La Isixeko saseMexico siyacwila kancinci kancinci kodwa ngokuthe chuNgoku, olu hambo lomhlaba lunokulandelwa phantse ngexesha langempela ukusuka esibhakabhakeni. Imephu entsha eyenziwe ngedatha evela kwisathelayithi ye-NISAR, eyenziwe yi-NASA kunye ne-arhente yaseIndiya ye-ISRO, iqinisekisa ukuba umhlaba uyatshona kwezinye iindawo zekomkhulu. ngaphezulu kweesentimitha ezi-2 ngenyanga, umfanekiso ongabonakaliyo ngoko nangoko, kodwa othe ngokuhamba kweminyaka wabonakala njengomonakalo obonakalayo ezitalatweni, kwizakhiwo nakwiinethiwekhi ezingaphantsi komhlaba.
Nangona le nto yaziwa kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, indibaniselwano ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, ubunzima besixeko esikhulu, kunye nomhlaba ongaphantsi owenziwe yintlabathi yamachibi amandulo Oku kuye kwabangela isilumkiso. Idatha entsha yendawo ayigcini nje ngokubeka amanani achanekileyo kwi-subsence, kodwa ikwavumela ukuchongwa ngokucacileyo kweendawo ezisengozini kakhulu, into ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yokucwangcisa kunye neenkonzo kwisixeko esikhulu apho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 bahlala khona kummandla waso omkhulu.
Ukuncipha okungaphezulu kweesentimitha ezi-2 ngenyanga kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo
Iziphumo zokuqala ze-NISAR kwikomkhulu laseMexico zibonisa ukuba phakathi kuka-Okthobha 2025 noJanuwari 2026 Iindawo ezininzi zasezidolophini zibonakalise ukuhla komhlaba okungaphezulu kancinci isiqingatha sesentimitha ngenyanga (ngaphezulu kwe-2 cm)Kwiimaphu eziveliswe yi-NASA, ezi ndawo zibonakala zinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaye zigxile kakhulu empuma nakumntla-mpuma wesixeko, apho ngokwembali amazinga aphezulu okuncipha komhlaba aye alinganiswa khona.
Eli nani, elinokubonakala lincinci, liba nexhala xa liqikelelwa ngokuhamba kwexesha: sithetha ngalo malunga neesentimitha ezingama-35 zokuncipha ngonyaka Kwezinye iindawo, eli nani libeka iSixeko saseMexico phakathi kwezixeko ezinkulu ezitshona ngokukhawuleza emhlabeni. Izifundo zangaphambili zazisele zifumanise amazinga aphezulu afikelela kwi-40 centimeters ngonyaka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba le ngxaki ayintsha, kodwa iyaqhubeka kwaye ayinakulungiseka.
I-NASA ngokwayo iphawula ukuba le nto ibhalwe phantsi ubuncinane ukususela oko 1925Oku kwenzeke xa injineli yaseMexico yabika okokuqala ngokuncipha kwesixeko. Ukususela ngoko, imilinganiselo eqokelelweyo ibonise ukuba umhlaba ubuwohloka kancinci kangangamashumi eminyaka, ngokuguquguquka kodwa ngaphandle kokuma. Okutsha kukuchaneka kwendlela le nkqubo enokuchazwa ngayo ngoku, phantse ngexesha langempela, ngenxa yezixhobo zeradar ze-NISAR.
Iimaphu ezikhutshwe yimishini zibonisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweendawo ezitshona ngokukhawuleza kunye nezinye iindawo ezisecaleni ezijongene nobunzima. ukunyuka okuncinci malunga neesentimitha ezimbini ngonyakaOlu hlobo lokusabela oluthambileyo lunxulunyaniswa nokulahleka kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba phantsi kwesixeko. Ngokutsho kweengcali, lo mahluko kumazinga okuhamba kwamanzi phakathi kwezithili ezikufutshane yenye yezinto ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwiziseko zophuhliso.
Yeyiphi indawo apho iMexico City izika khona kakhulu?
