El isalathisi somgangatho womoya eMalta Ibe yingxaki ephambili kwabo bahlala kwesi siqithi, kwabo batyelelayo, kwaye, ewe, nakwiziphathamandla zempilo yoluntu. Nangona iMalta ililizwe elincinci, indawo ekuyo kwiMeditera, iimoto, imisebenzi ethile yemizi-mveliso, kunye neziqendu zothuli lwasentlango zenza umxube onzima xa kufikwa kungcoliseko lomoya.
Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwedatha esiyibonayo kwiimaphu nakwii-aplikeshini zivela kwiimodeli zokulinganisa kunye neenethiwekhi, nangona ziphucuke kakhulu, zinemida yazo. imida kunye nezilumkiso zokusetyenziswaUkwazi indlela yokutolika i-Air Quality Index (AQI kunye ne-CAQI), ukuqonda ukuba ithetha ukuthini i-PM2.5, i-PM10, i-ozone okanye ezinye iigesi, kunye nokwazi indlela umoya oziphatha ngayo kwizixeko ezifana neValletta, iSliema okanye iBirkirkara, kubalulekile ekuhleleni imisebenzi yethu yangaphandle kunye nokunyamekela imiphunga yethu.
Iyintoni i-Air Quality Index eMalta kwaye ilinganiswa njani?
Xa sithetha ngazo Isalathisi soMgangatho woMoya (i-AQI) eMaltaSibhekisa kwisikali samanani esiguqulela uxinano lwezinto ezingcolisayo kwisalathiso esilula ukuyiqonda. Umzekelo, eValletta, ixabiso elimalunga nama-67 lirekhodwe kutshanje, eli, ngokwemigangatho ye-US EPA, liwela kudidi "oluPhakathi". Oku kuthetha ukuba umgangatho womoya awubi yingozi, kodwa awugqibelelanga, kwaye amaqela athile anovakalelo kufuneka alumke.
I-AQI iqwalasela ikakhulu ukuxinana kwe izinto ezincinci ze-PM2.5iinxalenye ze-PM10 ezinokuphefumlwa kunye neegesi ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) kunye ne-ozone (O₃). Kwimeko yeValletta, amanqanaba e-PM2.5 amalunga ne-17,4 µg/m³ kunye namanqanaba e-PM10 amalunga ne-31,9 µg/m³ abonwe, ukongeza kwinqanaba le-NO₂ elimalunga ne-5,7 µg/m³. La maxabiso ahambelana nemeko yongcoliseko oluphakathi kwindawo yasezidolophini eselunxwemeni kunye nomsebenzi wezithuthi kunye nempembelelo ethile yengingqi.
EYurophu, ukongeza kwi-AQI, kusetyenziswa esinye isalathisi esibizwa ngokuba yi I-CAQI (i-Common Air Quality Index)Olu luhlu lwaseYurophu lusebenza ukususela ngo-2006, lukwaqala kwi-1 ukuya kwi-100, lusebenzisa ikhowudi yombala ebonakalayo kakhulu: imibala eluhlaza kumanqanaba aphantsi (umoya ococekileyo) kunye nokutshintshela kwi-yellow, orenji, kunye nebomvu njengoko umgangatho womoya usiba mandundu. Olu luhlu luhlala lubonwa kwiimaphu kunye neemeteograms ezibonisa uqikelelo longcoliseko lwaseMalta nakwilizwekazi liphela.
Uphawu olubalulekileyo lwe-CAQI kukuba yahlula phakathi kwesalathisi "secaleni kwendlela" kunye nesalathisi "semvelaphi". Eyokuqala ibalwa kufutshane neendlela ezinezithuthi ezininzi, apho ubuninzi bokungcola, ngakumbi i-NO₂ kunye nezinto ezincinci, zihlala ziphezulu kakhulu; eyesibini imele iimeko ezikude neendlela kwaye yile isetyenziswa [engacacanga - mhlawumbi "ziinkampani zokulawula umgangatho womoya"]. iimodeli zemozulu kunye nokusasazwakuba abakwazi ukuphinda ngokuchanekileyo umahluko wendlela. Ke ngoko, imilinganiselo ethathwe ecaleni kwendlela enkulu phantse ihlala ivelisa amaxabiso aphezulu kunalawo aqikelelwe ziimodeli zommandla ngokubanzi.
