Un inyikima enkulu ye-7,5 Inyikima ihlasele unxweme olukumntla-mpuma weJapan ngoMvulo, nto leyo ebangele amaxesha anzima kwenye yezona ndawo zixakekileyo kakhulu emhlabeni, yaza yavula kwakhona ingxoxo malunga neenyikima. iinyikima zomhlaba neetsunamiInyikima, ehlasele uLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, ibangele izilumkiso zetsunami kunye neendlela zokufuduka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezikumntla welizwe, ngelixa abasemagunyeni bevavanya umonakalo onokubakho.
Ngokwedatha ye- I-Arhente yeMeteorological yaseJapan (JMA) Ngokutsho komsasazi woluntu i-NHK, inyikima ibangele itsunami kwiindawo ezikunxweme lwase-Iwate naseHokkaido, amaza ekuqaleni ayemalunga nemitha enye ukuphakama, nangona izilumkiso ezisemthethweni bezilindele ukuba kuza kubakho iintaba ezifikelela kwiimitha ezintathu kwezinye iindawo zonxweme. Okwangoku, akukho bantu bafayo okanye umonakalo omkhulu oqinisekisiweyo, kodwa ukubekwa kweliso kuyaqhubeka.
Indawo yenyikima kunye neempawu zobugcisa
Inyikima enamandla yaqala e- Umntla-ntshona wePasifiki, kunxweme lwaseSanrikuIstrip eselunxwemeni esemantla-mpuma esiqithi saseJapan. Ii-seismographs zibeke i-hypocenter kubunzulu obumalunga neekhilomitha ezili-10, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo leenyikima ezinokubangela iitsunami ezibalulekileyo kulo mmandla.
Ukungcangcazela kwenzeke kufutshane 16:52-16:55 ixesha lendawo (phakathi kwentsimbi yesi-8:52 neyesi-9:55 kusasa kulo lonke elaseMbindi Yurophu), kwaye yavakala ngokucacileyo kwiindawo ezinkulu ezisemantla eHonshu, kwanaseTokyo, amakhulu eekhilomitha ukusuka kwindawo eqala kuyo inyikima. Kwisikali sobunzima benyikima yaseJapan, esilinganisa inqanaba lokunyikima okubonwa ngabantu, inyikima ifikelele kumanqanaba athintela ukuhamba kwabantu kwaye anokubangela umonakalo kwizakhiwo ezisengozini.
Izikhululo zokubeka esweni ezisasazwe elunxwemeni zirekhode ukuguquguquka okuphawulekayo kwinqanaba lolwandleEzi meko zihambelana nokwenziwa kwetsunami yengingqi. Iingcali ziqaphele ukuba uthotho lokuqala lwamaza alusoloko luphezulu, kwaye impembelelo ephezulu inokwenzeka kwiiyure emva kokungcangcazela kokuqala.
Esi siqendu sihambelana nemeko eqhelekileyo ye I-Pacific Ring yoMlilo, indawo enkulu yoqhagamshelwano phakathi kweeplate ze-tectonic ezijikeleze ulwandle kwaye zigxile uninzi lomsebenzi we-seismic kunye ne-volcanic weplanethi.
Izaziso zeTsunami, ukufuduswa kwabantu, kunye nempendulo yabasemagunyeni
Kwimizuzu embalwa emva kwenyikima, i-JMA ikhuphe ingxelo isilumkiso setsunami kwindawo enkulu yasempuma-mpuma yelizwe, ukusuka eHokkaido ukuya kwiSithili saseFukushima, ekwaquka iAomori, iIwate, kunye neMiyagi. Iincwadana ezisemthethweni zilumkisile ngamaza afikelela kwiimitha ezintathu ukuphakama kwiindawo ezithile zokungena kunye neechweba, zikhuthaza abemi baselunxwemeni ukuba basuke elwandle ngokukhawuleza.
