho, kunye nokugeleza kwe-lava ehla ngemijelo eyahlukeneyo yekhowuni.
IPhilippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) iqinisekisile ukuba a "Inqanaba eliphezulu lokuphazamiseka komlingo"Oku kwandisa umngcipheko wokuqhuma okuphakathi, ukuhamba kwe-lava eyongezelelweyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezinobungozi kwixesha elifutshane. Eminye yale misebenzi ibonakala kwi imisinga yoxinano lwe-pyroclasticEyaziwa apha ekuhlaleni njenge-"uson": imixube yeegesi, uthuthu kunye neziqwenga zamatye ezihla ngesantya esiphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ezantsi kwethambeka, zithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zibulalayo zolu hlobo lokuqhuma.
Imeko iye yaba mandundu ngakumbi ngenxa yokubakho iinyikima zentaba-mlilo, ukuwa kwamatye kunye nokuphuma okuqhubekayo kwe-magma ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sentaba-mlilo. Ukugeleza kwe-lava, okubonakala ebusuku ukusuka koomasipala abaliqela e-Albay, kufikelela kwiikhilomitha ezininzi ubude kwaye kuhlala ngaphakathi kwendawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-emiemingciphekweni engunaphakade.
Ngokweengxelo zamva nje zePhivolcs, ukudibana kwezi zinto kukhokelele ekugcinweni inqanaba lesilumkiso kwisigaba sesi-3, udidi olubonisa ukuqhuma okuqhubekayo okunokubangela iziqephu eziyingozi ngakumbi, kwaye oku kunyanzela abasemagunyeni ukuba baqaphele ngakumbi kwaye bagcine umthetho wokuthintela ukufikelela kwiindawo ezikufutshane nomngxuma.
Indawo eyingozi kunye nemida: umgama weekhilomitha ezintandathu
Ukunciphisa impembelelo kuluntu, abasemagunyeni bamisele inkqubo indawo yokukhupha umntu enerediyasi ubuncinane yeekhilomitha ezintandathu ejikeleze uMlambo iMayón, othathwa njengendawo eyingozi esisigxina. Ngaphakathi kweli cala, abemi, iindwendwe, kunye nababukeli abavumelekanga ukungena, kunye nokwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi wezoqoqosho okanye wabakhenkethi.
Ukongeza, kubekwe imiqathango iindiza ezikufutshane nentaba-mliloNgenxa yomngcipheko wokuba uthuthu lwentaba-mlilo lubangela iinqwelo-moya, ukubakho kwamasuntswana amancinci emoyeni kunokonakalisa iinjini, kuchaphazele iinkqubo zokuhamba, kwaye kunciphise kakhulu ukubonakala, ngoko ke iindlela ezininzi ziye zatshintshwa okanye zarhoxiswa.
Endleleni, uxinano lwelifu lothuthu luye lwanyanzelisa ukunciphisa ukuhambahamba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyoKwiindlela ezifana neCamalig Bypass Road, abanye abaqhubi baphoqeleka ukuba bame ecaleni kwendlela xa umsi omkhulu wawugubungela yonke indawo, nto leyo eyayinciphisa ukubonakala kwaye yandisa umngcipheko weengozi kunye nothuthu oluwela ezimotweni.
Abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni bagxininisa ukuba akuyi kuvunyelwa. ukubuya kwabantu abafudukayo kwiindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu Nangona esi silumkiso sisebenzayo ngoku, nangona abanye abemi bevakalisa umnqweno wokubuyela ekukhathaleleni amakhaya abo nezityalo zabo, ukufikelela kusavaliwe ngenxa yengozi yokuqhuma okuqhubekayo kunye nokunokwenzeka kokudilika komhlaba kunye nokuqukuqela kwamanzi ngequbuliso.
Uthuthu kunye noomasipala abachaphazelekayo: iidolophu ezingama-52 ezigqunywe ngengubo engwevu
Ukuqhuma kwakutshanje kubangele isigqubuthelo esityebileyo sothuthu nto leyo echaphazele ubuncinane oomasipala abangama-52 kummandla waseAlbay kumntla-mpuma wePhilippines. Izitalato, uphahla, izityalo, kunye nezithuthi zigqunywe ngumaleko ongwevu ongagcini nje ngokunciphisa ukubonakala kodwa nokwenza umoya ube yingozi empilweni.