Iimeko zomoya zangoku eMalta: izixeko kunye notshintsho
IMalta ayilolizwe linye xa kuthethwa ngongcoliseko. Nangona isiqithi sincinci, kukho umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kweendawo zasezidolophini ezinabantu abaninzi, iindawo zabakhenkethi, kunye neendawo ezithuleyo. IVallettaNjengekomkhulu kunye neziko lolawulo, i-AQI ephakathi emalunga nama-67 ibonisa impembelelo yezithuthi zasezidolophini, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kufutshane, kunye nemisebenzi ethile yezibuko.
Ezinye iidolophu ezifana San Pawl il-Baħar, Birkirkara, Mosta, Sliema okanye Qormi Zikwabonisa ukuguquguquka komgangatho womoya imini nonyaka. Kwiindawo zabakhenkethi eziselunxwemeni, ezifana neSliema okanye iSan Pawl il-Baħar, izithuthi zendlela zixubana nezithuthi zeenqanawa kunye nokufika kweendwendwe ngexesha lonyaka; ngelixa kwiindawo ezininzi zangaphakathi nezindawo zokuhlala, ezifana neMosta okanye iBirkirkara, uxinano lwezithuthi, ukufudumeza ubusika, kunye nemisebenzi emincinci yemizi-mveliso inokuba negalelo ekukhupheni ukungcola.
La imveliso yemizi-mveliso kunye nomthamo wezithuthi Ezi zinto zidibana neepateni zemozulu zasekuhlaleni ukuze zenze iziqendu apho ungcoliseko luqokelelana ngaphezu kwesiqhelo. Iintsuku ezinotshintsho lobushushu, imimoya ekhanyayo, okanye uzinzo lomoya zibangela ukuba umoya uvaleleke kufutshane nomphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu e-PM10, PM2.5, kunye neegesi ezicaphukisayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iintsuku okanye iintsuku ezinomoya ezineenkqubo zangaphambili ezisebenzayo zinceda ukusasazeka kongcoliseko.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iMalta ibeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekujongeni umgangatho womoya ngexesha langempela. Amaqonga kunye neeprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe zihlala zihlaziya amanqanaba omsi, amasuntswana kunye neegesiEzi ngxelo zivelisa izilumkiso zempilo kwaye zibonelela ngeengcebiso kuluntu, ingakumbi kubantu abane-asthma, izifo zokuphefumla ezingapheliyo, iingxaki zentliziyo, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala. Ukubonisana nolu lwazi ngaphambi kokuba ucwangcise imidlalo yangaphandle okanye imisebenzi yokuchitha ixesha elide ngoku yindlela ecetyiswayo kakhulu.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba uninzi lwala maxabiso luvela kwiinethiwekhi ezizenzekelayo kunye neemodeli zamanani, nangona zicociwe kakhulu, zisezizinto eziqikelelwayo. Ungcoliseko lunokuba phezulu kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile, umzekelo. kwizitrato ezimxinwa ezineemoto ezininzi okanye kufutshane namashishini athile, xa kuthelekiswa noko kuboniswa yimephu yesiqithi sonke.
Izilumkiso kunye nemida yedatha yomgangatho womoya
Inkalo ebalulekileyo edla ngokungananzwa kukuba isaziso sokusetyenziswa kwedatha umgangatho womoya. Iiprojekthi ezininzi, ezifana neWorld Air Quality Index, zicacisa ukuba amaxabiso eziwapapashayo awakaqinisekiswa ngexesha lokupapashwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba zinokuba neempazamo ezincinci okanye iimpazamo zexeshana ezilungiswa kamva, xa kugqityiwe ukuhlolwa komgangatho.