Imephu ye-subsidence yenziwe nge Idatha ye-NISAR phakathi kuka-Okthobha 2025 noJanuwari 2026 Ikhankanya imiba emininzi ebalulekileyo. Phakathi kwayo, le ilandelayo iyabonakala: Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez, indawo ye Ichibi laseChalco kunye neendawo ezinkulu ezikwimpuma yekomkhulu kunye noomasipala abakufutshane kwiLizwe laseMexico. Iindawo eziboniswe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zezo zinezinga eliphezulu lokuncitshiswa kwenyanga.
KwiSixeko saseMexico ngokwaso, iidolophu zase Iztapalapa, Gustavo A. Madero, Tláhuac, Venustiano Carranza kunye ne-Iztacalco Ziphakathi kwezona zichaphazeleka kakhulu. Kwezinye iindawo zase-Iztapalapa, amathontsi afikelela kwiisentimitha ezingama-39 ngonyaka alinganisiwe, ngelixa e-Gustavo A. Madero afikelela kwiisentimitha ezingama-32 ngonyaka. Kwindawo ejikeleze iLake Texcoco yangaphambili, kuquka iNezahualcóyotl, iChalco, kunye ne-Ecatepec, amathontsi arekhodwe afikelela... ukuhla kwe-45 ukuya kwi-50 centimeters ngonyaka.
I-NASA ikwagxile kwi Ángel de la IndependenciaIsikhumbuzo seNgqonyela, esinye sezona zikhumbuzo zibalaseleyo ePaseo de la Reforma, sakhiwa ngo-1910. Umhlaba ojikelezileyo uwile malunga neemitha ezili-10 kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Ukulungisa oku kuhla, kuye kongezwa amanyathelo kwisiseko sawo: namhlanje intsika imi phezu Amanyathelo ali-14 angaphezulu kunalawo akwindlela eyayiyilwe ngayo ekuqaleni, uphawu olubonakalayo lwendlela umhlaba wedolophu otshintshe ngayo njengoko umhlaba uguquka.
Ezinye iingongoma ezigxininisiweyo kwizifundo zakutshanje zezi Isikhululo seenqwelo-moya samazwe ngamazwe saseMexico City, yakhiwe kwindawo yechibi kufutshane neLake Nabor Carrillo, nakwiindawo zeLake Chalco. I-Risk Atlas yekomkhulu ibonisa ukuba umyinge wonyaka we-11 ukuya kwi-20 centimeters ungaphantsi, kunye namacandelo afikelela kwi-21 ukuya kwi-30 centimeters ngonyaka, ingakumbi empuma yeGustavo A. Madero, iVenustiano Carranza, iIztacalco kunye nenxalenye esemantla ye-Iztapalapa.
Uphando oluxhaswa yi-UNESCO lubonisa ukuba iipropati ezingaphezu kwama-457.000 kunye nabantu abamalunga ne-1,5 yezigidi Bahlala kwiindawo ezichazwe njengezinomngcipheko ophezulu okanye ophezulu kakhulu wokwaphuka komphezulu. Ezi ngxaki zibonakala ngokuba yimingxunya, umhlaba ongalinganiyo, ukwaphuka kwezindlu, kunye nendlela ephakamileyo, ekugqibeleni zibeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lwabahlali kunye nokusebenza kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo.
Izizathu: ii-aquifers ezisetyenziswe kakhulu kunye ne-chibi lakudala
Ingcambu yengxaki ikwindibaniselwano ye izinto zejoloji kunye nezigqibo zembali malunga nokuhlala emhlabeniISixeko saseMexico simi phezu kwenkqubo yamachibi entlambo yamandulo, kuquka amachibi afana neTexcoco, Xochimilco, kunye neChalco, awayesuswa amanzi kancinci ukususela kumaxesha obukoloniyali ukuze kudalwe umhlaba olimekayo. Ngaphantsi kwesi sixeko kukho iileya ezininzi zodongwe lwentaba-mlilo kunye nolwendalo, oluxineneyo kakhulu xa lulahlekelwa ngamanzi.