Kwiindawo ezifana neGuinobatan, ingakumbi kummandla weTravesía, ukuqokelelwa okukhulu kothuthu lwentaba-mliloOkwangoku, kwiidolophu ezifana neCamalig, intaba-mlilo inokugqunywa yingxenyana yamafu axineneyo ezinto ezikhutshiweyo. Olu thuthu olukhulu lubangele iingxaki zezithuthi ezidolophini nakwiindlela ezinkulu, nto leyo edinga ukuba kuthunyelwe amaqela okucoca kunye nokufakwa kwamanyathelo okhuseleko ukuthintela iziganeko.
Abasemagunyeni bacebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweemaski, iiglasi zokukhusela Kwaye, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, hlala endlwini ngamaxesha apho uthuthu luxinene kakhulu. Ukuhlala ixesha elide kunokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa emehlweni, empumlweni, nasemqaleni, kubangele iingxaki zokuphefumla ezisele zikhona, kwaye kuchaphazele abantu abaneengxaki zentliziyo okanye zemiphunga.
I-Ofisi yoKhuselo loMlilo ithunyelwe koomasipala abachaphazelekayo ukunceda umsebenzi ongxamisekileyo nowokucocaEsebenzisana namabhunga olawulo lomngcipheko weentlekele asekuhlaleni kunye nokunciphisa iingozi, amaqela axhotyiswe ngeetanki zamanzi, imitshayelo, kunye noomatshini abanzima azama ukucoca iindlela, iiyadi, kunye neendlela zokufikelela kwiziseko ezibalulekileyo, ezifana namaziko ezempilo kunye nezikolo.
Ukuphuma kwabantu abaninzi kunye neendawo zokukhusela: amawaka abantu kude namakhaya abo
Ukwanda komsebenzi kaMayon kuye kwanyanzela susa amawaka abantu ukusuka kwiindawo ezichaphazelekileyo kakhulu. Imithombo eyahlukeneyo esemthethweni iqikelela ukuba abemi abangaphezu kwama-20.000 baye banyanzeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo kule mihla yakutshanje, ngelixa malunga ne-1.500 iintsapho zisahlala kwiindawo zokufuduka ezibekwe ezikolweni, kwiipavilion nakwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke.
IOfisi yoKhuselo lwaBantu kunye nezinye iiarhente zongxamiseko ziyabonelela iinkonzo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza Ezi ndawo zokukhosela zibonelela ngenkxaso yezinto ezifunekayo, ukutya, amanzi, kunye nezinto zococeko, kunye noncedo lwengqondo kwabo balahlekelwe ngamakhaya abo okwethutyana okanye boyika ukhuseleko lwabo lwezemali. Phakathi kwezinto eziza kuqala kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nentlalo-ntle yamaqela asengozini kakhulu, njengabantwana, abantu abadala, kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo.
Amaqela akulungele ukuthunyelwa okutsha kokuphuma Ukuba umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo uyaqhubeka nokwanda okanye ukuba iimodeli zokubeka esweni zibona utshintsho olukhulu kwindlela eziqhuma ngayo, abasemagunyeni baya kucelwa ukuba bashiye indawo enobungozi obuhlala buhleli. Oku kwenzelwa ukuthintela iintlekele ezivela ekuqukuqeleni kwentaba-mlilo okanye ukuwa kwethambeka.
Nangona kunjalo, abanye abemi baye bavakalisa umnqweno wabo wokufuna babuyele emakhayeni abo nasemasimini abo ngokukhawulezaBaxhalabile ngemeko yezityalo zabo kunye nemfuyo yabo. Abasemagunyeni baphinda umyalezo ocacileyo: okwangoku, umngcipheko uphezulu kakhulu, kwaye naluphi na ubukho obungagunyaziswanga ngaphakathi kwerediyasi yeekhilomitha ezintandathu kuthetha ukuzibeka esichengeni kwiziganeko ezingalindelekanga nezingalindelekanga.
Impembelelo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kwiindlela zokuhamba, nakwimpilo yoluntu
Ngaphaya kokuphuma kwabantu, ukuqhuma kweMayon kunokubangela impembelelo ngqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla amashumi amawaka abantu. Uthuthu oluqokelelene eluphahleni longeza ubunzima obungakumbi kwizakhiwo, nto leyo enyanzela iintsapho kunye neenkonzo zikamasipala ukuba zilususe ngokukhawuleza ukuze zingawi, ingakumbi kwizakhiwo ezindala okanye ezinobungozi.