Ngenxa yezi nkqubo zisemgangathweni, idatha ingatshintshwa. ngaphandle kwesaziso sangaphambili nangaliphi na ixeshaAbaphathi beprojekthi bagxininisa ukuba, nangona besebenzisa zonke iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuqokelela, ukucubungula, kunye nokubonisa ulwazi ngokuchanekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, abanakuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso agqibelele ngexesha langempela okanye bathathe uxanduva lwesivumelwano okanye olungaphandle kwesivumelwano ngomonakalo, ukwenzakala, okanye ilahleko ezivela ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ekusebenziseni olo lwazi.
Kwimeko yaseYurophu, amaziko afana ne- IKhomishini yaseYurophu, i-ECMWF (iZiko laseYurophu leZibikezelo zeMozulu eziPhakathi) kunye namaqonga afana ne-meteoblue Ziquka izilumkiso ezifanayo. Uqikelelo lomgangatho womoya lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iimodeli zomoya ezinesisombululo esithile—umzekelo, iigridi ezimalunga ne-12 km—ezingazibambi zonke iinkcukacha zasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasezidolophini ezinzima. Ke ngoko, iziphumo zisenokungahambelani ngokugqibeleleyo noxinzelelo lokwenyani olulinganiswe esitalatweni esithile.
Ezi nkampani zigxininisa ukuba azinaxanduva lokusetyenziswa kolwazi oluphononongiweyo olunikiweyo. Ingcebiso ecacileyo kukuba, ingakumbi ngexesha longcoliseko oluphezulu okanye xa kukho isilumkiso esisemthethweni somgangatho womoya ophantsiAbemi bafanele babonisane nearhente yasekuhlaleni okanye yesizwe efanelekileyo, njengoko le iya kuba ngumthombo osemthethweni onolwazi oluneenkcukacha, oluqinisekisiweyo nolucacileyo lweMalta.
Ngamafutshane, iimaphu kunye neemeteograms zizixhobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulindela izinto ezenzekayo, kodwa kufuneka zisoloko zitolikwa ngononophelo olukhulu kwaye zidityaniswe nezinye izinto. izaziso ezisemthethweni ezivela kumagunya okusingqongileyoLoo ndibaniselwano yiyo enika umfanekiso othembekileyo wemeko.
Iinxalenye ze-PM10 kunye ne-PM2.5: ziyintoni kwaye kutheni zixhalabisa eMalta
Iinkwenkwezi eziqhelekileyo kuyo nayiphi na ingxelo yongcoliseko eMalta zizinto ezincinci. PM10 kunye PM2.5Ezi ziindawo ezincinci zezinto eziqinileyo okanye ezingamanzi ezixhonywe emoyeni, ezivela kwindalo nasebantwini. Ubungakanani bazo bubalulekile: iinxalenye ze-PM10 zinobubanzi obungaphantsi kwee-microns ezili-10 (malunga nesinye kwisixhenxe sobukhulu beenwele zomntu), ngelixa iinxalenye ze-PM2.5, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziinxalenye ezincinci, zingadluli kwi-2,5 microns.
Ngokuphathelele imvelaphi yazo, i-PM10 kunye ne-PM2.5 zinokuvela iinkqubo zoshishino, izithuthi zendlela, ukutsha kweebhoyila kunye nezityalo zamandlakunye nemithombo yendalo efana nothuli oluvuthuzwa ngumoya, ityuwa yolwandle, imililo yamahlathi okanye, kwimeko ethile yaseMalta, ukungena kothuli lwasentlango oluvela eMntla Afrika, oluqhutywa yimimoya efana ne iSirocco kunye neLebecheEzi ngceba zinokwenziwa ngemixube yomsi, i-soot, uthuli lweminerali, iityuwa, ii-asidi kunye neesinyithi, okanye zivele emoyeni ngenxa yeekhemikhali zegesi ezikhutshwa zizithuthi kunye namashishini.
