Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i into emnyama Ibe yiphantom enkulu yecosmos: siyazi ukuba ikhona ngenxa yeziphumo zayo, kodwa akukho mtshina ukwazile ukuyibamba ngqo. Ngoku, uhlalutyo olutsha oluvela kwi-NASA yeFermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope ikhomba a umkhondo onokubakho ngokuthe ngqo waloo mba ungabonakaliyo, umqondiso onokutshintsha indlela esiyiqonda ngayo indalo.
Umsebenzi, okhokelwa nguNjingalwazi Tomonori TotaniUmphandi weYunivesithi yaseTokyo uthi imitha yegamma ethile ebonwa kumbindi weMilky Way ilingana noko bekulindelekile Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamasuntswana amnyama ethiyoriUphononongo, olupapashwe kwijenali yenzululwazi Ijenali yeCosmology kunye neAstroparticle PhysicsIbangele umdla omkhulu phakathi koluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe, kubandakanywa nolwaseYurophu, nangona lukhatshwa sisilumko esihle.
Ukususela ekukrokreleni kwiminyaka yee-30 ukuya kwisalathiso esinokwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo
Imbali ye into emnyama Yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1930, xa isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseSwitzerland uFritz Zwicky waqonda ukuba eminye iminyele yayihamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunobunzima bayo obubonakalayo. Ezo izantya zazinengqiqo kuphela ukuba kukho a oko kuya kunika ubunzima obungakumbi
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uqikelelo lwe-cosmological lwaqinisa umfanekiso ophazamisayo: Kuphela yi-5% yendalo yonke eyenziwe yinto eqhelekileyoUkukhanya kweenkwenkwezi, izijikelezi-langa, okanye abantu nako kubalulekile. Malunga ne-27% yinto emnyama, kwaye malunga ne-68% ibalelwa kumandla amnyama, eyona nto inzima kakhulu. Kananjalo ayinakujongwa ngokuthe ngqo ngokukhanya.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yonke into eyaziwayo malunga nobumnyama yavela imilinganiselo engathanga ngqoIndlela okuphembelela ngayo ukujikeleza kweminyele, indlela ekumisela ngayo ukuma kwamaqela, okanye indlela ekuguqulela ngayo ukuhamba kweenkwenkwezi kwimijikelo yazo. Nangona kunjalo, uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo lwalusafuneka: ukufunyanwa kwayo nayiphi na isignali ehambelana namasuntswana ayo asisiseko.
Ingxaki enkulu kukuba, ngokweemodeli, la masuntswana akanxibelelani kakuhle namandla ombane: Abafaki, ababonakalisi kwaye Azikhuphi ukukhanyaNgokwezinto ezisebenzayo, azibonakali kwiiteleskopu eziqhelekileyo, ezenze zaba zezona ntsonkotha ziqhubekayo zefiziksi yanamhlanje, nakumaqela ophando aseYurophu azinikele kwi-astrophysics enamandla kakhulu.
Ingqikelelo ye-WIMP kunye nokukhangela umnwe we-gamma-ray
Enye yeethiyori ezinempembelelo kakhulu iphakamisa ukuba i-dark matter yenziwe amasuntswana asebenzisanayo abuthathakaEzi zaziwa ngegama elithi WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). Ziya kuba nzima kuneproton, kodwa ziphantse zingathinteki kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, ngaphandle komxhuzulane kunye nokusebenzisana okubuthathaka.
Iimodeli zethiyori zibonisa ukuba, Xa ii-WIMP ezimbini zidibana, zinokutshabalalisana. nokuguqula ubunzima bayo bube ngamanye amasuntswana, kuquka neefoton ze-gamma-ray ezinamandla akhethekileyo. Le "signature yamandla" yaba ngumkhondo wokulandela: ukuba ubuninzi bemitha ye-gamma enamandla afanelekileyo ibonwa esibhakabhakeni, kunye nokusasazwa kwendawo ehambelana nomba omnyama, inokuba yiminwe yayo.
Ngenxa yeso sizathu, imimandla apho kulindeleke [okungacacanga] ibekw’ esweni kangangeminyaka. ukuxinana okuphezulu kwezinto ezimnyama, ngakumbi iziko leMilky Way kunye ne iminyele emincinane ukujikeleza okusingqongileyo. Iiprojekthi ezininzi ziqalisiwe zisuka eYurophu, zombini zineteleskopu ye-gamma-ray esekwe emhlabeni kunye nezixhobo zokubona ezingaphantsi komhlaba ezizama ukubamba iimpembelelo ezithe ngqo zamasuntswana ezinto ezimnyama.
Ngaphandle kweenzame zokujonga kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya nezixhobo ezinkulu zaseYurophu, iziphumo azikho: Akukho lingelo liphumelele umqondiso ogqibeleleyoKwakukho izibonakaliso, ukuguquguquka, kunye ne-anomalies, kodwa akukho nto idlula i-bar yokuqinisekiswa kwamanani okufunwa yi-particle physics.
