El Inyikima yaseLisbon yowe-1755 Iyaqhubeka nokuphosa isithunzi sayo kumzantsi-ntshona weSiqingatha sase-Iberia phantse emva kweenkulungwane ezintathu. Umzekelo omhle woku yintetho yakutshanje, kwiBhunga lePhondo laseHuelva, yomsebenzi ojonga ngasemva ukuze uhlolisise ngokusondeleyo indlela iphondo laseHuelva elahlangabezana ngayo nolo nyikima kunye itsunami eyalandelayo eyashukumisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla bamawaka abantu.
Incwadi enesihloko “NgoNovemba 1, 1755 kwiphondo laseHuelva. Inyikima kunye netsunami kwimida yobukumkani”Le ncwadi, ebhalwe yingcali yembali kunye nomphandi uFrancisco de la Cruz García García, iyinxalenye yeNgqokelela yeMbali yeBhunga lePhondo. Njengoko ishicilelwe okokuqala ngamakopi angama-300, le ncwadi inika umbono obanzi nocacileyo ngesinye seziganeko ezibuhlungu kakhulu kwimbali yomzantsi-ntshona weAndalusia kunye nePortugal ekufutshane.
Incwadi yokuqonda impembelelo yenyikima yaseLisbon eHuelva
Le ncwadi intsha inika umbono ocacileyo noneenkcukacha ngempembelelo yenyikima yaseLisbon kwiphondo laseHuelva, elunxwemeni nangaphakathi. Ayipheleli nje ekudweliseni izinto ezonakeleyo okanye amaxhoba, kodwa yakha kwakhona, ngendlela ephantse ibe yingxelo yentlalo, indlela inyikima kunye itsunami Baphazamisa ubomi kwiidolophu nakwizixeko zaseHuelva.
Inyikima, eyenzeka ngeMini yeeNgcwele zonke ngo-1755, ikhunjulwa njenge enye yezona ntlekele zinkulu zokuzamazama komhlaba yeYurophu yanamhlanje. Lo msebenzi ubeka iHuelva kuloo meko ibanzi yePeninsula yase-Iberia esemazantsi-ntshona, uhlalutya unxibelelwano lwembali nePortugal kunye nendlela le nto eyayibonwa kwaye itolikwa ngayo kumacala omabini omda.
Ngexesha lomsitho wokwazisa, owawubanjelwe kwikomkhulu leBhunga lePhondo, uSekela-Mphathiswa wezeNkcubeko, UGracia BaqueroUgxininise ukubaluleka kwalo msebenzi ukuze kuqondwe indlela uluntu olujongana ngayo nentlekele enkulu. Kwingxelo yakhe, ugxininise ukuba le ncwadi isinceda sifunde ixesha elidlulileyo ngemibono ehlala iluncedo ekutolikeni ixesha langoku.
IBhunga lePhondo laseHuelva liyifakile le ncwadi kwingqokelela yalo yeMbali, ngaloo ndlela liqinisa ukuzibophelela kwabo ekusasazweni kwelifa lembali kunye nenkumbulo ehlangeneyoNgokutsho kweziko, ukusondeza iziganeko ezifana nenyikima yaseLisbon kuluntu kunceda ukuqinisa ubuwena bephondo kunye nokuxabisa ngcono inkqubela eyenziweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha, uloyiko kunye nokunqula emva kwenyikima kunye netsunami
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kulo msebenzi kukuba udlula ngaphaya nje kwengxelo elula yenyikima kunye namaza ahamba phambili. Umbhali ugxila ku ukwakhiwa kwakhona kweedolophu ezichaphazelekayoukufunda indlela imisebenzi eyayicwangciswe ngayo, izakhiwo ezazibekwa phambili kunye nendlela iindawo zasezidolophini nezasemaphandleni ezalungiswa ngayo emva kwentlekele.
Le ncwadi ikwanika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo iziphumo zoqoqosho Olu phononongo luhlola impembelelo yenyikima yaseLisbon ka-1755 eHuelva nakwimimandla eyingqongileyo. Luhlalutya ilahleko kwizindlu, iziseko zophuhliso, iipropati ezifudukayo, kunye nelifa lenkolo, kunye nempembelelo kwimisebenzi yorhwebo nezolimo kummandla osele usengozini yokuguquguquka kweAtlantic kunye norhwebo nePortugal.
Enye ingqwalasela ephambili yolu phando kukuba uloyiko lweenyikima ezilandela emva kweentlekele kunye neetsunami ezintshaOlu loyiko lwaqhubeka kangangeenyanga kwaye lwabonakala kwiingxelo ezibhaliweyo zelo xesha. Abantu baseHuelva babephila ngoxinzelelo olukhulu malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba le ntlekele iphindwe, eyachaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nezigqibo zosapho kunye noluntu.