Eyona ngxaki iphambili kwimpilo kukuba amasuntswana amancinci ngokwaneleyo anokungena nzulu kwinkqubo yokuphefumla. Amasuntswana e-PM10 sele efikelela kwimigudu yomoya esezantsi kwaye anxulunyaniswa neengxaki ezahlukeneyo zempilo. Amasuntswana e-PM2.5, nokuba mancinci kangakanani na, anokufikelela kwiindawo ezinzulu zemiphunga aze angene egazini, nto leyo echaza indlela asebenza ngayo. iziphumo zexesha elide kwinkqubo yentliziyo.
Phakathi kwempembelelo yezempilo ebonwe kwi-PM10 eMalta nakwezinye iindawo, kukho amanqaku abalulekileyo acacileyo:
- Ukwanda kwenani kunye nobukhali bokuhlaselwa sisifo sesifubaingakumbi ebantwaneni, kubantu abadala, nakubantu abasele bexilongiwe ukuba banaso esi sifo.
- Ukwanda kwe-bronchitis kunye nezinye izifo zemiphungazombini ezingapheliyo nezibukhali.
- Ukuncipha kwamandla omzimba okulwa nezifo zokuphefumlaOku kuthetha ukuba kukho amatyala amaninzi omkhuhlane, umkhuhlane onzima, okanye usulelo oluphantsi lwendlela yokuphefumla.
Kwimeko ye-PM2.5, izifundo zibonisa ulwalamano olucacileyo phakathi kokuvezwa ixesha elide kunye umngcipheko ophezulu wokufaingakumbi ngenxa yezizathu zentliziyo. Ezi ziphumo azibonakali ngobusuku obunye, kodwa ziyaqokelelana ngokuhamba kweminyaka xa uluntu luhlala luchatshazelwa kumanqanaba angaphezu kwamanqanaba acetywayo yi-World Health Organisation.
Enye inkalo ebonakalayo enceda ukuqonda ingxaki yi-smog: olo hlobo lombala onsundu okanye ongwevu ngamanye amaxesha lubonakala kwiindawo ezixineneyo zasezidolophini, nto leyo ebonakala ngokucacileyo kumanqanaba aphezulu ezinto ezincinci, ingakumbi i-PM10. Xa zidibana Izithuthi ezininzi, imimoya engephi, kunye neemeko zomoya ezizinzileyoLe nkungu ingabonakala ngakumbi kwezinye iindawo zaseMalta, inciphisa ukubonakala kwaye iwenze mandundu umgangatho womoya esiwuphefumlayo.
Uthuli lwasentlango kunye nempembelelo yalo emoyeni waseMalta
IMalta, ngenxa yokuba ikumbindi weMeditera, isoloko ichaphazeleka ziziqendu ezininzi. uthuli oluxhonyiweyo oluvela entlangoOlu ngenelelo lwaseSahara lunokubangela ukwanda okukhulu nokuqhelekileyo kwamanqanaba e-PM10 kunye ne-PM2.5, nangona ukukhutshwa komoya okuphumayo kungakhange kutshintshe kakhulu.
Uthuli lwasentlango lwenziwe ngamasuntswana amancinci kunee-microns ezingama-62 ezikhutshwa kwiindawo ezomileyo nezingomiyo. Imimoya enamandla iphakamisa le nto intle kwaye ingayithwala amawaka eekhilomitha, ichaphazela iziqithi kunye neendawo ezikunxweme ezifana neMalta. Ngexesha lezi ziganeko, isibhakabhaka siba nombala omhlophe okanye otyheli, kwaye akuqhelekanga ukuba uthuli luqokeleleke kwizithuthi, iifestile, kunye nezinye iindawo zangaphandle.
Into exhalabisayo kukuba iqhekeza lolo thuli lwezimbiwa lifumaneka ngqo kuluhlu PM10 kunye PM2.5Xa uxinano lusanda kakhulu, zonke iziphumo zempilo ezinxulumene nezi ngceba zinokubangela: ukurhawuzelelwa kwamehlo, impumlo nomqala, ukuba mandundu kwesifuba, ukuziva uxinezelekile esifubeni kunye nomngcipheko okhulayo kubantu abanesifo semiphunga okanye sentliziyo.