Idatha yeteleskopu yeFermi kunye nomqondiso we-20 GeV
Ukuguquka kuza kunye nohlalutyo lweyona datha yamva nje ukusuka I-Fermi Gamma Ray iTelesikophu yesiThuba ukusuka kwiNASA, isixhobo esenzelwe ukuzingela ezona fotoni zinamandla esibhakabhakeni. UTotani uphonononge ngocoselelo ezo rekhodi kunye namabango ukuba achongile imitha ye-gamma enamandla asondele kuma-20 egigaelectronvolts (GeV) ezisasazwe kwimilo yehalo kumbindi weMilky Way.
Ngokophononongo, esi sakhiwo sehalo singqamana noko kuqikelelwa ziimodeli. ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ezimnyama kumnyele wethu. Umqondiso awubonakali ugxininise kwindawo enye, njengoko kuya kwenzeka kumthombo ozimeleyo, kodwa usasazwe ngendlela ehambelana nomthamo omkhulu wamasuntswana amnyama kumbindi wengingqi.
Ukongeza, i I-spectrum yamandla eefotoni ezichongiweyo Oku kulungelelaniswa nokulindelweyo ekutshatyalalisweni kwee-WIMP ezinobunzima obumalunga nama-500 ubukhulu kunobo beproton. Ngaphaya koko, ukuphindaphindwa okuqikelelweyo koku kutshabalalisa kuhlala kuphakathi koluhlu olwamkelekileyo ngokwethiyori, luqinisa ukulingana phakathi koqwalaselo kunye neemodeli.
Kwinqaku labo, iqela liphikisa ukuba umqondiso Ayicaciswa lula ngeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-astrophysicalnjengokusebenza kwe-pulsar, iintsalela ze-supernova, okanye ukusasaza ukukhutshwa kwemitha ye-cosmic. Oku kungangqinelani kunye neengcaciso eziqhelekileyo yinto eyenza ukuba ukufunyanwa kube ngumqondiso othe ngqo wento emnyama.
Umsebenzi ubandakanya itafile kunye neeparamitha eziphambili zokuqwalaselwa: i amandla efotoni ye-20 GeVUkusasazwa kwe-halo malunga neziko le-galactic, ukutolikwa ngokwemiqathango ye-WIMP yokutshabalalisa, kunye nobunzima obusondeleyo bala masuntswana, malunga namaxesha angama-500 amakhulu kunolo lweproton, zonke zibonakaliswe kumxholo wokupapashwa kwazo. Ijenali yeCosmology kunye neAstroparticle Physics, enye yeejenali eziphambili kwi-cosmology kunye ne-astroparticles.
Kutheni kukho intetho ngokujonga okunokwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo kokuqala?
Kwinqaku ngokwalo nakwiingxelo ezilandelayo, uTotani uye wahambela phambili ngokubonisa ukuba, ukuba utoliko lwakhe luchanekile, Esi iya kuba sisihlandlo sokuqala uluntu “lubona” izinto ezimnyamaBekungayi kuba ngumcimbi nje wokubona ubukho bazo ngomxhuzulane, kodwa kukujonga imitha eyaya kuthi amasuntswana azo ayivelise ekutshatyalalisweni.
Ingcali yefiziksi igxininisa ukuba lo mqondiso uya kwalatha iqhekeza elitsha elingeyonxalenye yemodeli eqhelekileyo yefiziksi yamasuntswana, isakhelo sethiyori esichaza ngokuchanekileyo kakhulu yonke into esiyaziyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku malunga nehlabathi le-suatomic. Ukuquka izinto ezimnyama kweso sikhokelo kuya kufuna ukuba kuhlaziywe kwaye kwandiswe ithiyori yangoku.
Kwi-cosmology, ukuqinisekiswa okunjalo kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo: kuya kuvumela ukulungelelanisa ngcono ukusasazwa kwezinto kwindalo yonkeUkuqonda ngakumbi indlela iminyele ehlangana ngayo kunye nokucacisa ukuba kutheni izakhiwo ze-cosmic zinemilo esiyibonayo namhlanje.
Ngokucacileyo, umqondiso ofana nalowo uchaziweyo wawuya kunika amaqela abukeleyo—kuquka intlangano yaseYurophu yeeteleskopu zegamma-ray—a entsha, injongo ethe ngqo: khangela isignesha efanayo yamandla kwezinye iindawo ezityebileyo kwizinto ezimnyama ukujonga ukuba iphethini efanayo iyaphindwa.
UTotani, nangona kunjalo, ugxininisa ukuba umphumo uhlala u- isalathiso, hayi ubungqina obubambekayoUmqondiso uhambelana nethiyori, kodwa nawuphi na omnye umthombo onokubakho wemitha ye-gamma kummandla ohlalutyiweyo usafuna ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle.