Phantsi kweemeko zendalo, ezi dongwe zagcina ulungelelwano lwendalo echibini ngaphandle kokudilika. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula okukhulu kwezixeko, ukuxinana kwabantu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kuye kwaphazamisa olu lungelelwano. ukumpompa okukhulu okuvela emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba Iyanciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluncede ekuxhaseni umhlaba, ukuze intlenga iqine phantsi kobunzima besixeko kunye nomxhuzulane, nto leyo ebangela ukuhla kancinci kancinci kumphezulu.
Le nkqubo iqiniswa ngakumbi kukwandiswa iindawo ezingangeni manzi —itela, ikhonkrithi, uphahla—, nto leyo ethintela amanzi emvula ukuba angangeni aze aphinde atshaje amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Okukhona amanzi engenelela kancinci, kokukhona isixeko sixhomekeke ekumpompeni amanzi anzulu ukuze sinike uluntu, nto leyo eqinisa ukwehla kwamanzi. Ngumjikelo onzima: isixeko sikhupha amanzi amaninzi kuba siyawadinga, kodwa oko kukhupha amanzi kukhawulezisa ukwehla kwamanzi kwaye konakalisa iziseko ezibalulekileyo.
Iingcali zejografi zichaza ukuba uninzi lwale nciphiso yongezeleka kwaye ayinakuguqulwaXa uxinzelelo olukhutshwa bubunzima bendawo yasezidolophini ludlula umda obizwa ngokuba yi-preconsolidation limit yodongwe, iileya zeminerali zomhlaba ziyawa kwaye zihlengahlengiswa ngokusisigxina. Nokuba ukukhutshelwa kwamanzi bekungaphela ngomso, uninzi lokwehla okusele kubhaliwe alunakuguqulwa: isixeko silahlekelwe ziimitha zokuphakama esingayi kuphinda sikufumane.
Isiphumo esisebenzayo kukuba ingxaki ayikokuphela nje kokuba yonke indawo yedolophu incipha ngeesentimitha ezimbalwa ngonyaka, kodwa kukuba Ayizizo zonke iindawo ezitshona ngesantya esifanayoLo mahluko udala uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi emhlabeni nakwizakhiwo ezakhiwe phezu kwawo, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukubonakala kwemifantu, ukuguquka kwemibhobho, ukuthambekela kwezakhiwo okanye utshintsho oluncinci kwindlela ezithambekele ngayo izitalato kunye nemijelo yokuhambisa amanzi.
Impembelelo kwiziseko zophuhliso, umngcipheko wokunyikima kunye nezikhukula
Ukuwa komhlaba kuyekile ukuba yinto nje enomdla kwi-geology kwaye kube yinto engaqhelekanga ingxaki yokhuseleko loluntu kunye neendleko eziphezulu zoqoqoshoUphononongo olucatshulwe ziindaba zoqoqosho zaseMexico luqikelela ukuba ukwehla kwamanzi kubangela umonakalo waminyaka le odlula i-67.000 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi—malunga ne-3.300 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi—kwiipayipi, kwiinethiwekhi zamanzi, kwiindlela zokuhamba, kwizakhiwo nakwimisebenzi efana neendlela kunye nemigca yeMetro.
Iingcali ezivela kwi-UNAM zithi amaziko aphantsi komhlaba Isengozini enkulu. Inethiwekhi yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza, abaqokeleli bemibhobho yamanzi okusela, kunye nemibhobho yamanzi okusela ifumana ukuguguleka okuqhubekayo kunye nokuqhekeka ngenxa yomhlaba ongalinganiyo. Kwiindawo ezifana neMetro Line A, okanye kwiindlela ezifana ne-Ignacio Zaragoza, izitebhisi, imingxunya yokuntywila, kunye neendawo ezifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo ngenxa yeziphumo zokuhlaliswa okwahlukileyo sele zifunyenwe.
Kwiindawo ezinje ngePeñón del Marques, kufutshane nesikhululo saseGuelatao, okanye iPeñón de los Baños, kufutshane nesikhululo seenqwelomoya, umntu unokujonga. iindlela eziphakamileyo, imingxunya ebonakalayo kunye nokungalingani okuphawulekayoOlu tshintsho, ludibene nobudala beziseko ezininzi, lunyusa iindleko zokulondolozwa kwendalo kwaye lunyusa amathuba okuba kubekho ukusilela kweendawo xa ukwehla komhlaba kudityaniswe neemvula ezinkulu okanye umsebenzi wokunyikima komhlaba.