Iimeteograms zomgangatho womoya eMalta zihlala ziquka iphaneli ethile "yezinto ezincinci (i-PM kunye nothuli lwasentlango)," nto leyo evumela ulindelo lwezi ziganeko. Kuqhelekile ukuba umsebenzi womzimba onzima wangaphandle ungakhuthazwa kwiintsuku ezinothuli lwaseSahara, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezikufutshane. amaqela abantu abasengozini enkuluKwangaxeshanye, kuyacetyiswa ukuba iifestile zivaliwe kakuhle ngexesha leeyure zoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye ukuba zikhona, sebenzisa izicoci zomoya zangaphakathi.
Emva kokuba isiqendu sidlulile, imvula idlala indima ebalulekileyo: inceda "ukuhlamba" umoya ojikeleze umhlaba kunye nokuhlamba inxalenye enkulu yezo ziqwenga emhlabeni nasemaphethelweni, ikhawulezisa ukubuyela kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo ongcoliseko kwesi siqithi.
Iigesi ezingcolisayo eziphambili: i-ozone, i-sulfur dioxide kunye ne-nitrogen dioxide
Ukongeza kwiinxalenye, ezinye ungcoliseko lomoya Ezi zinto zingcolisayo zinegalelo elikhulu kwisalathiso somgangatho womoya eMalta. Phakathi kwazo, i-ozone (O₃) kwi-troposphere esezantsi, i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), kunye ne-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) ziphawuleka kakhulu, zombini ngenxa yokuphindaphindeka kwazo kunye neengxaki zempilo ezinokubangela.
I-ozone ye-tropospheric ayikhuphi ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa idalwa emoyeni ngenxa yeempendulo ze-photochemical phakathi kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, ezifana ne-nitrogen oxides kunye nee-volatile organic compounds, xa kukho ukukhanya kwelanga. Ke ngoko, i- Ungcoliseko lwe-ozone luqhelekile kwiindawo zasezidolophini nakwimimandla ekufutshane nedolophu ngexesha leenyanga ezifudumeleyo naphakathi emini. EMalta, eneentsuku ezininzi ezinelanga, akuqhelekanga ukubona i-ozone spikes kwiimeko ezithile.
Imiphumo ye-ozone kwimpilo yaziwa kakuhle:
- Ubunzima bokuphefumla nzulu kwaye ngamandla, enemvakalelo yokufuthaniseka.
- Intlungu okanye ukungakhululeki xa uphefumla nzuluukukhwehlela nokurhawuzelelwa okanye ukurhawuzelelwa emqaleni.
- Ukudumba kunye nomonakalo kwiindlela zomoyanto leyo enokwenza iimeko ebezikho zibe mandundu ngakumbi.
- Ukuhlaselwa kwe-asthma okwandileyoiingxaki zokuphefumla kunye nokwanda kokuchaphazeleka zizifo.
- Uphuhliso okanye ukonakala kwezifo ezingapheliyo ezifana ne-bronchitis engapheliyo, i-emphysema okanye i-COPD.
I-Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) yigesi engenambala enevumba elinamandla nelicaphukisayo, elinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokutshiswa kwamafutha e-fossil aqulethe i-sulfur. EMalta, inokuvela kwezinye izinto izakhiwo zoshishino, izityalo zamandla okanye ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyoLe gesi isabela ngokukhawuleza emoyeni ukuze yenze i-sulfuric acid, i-sulfurous acid, kunye namasuntswana e-sulfate, zonke ezi zinto zizinto eziyingozi zongcoliseko lomoya.
Ukuvezwa ixesha elifutshane kumazinga aphezulu e-SO₂ kunokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa kwendlela yomoya, ukukhohlela, ukuphefumla kancinci, kunye nokuba mandundu kwesifo sesifuba. Ukongeza, i-sulfur dioxide kunye nezinye ii-sulfur oxides zinegalelo kwi ukwakheka kwemvula eneasidinto leyo enokonakalisa iindawo ezingqongileyo ezinobuzaza, izityalo, kunye nezakhiwo. Abantwana, abantu abadala, kunye nabantu abane-asthma bathathwa njengabasengozini kakhulu kwimiphumo yale gesi.