Isilumkiso soluntu lwenzululwazi kunye nendima yeYurophu
Njengoko kudla ngokuba njalo kwizibhengezo ezinokutshintsha iincwadi zezifundo, indlela abasabela ngayo kwezinye iingcali ibe ngumxube womdla kunye nesilumkiso. UTotani ngokwakhe uyayivuma loo nto Iziphumo zabo mazingqinwe ngokuzimeleyo kwanokuba ingcaciso yayo ayiluvali ngokupheleleyo ucango kwezinye iingcaciso zemvelaphi yeenkwenkwezi.
Omnye wemigca ethathwa njengento ephambili kukuphinda ukukhangela a umqondiso ofanayo kwiminyele emincinane ukusuka kwihalo ye-Milky Way. Le minyele mincinci, ijikeleza eyethu, ingabaviwa abafanelekileyo kuba kucingelwa ukuba iqulethe izinto ezininzi ezimnyama ukanti ivelisa “ingxolo” ye-gamma-ray kuneziko legalaksi eliphithizelayo.
Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi UJustin Funda, evela kwiYunivesithi yaseSurrey (eUnited Kingdom), uye wakhumbula ukuba kude kube ngoku Akukho miqondiso icacileyo ifunyenweyo kwiminyele emincinane eziqinisekisa ukubhangiswa kwe-WIMP, into ethi, ngokoluvo lwakhe, ingqubane nokutolika okugqithisileyo kwesiphumo esitsha. Isikhundla sakhe asikuphiki ukufaneleka komsebenzi, kodwa ugxininisa ukuba intsimi idinga ubungqina obuvala nayiphi na imingxuma yeenkcazo ezizezinye.
Uvela kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon, uNjingalwazi Kinwah Wu Ugxininise umqobo wokuba ukufumanisa okunjalo kufuneka kucace: utsho ukuba "Ibango elingaqhelekanga lifuna ubungqina obungaqhelekanga" Kwaye oko, okwangoku, uhlalutyo alufikeleli kwelo nqanaba lokuqiniseka. Nangona kunjalo, uthatha isifundo njengesivuseleli esibalulekileyo kwabo baphanda umcimbi omnyama ovela eYurophu nakwamanye amazwekazi.
Amaqela aseYurophu asebenza kwiiteleskopu ezinamandla kakhulu, njengeeprojekthi ezinxulumene nekamva I-Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA)Bazilandela ngokusondeleyo ezi ntlobo zemiqondiso. Ukwenzela bona, umkhondo onokwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo wento emnyama Imele injongo ephambili yokujongwa kule minyaka izayo, kwiziko legalaksi nakumaqela eminyele kunye neesathelayithi ezincinci.
Yintoni eseleyo ukuba ihlolwe kwaye yintoni enokuthi ilandele
Enye yeengongoma eziphambili kukucacisa ukuba ingaba i-signal ye-20 GeV inokuchazwa ngayo imithombo eyaziwayo ye-astrophysicalUmbindi weMilky Way ngummandla ontsonkothileyo, one-supernovae yamandulo, iipulsars, iijethi ezinamandla amakhulu, kunye nemitha yemitha ebukhali yangasemva, zonke zivelisa iifotoni ezenza nzima kakhulu ukutolika.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abaphandi bagxininisa ukuba ukwandisa uhlalutyo kwezinye, iindawo ezingqongileyo ezingenangxolo encinciIzinto ezifana neminyele emincinane ejikeleze i-Milky Way iya kubaluleka ekomelezeni okanye ekwenzeni buthathaka ingcamango yomba omnyama. Ukuba ugqithiso lwemitha ye-gamma ngamandla alindelekileyo kunye nokuhanjiswa kufunyenwe kwezi zinto, impikiswano yengcaciso esekwe kwi-WIMP iya kufumana amandla amakhulu.
Ukuqinisekiswa kuya kufuna zombini amaphulo oqwalaselo amatsha njengeendlela zohlalutyo ezisulungekileyo, ezikwazi ukwahlula ngokucocekileyo ngakumbi umqondiso wezinto ezimnyama ezinokubakho kwezinye izinto ezikhutshwayo. Kulo mxholo, intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko ophando eJapan, eYurophu nakwamanye amazwe iya kubaluleka.
Ngeli xesha, iithiyori zisebenza kunye nokuba kungenzeka ukuba isuntswana elinoxanduva lomcimbi omnyama, enyanisweni, luhlobo lweWIMP enobunzima ngokomyalelo we. Ngama-500 amaxesha eprotonUkuba kuqinisekisiwe, i-particle physics iya kunyanzeliswa ukuba yandise iModeli ePhakathi ukuze ifake eli qumrhu litsha.
Nangona okwangoku yonke into ihlala ikwindawo enokwenzeka, umbono wokuba Sinokujonga umkhondo wokuqala othe ngqo wento emnyama Oku kuphawula inguquko: uphando lwendalo iphela luyayeka ukusekwa ngokukodwa ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo okanye ukwahluka kwayo okwaziwayo kwaye iqalisa ukuthembela kumzila ochuliweyo wamandla onokutyhila into ebifihliwe kude kube ngoku.