Umsasazi woluntu i-NHK uphazamise zonke iinkqubo zakhe ukuze asasaze iimaphu ezineendawo ezikunxweme eziphawulwe ngombala obomvu kwaye umyalezo othi “Tsunami, phuma!” ngesiJapan nangesiNgesi. Abanikezeli beendaba kunye neengcali banike uhlaziyo olubukhoma kuluhlu loomasipala apho kufunyenwe khona utshintsho kwinqanaba lolwandle, begxininisa ukuba abantu akufuneki babuyele kwiindawo ezifudusiweyo de bafumane imvume evela kubasemagunyeni.
Amabhunga esixeko sasezibukweni aliqela, kuquka lawo Otsuchi kunye Kamaishi —iidolophu ezitshatyalaliswe kakhulu yitsunami ka-2011— zayalela ukuba amawaka abemi bafuduswe baye kwiindawo eziphakamileyo nakwizakhiwo ezilungiselelwe imeko kaxakeka. Imiyalelo yayiquka ukuphepha ukuqhuba ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvalwa kweendlela zokuphuma nokuya kwiindawo zokuhlanganisana ezimiselweyo.
Njengoko iiyure zidlula, nasemva kokuhlalutya idatha evela kwii-buoys kunye nee-tide gauges, i-JMA yayisele ukwehlisa ezinye zezona zilumkiso zinzimaIsilumkiso esiqatha setsunami kwezinye iingingqi sarhoxiswa, nangona iingcebiso zokulumkisa kunye nokubeka esweni ngokusondeleyo iinyikima ezinkulu ezinokubakho zaqhubeka.
Kwangaxeshanye, abasemagunyeni bagxininise umngcipheko we- emva komothuko “inyikima enkulu”Le yimeko engaqhelekanga, kodwa ithathwa njengenye yeemodeli zengozi yokunyikima komhlaba zalo mmandla, ngoko ke abemi bemimandla eliqela empuma nasempuma-mpuma baceliwe ukuba bahlale bephaphile ngemiyalelo emitsha yokufuduka.
Impembelelo kwiziseko zophuhliso, ezothutho kunye novavanyo lomonakalo
Uvavanyo lokuqala olwenziwe ngamaqela ongxamiseko kunye nokhuseleko loluntu lubonisa ukuba, ubuncinane kwiiyure zokuqala emva kwenyikima, Akukho monakalo mkhulu wesakhiwo ofunyenweyo Akukho nenani elikhulu labantu abenzakeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kubekho iziganeko ezimbalwa, ingakumbi kwizakhiwo ezindala okanye ezingaqiniswanga kakuhle.
Amangqina aliqela axele ukuba ukuwa kweendonga zekhonkrithi ezingaqiniswanga kunye nokudilika komhlaba kwiindawo ezithe tyaba nakwiindawo ezithe tyaba, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ezikufutshane nonxweme. Amanye amashishini kunye namakhaya aphulukene neesilingi, iifestile eziphukileyo, kunye nefenitshala esusiweyo ngenxa yobukhulu bokunyikima.
Uloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu emantla elizwe, kuquka uloliwe okhawulezayo odibanisa i-Aomori kunye neHonshu yonkeInkampani yamisa ngoko nangoko imisebenzi njengenyathelo lokuthintela. Imigca eqhelekileyo, iibhulorho, kunye neetonela nazo zahlolwa, kulandela imigaqo emiselweyo yeenyikima ezinkulu, ukuze kuthintelwe umonakalo ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe kwakhona inkonzo.
Kwicandelo lezolwandle, ezinye iingcali zezibuko zibike iintshukumo zequbuliso zeenqanawa ezibotshelelweyo kunye nemisinga enamandla kwiindawo zokungena neenqanawa, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwimiqathango yokungena nokuphuma kweenqanawa de imeko izinze.
I-ofisi yeNkulumbuso uSanae Takaichi ibike ukuba ukudalwa kweqela elisebenzayo likaxakeka ukulungelelanisa impendulo karhulumente. Eli qela lihlanganisa ulwazi oluvela kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo, i-arhente yemozulu, kunye noorhulumente bemimandla, kwaye linoxanduva lokuhambisa izixhobo ezongezelelweyo apho kufuneka khona.