Kwelinye icala, i-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), yigesi ebomvu-mdaka enevumba elibi nelinamandla elidlala indima ephambili ekungcoliseni izixeko. Umthombo ophambili we-NO₂ kwizixeko... ukutsha kwamafutha efosili kwizithuthiOku kubangelwa kukukhutshelwa kwezinto ezikhutshwa ngamashishini athile kunye neebhoyila. Le gesi ayisiyongozi nje kuphela, kodwa ikwanegalelo ekudalweni kwe-tropospheric ozone kunye nezinye izinto ezikhupha ioksijini.
Phakathi kweziphumo zempilo ze-NO₂ kukho:
- Ukudumba kolwelo lwemiphunga, kunye namandla anciphileyo okuzikhusela kwizifo zokuphefumla.
- Ukwanda kwenani le- ukuphefumla, ukukhohlela, umkhuhlane kunye ne-bronchitisingakumbi ebantwaneni nakubantu abanezigulo esele zikhona.
- Igalelo elinokwenzeka ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezingapheliyo zokuphefumla xa ukuchatshazelwa kuqhubeka ixesha elide.
Uqikelelo lwepollen kunye ne-allergy kwisiqithi saseMalta
Iimeteograms zomgangatho womoya eYurophu, ngakumbi kwisiqithi saseMalta, zihlala ziquka iphaneli yesine ezinikele ekuqikeleleni impovaNangona i-pollen ingekho yinxalenye esemthethweni yokubala i-Air Quality Index (AQI okanye i-CAQI), ukubakho kwayo emoyeni kunempembelelo enkulu kwi-allergies zokuphefumla kunye nokuziva ungonwabanga ngokubanzi kubantu abanobuthathaka.
Akukho mgangatho usemthethweni wokubhala imibala yepollen, ngoko ke imodeli nganye yemozulu okanye inkonzo isebenzisa isikali sayo. Kwimeko yaseMalta, iinkozo zepollen ezinengxaki zihlala zezo ze i-birch kunye nengcakunye nezinye iimpova eziqhelekileyo kwimozulu yaseMeditera, ezifana nezo zivela kwimithi yomnquma okanye ukhula oluthile. Ubukhali kunye nobude bexesha lempova kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimozulu minyaka le.
I-Birch pollen yenye yezona zinto zibangela i-allergen entwasahlobo, okanye kamva kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Njengoko imithi idubula, ikhupha izigidi zeenkozo ezinokuthwalwa ngumoya kumgama omde. Kuqikelelwa ukuba umthi omnye we-birch unokukhupha iinkozo ze-pollen ezifikelela kwizigidi ezihlanu, ezihamba ngemisinga yomoya zize zifikelele kwiindawo ezikude. Yingakho i-pollen idla ngokubekwa kwiimaphu zaseMalta. Uqikelelo lwepollen ngesantya somoya kwi-10 mkuba umoya “yeyona moto” iphambili yokusasazeka.
Kwelinye icala, ipollen yengca idla ngokuba yeyona nto iphambili kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni. Yinto enamandla kakhulu ebangela i-allergy rhinitis kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, i-asthma. Kwimozulu efumileyo, ixesha lepollen yengca linokuhlala iinyanga ezininzi, ngelixa kwiindawo ezomileyo ixesha layo lihlala lifutshane, njengoko kunjalo ngepollen ye-birch okanye ye-olive. IMalta, enemozulu yayo yaseMeditera, iphakathi, apho indibaniselwano yobushushu, ukufuma okuphakathi kunye nomoya Inokubangela iimpawu kubantu abane-allergy.