Kule meko, le ncwadi ichaza ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu zonqulo Ezi ndlela zokuvakalisa unqulo oludumileyo zavela ngenxa yentlekele: imithandazo, imingcelele, izifungo, kunye nezithembiso ezihlangeneyo ezifuna intuthuzelo kunye nokukhuselwa kwinto eyayingavumelani nokuqonda kwesayensi ngelo xesha. Ezi ndlela zaba yindlela yokuhambisa intlungu kunye nokufumana ucwangco phakathi kwesiphithiphithi.
Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi ubandakanya ubukhulu bemeko-bume yentlekele, unike ingqalelo iziphumo zenyikima kunye netsunami kwindalo esingqongileyoUtshintsho kunxweme lolwandle, utshintsho kwimigxobhozo kunye nemilambo, kunye notshintsho kwimihlaba yelizwe Igophe leCadiz Ziyinxalenye yohlalutyo, zibeka inyikima yaseLisbon kwimbali ebanzi yolwalamano phakathi kwabantu nendawo abakuyo.
Ubumbano, iinethiwekhi zenkxaso, kunye nolawulo locwangco loluntu
Esinye sezahluko ezibalaseleyo zale ncwadi sigxile iinethiwekhi zomanyano ezavuselelwa emva kwenyikimaUFrancisco de la Cruz García uchaza indlela iidolophu, amaziko kunye nabantu abakufutshane abasebenzisana ngayo ukuqokelela imali kunye neempahla zeendawo ezonakele kakhulu, beququzelela ukuqokelelwa kwezinto kwaye bethumela izixhobo zokulungisa iitempile kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke.
Lo msebenzi ugxininisa indima ka amaziko afana neDuchy yaseMedina SidoniaOku kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ummandla nokulungelelanisa uncedo, kunye nokubandakanyeka kobukhosi ekuphenduleni intlekele. Olu ngenelelo lwanceda ekuhleleni amanqanaba okuqala okwakha kwakhona nokugcina, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ubomi bezoqoqosho nobentlalo.
Kunye nomanyano, olu phando aluziphepheli icala elingenabubele kangako kwimeko yoluntu ngamaxesha obunzima. Umbhali ubhala ngemfuneko yokuba Yenzani amapolisa oluntu ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphangwa Kwizindlu ezonakeleyo kunye neendawo ezilahliweyo emva kwenyikima kunye netsunami, aba balindi bexeshana babezama ukuthintela abo bazama ukusebenzisa ithuba lesiphithiphithi ukuze babe izinto zabanye abantu.
Le nkalo imbini—umnqweno wokubambisana kunye nomngcipheko wokuxhatshazwa—ivumela le ncwadi ukuba ibonise, ngokwenyani okukhulu, indlela iintlekele ezisebenza ngayo njengesibuko soluntu. Njengoko umphandi ngokwakhe echaza, kwiimeko ezinzima “izinto ezilungileyo nezimbi zobuntu ziyatyhilwa,” kwaye amaxwebhu agcinwe kwiingxelo anika ubungqina obaneleyo bazo zombini ezi meko zinzima.
Ubumbano aluzange luvezwe kuphela ngabantu abaphezulu okanye abasemagunyeni. Lo mqulu uquka ubungqina kunye neengxelo ezibhekiselele amanyathelo azenzekelayo avela kubamelwane nakuluntu lwasekuhlaleni ababesabelana ngokutya, benika indawo yokuhlala kwaye bethatha inxaxheba ekususeni amanxuwa, begxininisa ukubaluleka kokuxhasana kwimeko apho izixhobo zazinqongophele kakhulu.
Uphando oluxhaswa ziingxelo zembali
Ukuze aphinde akhe ngokutsha ngokuchanekileyo okwenzekileyo eHuelva nakwiindawo ezingqongileyo emva kwenyikima yaseLisbon ngo-1755, umbhali usebenzise isiseko esibanzi sedokhumentariLo msebenzi uxhaswa yimali evela kwi-General Archive yeCasa Medina Sidonia Foundation, kwi-National Historical Archive kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina ulwazi zasekuhlaleni kweli phondo.
Ukongeza kumaxwebhu olawulo nawecawa, le ncwadi ibandakanya amaxwebhu aloo xesha awayezama ukuchaza imvelaphi yeenyikima ngolwazi lwesayensi olufumaneka kwinkulungwane ye-18. Ezi zibhalo zisivumela ukuba siqonde indlela eyayitolikwa ngayo le meko ye-seismic ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kwe-seismology yanamhlanje, idibanisa iinkcazo zendalo kunye nokufundwa konqulo okanye kokuziphatha kwentlekele.
Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwezi mithombo kusenza sikwazi ukubonelela ukwakhiwa ngokutsha okuneenkcukacha kwempembelelo yenyikima kunye netsunami eyalandelayo kweli phondo, zombini ngokwezibalo (umonakalo, ilahleko, iindleko) kunye nangokwemigangatho (iimbono, uloyiko, iimpendulo zoluntu). Isiphumo sisibali esidibanisa uhlalutyo lwembali, lwentlalo, nolwendalo kunye nesiseko esiqinileyo sobungqina.
Le ndlela yokubhala inxibelelana nomsebenzi wangaphambili wombhali kwisiganeko esifanayo kwiindawo ezithile, njengophando lwakhe oluthi "Phakathi kwamaza kunye neempundu: Inyikima kaNovemba 1, 1755 kwiSithili saseNiebla kunye neendawo ezisingqongileyo," oluqinisa ukuhambelana komsebenzi wophando ogxile ekuqondeni inyikima enkulu yaseLisbon kunye nemiphumo yayo kwiGulf of Cadiz.
IBhunga lePhondo ligxininise ukuba olu hlobo lophando, olusekelwe kwiingxelo-mbali kunye nokufunda ngokunzulu imithombo, lubalulekile ekulweni neengcinga ezingaqhelekanga nokubonelela ngembono entsonkothileyo nesekelwe kwiziganeko eziphawule izizukulwana ezininzi.
Umbhali: umsebenzi onxulumene nembali kunye nokusingqongileyo
UFrancisco de la Cruz García García, inzalelwane yase Zalamea the RoyalUzisa amava amaninzi kulo msebenzi ekufundiseni nasekuphandeni. Njengomfundi ophumelele kwiSayensi yeKhemikhali kwiYunivesithi yaseSeville nakwiMbali kwiYunivesithi yaseHuelva, uzinikele kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu kwimfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo, edibanisa umsebenzi wezemfundo nophando lwembali.
Kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, ebethatha inxaxheba kwi iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo ezigxile kwimbali, okusingqongileyo kunye nophuhliso lwentlaloingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kwiAndalusia, eDoñana nakwiGulf of Cádiz. Le ndlela yokusebenzisana kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo ibonakala kwindlela ejongana ngayo nenyikima yaseLisbon, idibanisa iinkalo zomzimba, zentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwibali elinye.
Le ncwadi intsha idibene nezinye iincwadi ezipapashwe ngumbhali, phakathi kwazo ezibalaseleyo “Phakathi kwamaza nokungcangcazela. Inyikima kaNovemba 1, 1755 kwiSithili saseNiebla nakwiindawo ezingqongileyo“Inqaba yamaCounts aseNiebla kwiCawa yaseLa Merced kwidolophu yaseHuelva. Ukususela kwisiseko sayo ukuya ekwakhiweni kwayo kwakhona” kunye “neDoñana kwimbali yayo. Iinkulungwane ezine phakathi kokuxhatshazwa nokugcinwa phantsi kolawulo lweNdlu yaseGuzmanes.”
Le mveliso yangaphambili ibonisa umdla oqhubekayo kwi ukudibanisa imbali yendawo neenkqubo ezibanzi, njengolawulo lwezixhobo zendalo, utshintsho lwendalo okanye amandla entlalo ajikeleze iindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana neDoñana okanye unxweme lweGulf of Cádiz.
IBhunga lePhondo laseHuelva, ngokwalo, ligxininisa ukuba ukuxhasa ukupapashwa kophando olunje yindlela ukusondeza imbali ekhethekileyo kuluntu ngokubanziUkubonelela ngeencwadi ezigxile kwimfundo kodwa ezisekelwe kuphando olucokisekileyo. Ushicilelo lweekopi ezingama-300 lubonisa le njongo yokufikelela kubafundi abanomdla, amaziko emfundo kunye neelayibrari.
Xa idityaniswa, umsebenzi kaFrancisco de la Cruz García kwi Inyikima yaseLisbon yowe-1755 kunye nemiphumo yayo kwiphondo laseHuelva Ivezwa njengesalathiso kwabo bafuna ukuphonononga nzulu kweso siganeko ngokwembono yasekuhlaleni, kodwa benxulumene nomxholo waseYurophu. Ngokwakhiwa kwakhona koloyiko, umanyano, ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwezinto, kunye nempendulo yesikhungo, le ncwadi ikhuthaza ukucamngca ngendlela uluntu olujongana ngayo nezinto ezingalindelekanga kunye nendlela la maxesha abalulekileyo ekugqibeleni aba yinxalenye yenkumbulo ekwabelwana ngayo yeendawo ezifana nomzantsi-ntshona wePeninsula yase-Iberia.