Umngcipheko wenyukliya uphantsi kolawulo nokubekwa esweni ngamazwe ngamazwe
Nangona kummandla ochaphazelekileyo yinyikima Okwangoku akukho zitishi zamandla enyukliya ezisebenzayo.Ewe, kukho izakhiwo ezininzi ezingasebenziyo eziphethwe yiHokkaido Electric Power Co. kunye neTohoku Electric Power Co., kuquka nesityalo sase-Onagawa kumntla-mpuma weHonshu.
I-Tohoku Electric ibonise ukuba yayiyiyo ukuvavanya impembelelo yenyikima kunye netsunami enokubakho kwiindawo zabo zokusebenza, bejonga iinkqubo zokupholisa, umbane kunye nezakhiwo ezibalulekileyo, ngokuhambelana nemigangatho eqinisiweyo emva kwengozi yaseFukushima ka-2011.
El I-Arhente yeHlabathi yaMandla eAtomiki (IAEA) I-arhente ye-UN ibike ukuba, ngokwedatha enikwe ngabasemagunyeni baseJapan, akukho monakalo okanye izehlo zokhuseleko ezifunyenweyo kwizixhobo zenyukliya zelizwe ezinxulumene nenyikima. Le arhente igcina utshintshiselwano lolwazi rhoqo neJapan kwiimeko ezinjalo.
Olu phononongo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubonisa uvakalelo olukhoyo emva inyikima enkulu kunye netsunami ka-2011, ngobukhulu be-9, nto leyo eyabangela ingxaki kwisikhululo samandla Fukushima DaiichiUkususela ngoko, iJapan iye yomeleza kakhulu imigangatho yayo yokhuseleko lwenyukliya kunye neendlela zayo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiinyikima kunye neentlekele zaselwandle.
Okwangoku, iingxelo ezisemthethweni zibonisa ukuba Akukho siganeko se-radiological esenzekileyo kwaye iinkqubo zokubeka esweni zihlala zisebenza, emhlabeni naselunxwemeni.
IJapan kwiRingi yoMlilo: kutheni ezi nyikima ziqhubeka zenzeka
Inyikima entsha iphinda ibeke I-Pacific Ring yoMliloI-Pacific Ring of Fire yindawo enkulu, efana nesihlangu sehashe ejikeleze ulwandle, ebangela malunga ne-90% yeenyikima zehlabathi kunye ne-3/4 yeekota zeentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo. IJapan ikwindawo esengozini kakhulu kule ndawo.
Le ziqithi ikwindawo edibeneyo edibana kuyo iindawo ezininzi iiplate ze-tectonic: iPacific, i-Eurasian, kunye nePhilippinesPhakathi kwezinye. Kwiindawo ezidibanayo, iipleyiti zaselwandle zitshona phantsi kwezinye iipleyiti kwiinkqubo ezaziwa ngokuba yi-subduction, nto leyo eqokelela uxinzelelo oluthi, xa lukhutshwa ngequbuliso, lubangele iinyikima ezinkulu, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, iitsunami.
Kwezi ndawo zingaphantsi komhlaba, ipleyiti ephoqeleka ukuba ingene ngaphakathi koMhlaba ifumana ukunyuka koxinzelelo kunye nobushushu, nto leyo ebangela ukwakheka kwe-magma kwi-mantle ephezuluLe magma iphakama kwaye yondla imixokelelwane yentaba-mlilo ehambelana nemisele yolwandle, njengoko kwenzeka eJapan okanye kwiintaba zeAndes.
Lo mmandla ukwaphawulwa yi imisele yolwandle olunzulu, njengeJapan Trench, ephawula iindawo zokuqala ze-subduction kwaye inokufikelela kubunzulu obungaphezulu kweemitha ezili-10.000. Ukongeza kwiinyikima ezinganzulu, iinyikima eziphakathi nezinzulu ezivela kumakhulu eekhilomitha ngaphantsi komhlaba zirekhodwa apho.
Olu thungelwano lwemida edibeneyo kunye neempazamo zokuguqula lwenza iRing of Fire ibe ilebhu yendalo ye-geology yanamhlanjeOku kubalulekile ekuqondeni iinkqubo ezibumba uqweqwe loMhlaba, ukuphucula uvavanyo lomngcipheko, kunye nokuphucula iinkqubo zokulumkisa ngeziganeko eziqatha ezifana nale ihlasele iJapan kwakhona.