Izithuthi ziphazamisekile kwiindlela ezininzi zesibini nezezinkulu, zombini ngenxa ukunciphisa ukubonakala kunye nesidingo sokucoca indlela. Amagunya ezothutho akhuphe izilumkiso zokuqhuba ngononophelo, ukunciphisa isantya, kunye nokuhlonipha iindlela eziphambukayo eziphawulwe ngamapolisa kunye namaqela ongxamiseko.
Kwicandelo lezempilo, iinkonzo zikarhulumente kunye namaziko ezempilo aqinise iingcebiso zokukhusela umgangatho womoya ukuba uluntu luphefumla. Kugxininiswa ekusebenziseni iimaski, ukuphepha ukuzilolonga umzimba ixesha elide ngaphandle, kunye nokunikela ingqalelo kuzo naziphi na iimpawu zokuphefumla, ingakumbi kubantu abane-asthma, i-bronchitis engapheliyo, okanye ezinye izifo esele zikhona.
I-air traffic nayo ichatshazelwe bubukho be- uthuthu kumaleko asezantsi naphakathi omoyaEzinye iindlela ziye zarhoxiswa okanye zatshintshwa ukuthintela iinqwelo-moya ukuba zingabhabhi kwi-volcano plume. Olu hlobo lokumiswa kwendiza, oluqhelekileyo ngexesha leziganeko ezinkulu zentaba-mlilo, lujolise ekunciphiseni iingozi zobugcisa nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nabakhweli.
Ukulungelelaniswa kweziko kunye nokulungiselela iingozi ezininzi
Ngelixa ukubekwa kweliso kuqhubeka kuMlambo iMayon, abasemagunyeni kwiphondo laseAlbay bayaqinisa amanyathelo abo okhuseleko. izicwangciso zokunciphisa iintlekelekungekuphela nje ngenxa yentshukumo yentaba-mlilo, kodwa kwanangenxa yesimo sezulu esithi "El Niño" siya kubangela ixesha elide lembalela kunye neenkanyamba ezinamandla kwiinyanga ezizayo.
Amaqumrhu afana neOfisi yoKhuseleko loLuntu kunye noLawulo lweeNgxakeko agxininisa ukuba uvavanyo lomngcipheko lwangaphambiliOku kuvumela iiarhente ezahlukeneyo ukuba zabelane ngolwazi kwaye zilungiselele kwangaphambili. Injongo kukuba nezixhobo ezaneleyo kunye neenkqubo ezicacileyo zokuphendula kokubini kugqabhuko lwangoku kunye nezinye iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga ezinokwenzeka ngaxeshanye.
I-Fire Protection Bureau, i-Civil Defense kunye namabhunga ahlukeneyo olawulo lomngcipheko asekuhlaleni asebenzisana ukuze jonga ukuvela kwentaba-mliloOku kuquka ukulungelelanisa ukufuduka kwabantu, ukuququzelela imisebenzi yokukhangela nokuhlangula, kunye nokugcina unxibelelwano nabemi. Ukugxila ekuthinteleni nasekuphenduleni ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile kummandla ohlala ujongene neengozi zemvelo.
Kule meko, ulungelelwaniso phakathi korhulumente wesizwe, oorhulumente basekhaya kunye neearhente ezikhethekileyo lujolise ekuphepheni ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha nokunciphisa ilahleko zabantu nezinto eziphathekayo, ukufunda kwiziqendu zangaphambili kunye nokulungisa iindlela zokusebenza ukuze zihambelane nemeko yokwenyani yendawo.
Intaba-mlilo enembali ende yokuqhuma okubulalayo
IMeya ithathwa njenge intaba-mlilo esebenzayo kakhulu ePhilippines kwaye yenye yezona zifundwe kakhulu kwiplanethi. Ikwiikhilomitha ezingama-330 kumzantsi-mpuma weManila, kwiphondo laseAlbay, ikhowuni yayo ephantse ilingane yenze ukuba ibe yindawo ephawulekayo yejografi kunye nabakhenkethi, kodwa ikwangumthombo ohlala uxhalabile kuluntu oluhlala kwindawo engqongileyo.