Imvula idlala indima engaqondakaliyo: kwelinye icala, inokucoca umoya okwethutyana, ihlambe impova emhlabeni ize inciphise uxinano. Kwelinye icala, ukuba imvula inxulunyaniswa iindudumo ezinemimoya enamandlaKudla ngokubakho ukunyuka kwamanqanaba e-pollen emoyeni njengoko iinkozo ziqhekeza zize zikhuphe amasuntswana amancinci anokungena nzulu kwindlela yokuphefumla. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abantu abane-allergies ezinzima badla ngokuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko xa kukho iziphepho eziqikelelwayo ngexesha le-pollen ephezulu.
Izisombululo zobuchwepheshe kunye nezixeko ezikrelekrele eMalta
Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji luye lwabangela ukuvela izisombululo ezithile zokujonga nokuphucula umgangatho womoya Kwiindawo zasezidolophini, iMalta ayiqhelekanga kule ndlela. Ezinye iiprojekthi ezigxile "kwizixeko ezikrelekrele" zidibanisa iinethiwekhi zesensa, izikhululo zokulinganisa, iinkqubo zokubonisa idatha, kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ungcoliseko.
Phakathi kwezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kukho iimonitha zomgangatho womoya ezinesisombululo esiphezulu, ezilinganisa uxinano lwe-PM2.5, PM10, kunye neegesi ezifana ne-NO₂, SO₂, kunye ne-O₃ kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ezi zixhobo zinokuncediswa nge iidrones zixhotyiswe ngezivamvo, ekwaziyo ukwenza amaphulo okulinganisa anamacala amathathu kunye nokufikelela kwiindawo apho kuya kuba nzima ukufaka izikhululo ezisisigxina.
Ezinye izinto ezivavanywayo okanye ezisetyenziswa kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo ziquka izicoci zomoya zangaphandle kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo, ezinje ngeendibano ezixakekileyo, iindawo zesikolo, okanye izikhululo zothutho lukawonke-wonke. Ulwazi olufunyenwe yinethiwekhi yeesensa ludityaniswe kwinkqubo ye iphaneli yokulawula idathanto leyo evumela oomasipala, abaphandi kunye noluntu ngokubanzi ukuba babone imeko yomoya, bachonge iindlela kwaye basabele kwiziqendu ezithile zomgangatho womoya ophantsi.
Kwimeko yaseMalta, le ndlela "yesixeko esikrelekrele" inomdla kakhulu kuba ilizwe lidibanisa iindawo zasezidolophini ezixineneyo, ukuhamba rhoqo kwezithuthi, kunye necandelo elibalulekileyo lezokhenketho. Ukuba nedatha ekufutshane nexesha langempela kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula eziguquguqukayo kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu xa kufikwa kwi ukukhusela impilo yokuphefumla yabemiingakumbi ngeentsuku zongcoliseko oluphakathi okanye oluphezulu, okanye ngexesha lokungena kothuli lwaseSahara.
Nangona kungekho teknoloji inye eya kusombulula ingxaki yongcoliseko, indibaniselwano yezinzwa, iimodeli zokuqikelela, iiphaneli zolawulo kunye nezenzo ezithile kwizithuthi, uthutho lukawonke-wonke okanye ucwangciso lwedolophu lubonelela ngendlela ecacileyo yokunciphisa kancinci kancinci amanqanaba okuvezwa kwesi siqithi.
Ukuthatha lonke olu lwazi kunye—ukusuka kwi-AQI kunye ne-CAQI ukuya kwindima yamasuntswana, iigesi, ipollen, kunye nokungena kothuli lwasentlango—kuyacaca ukuba Umgangatho womoya eMalta yinkqubo eguqukayoNgenxa yokukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo kwindawo ethile kunye nemozulu enkulu kunye neziganeko, ukuvavanywa rhoqo kweempawu zomgangatho womoya, ukuthobela izilumkiso zokusetyenziswa, ukulandela iingcebiso zearhente esemthethweni, kunye nokusebenzisa izisombululo zobuchwepheshe ezikhoyo kuye kwaba ziindlela ezilungileyo zokuba abemi kunye neendwendwe ziyonwabele imeko-bume yaseMalta ngaphandle kokubeka impilo yabo yokuphefumla emngciphekweni ngokungeyomfuneko.