Ukuntywiliselwa komhlaba kutshintsha nendlela umhlaba osabela ngayo iinyikimaNgokutshintsha iimpawu zoomatshini kunye nobukhulu be-strata ethambileyo, indlela amaza e-seismic akhuliswa ngayo okanye ancitshiswa ngayo utshintsho. Abaphandi be-geophysics balumkisile ukuba ezinye iindawo zekomkhulu zinokufumana ukunyikima okukhulu ngenxa yesiphumo esidibeneyo sohlobo lomhlaba kunye nokuguquguquka okuqokelelweyo, okongeza olunye ungqimba lomngcipheko kwisixeko esele sichatshazelwe ziinyikima.
Ukutshona kwamanzi kuyenza ibe nzima le ulawulo lwamanzi emvulaKwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zase-Iztapalapa naseNezahualcóyotl, abo banoxanduva lolawulo lwamanzi bachaze indlela amanzi angasahambi ngayo ukuya kwiinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi ezimiselweyo, ezifana nomsele waseXochiaca, kodwa endaweni yoko abuyela emakhaya ngenxa yotshintsho kwithambeka lomhlaba. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba kubekho izikhukula eziphindaphindayo ngexesha lemvula kwaye kwenza ukususwa kwamanzi kubize kakhulu kwiindawo ezinkulu zeNtlambo yaseMexico.
I-NISAR: i-radar yesithuba ebona utshintsho lwe-millimeter
Isathelayithi NISAR I-NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NASA-ISRO) inoxanduva lweemephu ezintsha zokutshona. Yaqaliswa ngoJulayi 30, 2025, evela eIndiya, yisathelayithi yokuqala ukudibanisa iiradar ezimbini zokwenziwa kwe-aperture kwiibhendi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka enye ibhendi ye-L ende enobude obudeyenzelwe ukungena nakwiindawo ezinezityalo ezixineneyo okanye umhlaba omanzi kakhulu, apho ezinye izixhobo zilahlekelwa khona kukuchaneka.
Ngomfanekiso we-antenna omalunga neemitha ezili-12 ububanzi, i-NISAR inako ukwenza oku jonga umphezulu woMhlaba kabini rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezili-12ukuvelisa uhlobo "lwefilimu" yendlela umhlaba oguquka ngayo. Indlela eyisebenzisayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-interferometry SAR (InSAR), ibandakanya ukuthelekisa iipere zemifanekiso yeradar ethathwe ngemihla eyahlukeneyo kunye nokuhlalutya utshintsho lwesigaba somqondiso ukuze kufunyanwe. ukufuduka komhlaba ngokomlinganiselo weemilimitha.
Kwimeko yeMexico City, i-NASA isebenzise indlela ecacileyo yokungena kwesi sixeko ukuze ilinganise kwaye iqinisekise ukusebenza kwesathelayithi. Umphandi u-Enrique Cabral Cano, ovela kwi-Institute of Geophysics e-UNAM, uchaze ukuba i-NISAR ithelekiswa ne ngokuqhubekayo besebenzisa izitishi zeGPS isasazwe kulo lonke ikomkhulu nakwezinye iindawo zelizwe. Olu luhlu lubini luvumela ukuqinisekiswa kokuba idatha yeradar ihambelana nomlinganiselo ozimeleyo emhlabeni.
Nangona iimaphu zokuqala zisabonisa iindawo ezithile ezimthubi nobomvu ezinokuhambelana ingxolo eseleyo kwiimilinganiseloOku kungaqiniseki kulindeleke ukuba kunciphe njengoko isathelayithi iqokelela amapasi amaninzi kwaye ii-algorithms zokucubungula ziphuculwa. Lo msebenzi wenzelwe ukusebenza iminyaka eliqela, ngaloo ndlela ubonelela ngothotho lwexesha oluxabisekileyo lokufunda kungekuphela nje ukuncipha eMexico, kodwa nakwezinye iinkqubo zejoloji kwihlabathi liphela.