Imbali yakhe ibandakanya amabala arhabaxa ubundlobongela ngakumbiNjengokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngo-1814, okwangcwaba iindawo ezikufutshane neCagsawa phantsi kothuthu lwentaba-mlilo kwaza kwabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwe-1.200. Ngo-1993, okunye ukuqhuma kwabangela ukufa kwabantu abangama-79 ubuncinane, isikhumbuzo sengozi yentaba-mlilo edibanisa ukuqhuma okunamandla ahlukeneyo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokuwa kothuthu oluninzi.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkqubela phambili ukubeka esweni intaba-mlilo kunye nolawulo olungxamisekileyo ziye zavumela ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lamaxhoba xa kuthelekiswa neziganeko zembali. Ukusasazwa kwenethiwekhi zenyikima, izikhululo zokujonga igesi, kunye Imephu esebenzayo yeentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo Kwenza kube lula ukubona utshintsho kwimisebenzi yangaphakathi yentaba-mlilo, kubonelela ngexesha loku-odola abantu abaphumayo kunye nokuthintela ukufikelela.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuphinda-phinda kweziqendu eziqhumayo eMayon kugcina uluntu lwase-Albay lukwimeko yokuba luhlale luphaphile, luphoqelekile ukuba luhlengahlengise ubomi balo bemihla ngemihla kunye nocwangciso lwezoqoqosho kwindawo ephawulwe bubukho be-colossus ekhumbuza wonke umntu ngamandla ayo rhoqo.
IiPhilippines, iRing of Fire, kunye nokuqonda umngcipheko eYurophu
IPhilippines ikwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiPacific Ring of FireIbhendi ebanzi yejoloji ijikeleze ulwandle kwaye iphawulwa yintshukumo enamandla yokushukuma komhlaba kunye nentaba-mlilo. Olu lwakhiwo luchaza uxinano olukhulu lweentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo kwiziqithi, phakathi kwazo iMayón yenye yezona zijongwa kakhulu ngenxa yembali yayo kunye nabantu abahlala kufutshane nayo.
Ukusuka eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, olu hlobo lweziganeko ludla ngokulandelwa ngononophelo olukhulu kwiindawo ezifana ne- intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, ukhuseleko lokuhamba kunye nolawulo olungxamisekileyo. Iiarhente zokuhamba, iinqwelomoya, kunye nabemi baseYurophu abaceba uhambo oluya ePhilippines bahlala bejonga iingcebiso zokuhamba ezikhutshwe ziinkonzo zangaphandle kunye neearhente zokhuseleko loluntu, eziquka izilumkiso malunga neengozi zentaba-mlilo, iinyikima, kunye neziganeko zemozulu embi.
Ngaphandle kwempembelelo ethe ngqo kwabo bahambayo okanye abahlala kulo mmandla, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okufana noko kweMayon kunegalelo ekuqiniseni ingxoxo eYurophu malunga ulawulo lweentlekele zemveloUkubaluleka kokucwangcisa kwangaphambili, umgangatho weziseko ezibalulekileyo, kunye nesidingo seenkqubo zokulumkisa kwangethuba ezisebenzayo zibalulekile. Amava asePhilippines, kunye nabantu abaqhele ukuhlala benezisongelo eziphindaphindayo, anika izifundo ezibalulekileyo ezilandelwa ngokusondeleyo ziingcali zaseYurophu kukhuseleko loluntu, i-volcanoology, kunye nokumelana nemozulu.
Ngokubanzi, isigaba esitsha sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo yaseMayón sigxininisa ubuthathaka kunye namandla okuphendula kweendawo ezihlala kuzo, ngelixa zibuyisela kwi-ajenda yamazwe ngamazwe inyani yesiqithi esichatshazelwe phantse ngokusisigxina ziinyikima, izivunguvungu, kunye nokuqhuma. Ukudibana kokubeka esweni ngokwesayensi, ukulungelelaniswa kwezikhungo, kunye nokulungiselela abemi kuboniswa njengesixhobo esingcono sokujongana nemeko ethi, nangona ikude ngokwendawo eSpain naseYurophu, ibonise ngokucacileyo indlela indalo enokutshintsha ngayo ubomi bamawaka abantu kwisithuba seeyure ezimbalwa.