Ilizwe elilungiselelweyo: iinkqubo zesilumkiso, inkcubeko yokuthintela kunye ne-ecology eYurophu
Intshukumo enkulu yokunyikima elizwe elijongene nayo iye yabangela ukuba iJapan iphuhlise enye yee-“ Iinkqubo zokulumkisa kwangethuba eziphucukileyo kwihlabathiOku kusebenza kwiinyikima kunye neetsunami. Inethiwekhi yezikhululo ze-seismographic ezingaphezu kwewaka ifumanisa ngokukhawuleza amaza okuqala enyikima kwaye ivumela ukuba kukhutshwe izilumkiso kwimizuzwana ngaphambi kokuba kufike iinyikima ezinamandla.
Le mizuzwana embalwa yomgama, nangona ibonakala imbalwa, yanele izitimela ezikhawulezayo zokumisaOku kuquka ukuvala iivalvu zegesi, ukuqhawula ukufakelwa kwezinto ezibuthathaka, kunye nokulumkisa uluntu ngeefowuni eziphathwayo, umabonwakude, unomathotholo, kunye neenkqubo zedilesi yoluntu zasezidolophini. Kwimeko yeetsunami, iibuoys kunye neegauge zamaza zincedisana nedatha ye-seismological ukuqikelela ukuphakama kunye nexesha lokufika kwamaza.
Ngaphezu koko, iJapan ikhuthaze imigangatho eqinileyo yokwakha echasene nokushukuma komhlabangezakhiwo ezenzelwe ukufunxa nokususa amandla athile avela kwiinyikima. Uqeqesho oluqhelekileyo ezikolweni, kumashishini, nakwiindawo ezikufutshane luyinxalenye yenkcubeko yokuthintela enzulu, apho uluntu ngokubanzi luyazi indlela yokusabela kwisilumkiso senyikima okanye setsunami.
Iziganeko ezifana nale yangoMvulo zilandelwa ngokusondeleyo kakhulu iYurophu, ingakumbi iSpainNangona umsebenzi wokunyikima ungaphantsi kunePasifiki, kusekho iindawo ezinobungozi kumzantsi nakumzantsi-mpuma wePeninsula yase-Iberia nakwindawo yoLwandle lwase-Alboran. Ii-arhente zokhuseleko loluntu zaseYurophu kunye namaziko ejografi zihlala zihlalutya ezi ziganeko ukuze zifumane izifundo ezifanelekileyo kwizicwangciso zazo zongxamiseko.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwiManyano yaseYurophu nakwamanye amazwe akufutshane, kubekho inkqubela phambili kwi ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokulumkisa kwangethuba kunye nemfundo yabemi Xa kukho iinyikima kunye neetsunami, ezifumana ugqozi ngokuyinxenye kumava aseJapan, imifanekiso evela kumntla-mpuma weJapan isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokubaluleka kotyalo-mali oluqhubekayo ekuthinteleni, kwiziseko zophuhliso ezizinzileyo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamaziko.
Inyikima enobukhulu obuyi-7,5 ehlasele unxweme olukumntla-mpuma weJapan kunye netsunami ehambelana nayo iphinde yabeka uvavanyo lokuqina kwelizwe. amandla okuphendula kwelizwe elichaphazeleke kakhulu kwiingozi zejoloji. Nangona okwangoku umonakalo ubonakala uthintelwe kwaye akukho miphumo yenyukliya ibikiweyo, esi siqendu sibonisa indlela indibaniselwano yeenkqubo zokulumkisa eziphambili, izakhiwo eziqinisiweyo kunye nabantu abaqhele ukusabela ngokukhawuleza abanokwenza ngayo umahluko xa bejongene neziganeko ezigqithisileyo, njengakwiRing of Fire, eziya kuqhubeka ziyinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla kulo mmandla kwaye ziya kuqhubeka nokuba sisalathiso solawulo lomngcipheko wenyikima eYurophu nakwihlabathi liphela.