Ukongeza ekuthotyweni kwezixeko, i-NISAR yinxalenye yenkqubo ebanzi Ukuqwalaselwa komhlaba Yenzelwe ukulandelela ukudilika komhlaba, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, ukuhamba kweplate ye-tectonic, ukunyibilika komkhenkce, kunye notshintsho kwi-biomass yehlathi, amandla ayo okusebenza imini nobusuku, ukungena emafini kunye nemvula, kuyenza ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokujonga okusingqongileyo kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko wotshintsho lwemozulu.
Umngeni wasezidolophini onezifundo kwezinye izixeko kwihlabathi liphela
Idatha ye-NISAR iqinisekisa ukuba ukucwila kweSixeko saseMexico akusosiganeko sodwa, kodwa yinto eyenzekileyo. inkqubo ende ethatha ixesha elingaphezu kweminyaka eli-120 inxulumene nendlela isixeko esifumana ngayo amanzi aso kunye nendlela esisebenzisa ngayo umhlaba waso. Iingcali zejografi ezivela kwi-UNAM zilumkisa ukuba, ukuba amanyathelo asisiseko awasetyenziswa, ezinye iindawo ezinezinga lokwehla kweesentimitha ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-40 ngonyaka, ezongezwe kubunzima bokwakhiwa okutsha kunye nengxaki yamanzi, zinokuba kunzima ukuhlala kuyo kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo.
Izikhumbuzo ezifana neNgelosi yoBukhosi, iMetropolitan Cathedral, kunye nePalace of Fine Arts sele zifuna ukungenelela okanye zibonakalise umonakalo othile onxulumene nokuguqulwa komhlaba. Isilumkiso esivela esibhakabhakeni ngoku sigxininisa imfuneko yokuba Ukucinga ngokutsha ngolawulo lwe-aquifer kunye nocwangciso lwedolophukunye nokusasaza eminye yemisebenzi kwiindawo ezingabuthathaka kakhulu.
Iingcali zigxininisa ukuba ukwehla akuyi kubuyiselwa umva, kodwa kunokwenzeka yehlisa isantya senkqubo kwaye unciphise umonakaloPhakathi kwamanyathelo acetywayo kukwahlukahlukana kwemithombo yamanzi—ngokukhuthaza ukunyangwa nokusetyenziswa kwakhona, okanye ngokusebenzisa ukudluliselwa kwamanzi okufundwe kakuhle—, ukuphucula ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi emvula ukuze kuphinde kugcwaliswe amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, ukukhuthaza iindawo ezinokuthi zingene esixekweni, kunye nokuyila iziseko zophuhliso ezenzelwe ukumelana nokuguquguquka okwahlukileyo.
Nangona ingqwalasela yangoku ikwikomkhulu laseMexico, imeko yokunqongophala kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba nayo iyayichaphazela ezinye izixeko ezinkulu kunye nemimandla yehlabathinjenge Isiqithi saseTangier siyanyamalala phantsi kwamanziOku kuquka izixeko zaseYurophu ezisasazeke kwiindawo ezikude okanye kwiindawo ezinamanzi. Uhlobo lokujonga olunikezelwa yi-NISAR lunokusetyenziswa kwezi ndawo, luvule ithuba lokudala uthungelwano lwesilumkiso kwangethuba olunokuchonga iindawo ezisengozini enkulu ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke iintsilelo ezinkulu.
KwiSixeko saseMexico, iimaphu ezintsha zendawo luhlobo lwe-X-reyi ehambayo: zibonisa indlela umhlaba oqhubeka ngayo uqhelana nenkumbulo yamachibi awo amandulo, ngelixa isixeko esinezigidi siqhelana nawo. phi, kangakanani kwaye ngesantya esingakanani umhlaba untywila Kuya kuba yimfuneko ekugqibeni ukuba yintoni ekufuneka iqiniswe, yintoni ekufuneka iguqulwe, kunye nento ekufuneka icwangciswe kwiminyaka ezayo, kokubini kwikomkhulu laseMexico nakwezinye izixeko ezineengozi ezifanayo.