Ukuba unomdla kwi-astronomy nakwi-physics mhlawumbi uvile ngemithetho kaKepler amatyeli amaninzi. Le mithetho ebeka isindululo seeplanethi ezijikeleze iLanga kwi ISistema Solar Baqulunqwa sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nesayensi yezibalo UJohannes kepler. Yayilutshintsho olukhulu olwalunceda ukuqonda amandla weeplanethi ezijikeleze iLanga kunye nokufunda okungakumbi malunga nendalo iphela.
Kule posi siza kukuxelela ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu ngobomi bukaJohannes Kepler kunye nakho konke ukufumanisa kwakhe. Uyakwazi ukulazi igalelo kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi.
I-Biography
Uzalelwe eWürtemberg, eJamani, ngo-1571, abazali bakhe ngabo ababemenza abe nomdla kuyo yonke into enxulumene nesayensi yeenkwenkwezi. Ngelo xesha ithiyori yelanga yenziwe ngu UNicolaus Copernicus ke bekufuneka kuphela ukuba wazi ngakumbi malunga nokuhamba kweeplanethi zijikeleze iLanga.
Ngeminyaka eli-9 ubudala, utata kaKepler wamenza ukuba abukele ukusithwa kwelanga yinyanga kwaye wayenokubona ukuba inyanga ibonakala ngathi ibomvu kangakanani. Phakathi kweminyaka eli-9 ukuya kweli-11 ubudala, wayesebenza emasimini. Kwakukho ngo-1589 xa wangena kwiYunivesithi yaseTübingen. Wayekwazi ukufunda i-ethics, dialectics, rhetoric, Greek, Hebrew and astronomy. Inxalenye eyamnika eyona nto wayeyithanda kakhulu yayiyinkwenkwezi kwaye, ekugqibeleni, yayilubizo lwakhe.
Utata wakhe waya emfazweni kwaye akazange ambone kwakhona ebomini bakhe. Inkcazo yethiyoriyoriyiyali yayigcinelwe abafundi abagqwesileyo. Nangona yayichasene nesayensi yokwenyani, abanye abafundi ababengagqibelelanga bafundiswa ithiyori yelizwe eyilwe nguPtolemy. Nangona kwakungekho ngqiqweni ukuveza iingcinga ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye, yile nto yenziwayo ukwahlula abafundi abagqwesileyo abafanele ukwazi "inyani" kunye nabanye abazinzileyo kwiingcinga ezingasemva.
UKepler wayeqeqeshwa njengoCopernican kwaye wayeqinisekile ngalo lonke ixesha ngobunyani bethiyori. Xa wayefuna ukuba ngumfundisi wamaLuthere, weva ukuba isikolo samaProtestanti saseGraz sasifuna utitshala wezibalo. Kulapho waqala khona ukusebenza ngo-1594. Kwiminyaka eliqela wapapasha ii-almanacs ezazichaza ngokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi.
Kunikezelwa kwi-astronomy
Uninzi lobomi bukaJohannes Kepler babunikezelwa ukuqonda imithetho elawula ukushukuma kweplanethi. Ekuqaleni, xa wayeqala izifundo zakhe, wayecinga ukuba iiplanethi kunye neentshukumo zazo kufuneka zigcine ukuvumelana kwemithetho kaPythagoras okanye umculo wamacandelo ezulu.
Kwibalo lakhe wazama ukubonisa ukuba umgama phakathi koMhlaba kunye neLanga wawenziwe ngamanqanaba ama-6 awayefakwe emva komnye. La macandelo mathandathu zezi ziqulathe ezinye iiplanethi eziyi-6, ngelo xesha, kuphela iMercury, iVenus, uMhlaba, iMars, iJupiter, kunye neSaturn ezazisaziwa.
Emva kwexesha ngo-1596, wabhala incwadi apho wabeka khona izimvo zakhe. Incwadi yaziwa njenge "Imfihlakalo yeCosmic." Ngo-1600, wavuma ukusebenzisana naye UTycho Brahe osete eyaba lelona ziko libalaseleyo lokujonga ngelo xesha. Eli ziko lalibizwa ngokuba yiBenatky Castle kwaye lalikufutshane nasePrague.
UTycho Brahe wayenedatha yokujonga kunye neyona ichanekileyo yokujonga iiplanethi ngelo xesha. Ngapha koko, kwinqanaba lokuchaneka, ibetha idatha eyayiphethwe nguCopernicus ngokwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ukwabelana ngedatha kunganceda kakhulu ekusebenzisaneni kokubini, UTycho akafuni kwabelana ngale datha intle noKepler. Sele elukhukweni lokufa, wavuma ukunika le datha kuKepler, eyabonisa yonke idatha kwimijikelezo yeplanethi yeminyaka apho wayeqokelela ulwazi kwaye efunda ngayo.
Ngolu lwazi luchanekileyo njengoko uJohannes Kepler wakwaziyo ukujonga ezona zijikelezi-langa zeeplanethi ezazisaziwa ngelo xesha kunye nokucacisa imithetho kaKepler kamva.
Imithetho kaJohannes Kepler
Ngo-1604 wabona i-supernova kwi-Milky Way kamva Yabizwa ngokuba yinkwenkwezi kaKepler. Akukho supernova iye yabonwa emva kwale kumnyele wethu.
Kuba uyilo lukaTycho lwalulunge ngakumbi kwiplanethi enguMars, yile nto yenze uKepler wakuqonda oko Imijikelezo yeeplanethi yayingeyiyo isetyhula kodwa yayiyindilinga. Akakwazanga ukwamkela ukuba uThixo akakhange abeke iiplanethi ngegeometry elula ngaphandle kweelliptical. Ekugqibeleni, emva kokufunda okuninzi, wakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingcinga ezihamba nee-elliptical zisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo. Le yindlela yokuzalwa komthetho wokuqala kaKepler, othi "Iiplanethi zichaza intshukumo ye-elliptical ejikeleze iLanga, eyokugqibela ikwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo i-ellipse»
Oku yayikukuxhuma kunye nokuvela kwindalo ngeenkwenkwezi, apho iinyani zaziza ngaphambili kweminqweno yokuba uThixo wadala indalo iphela. UKepler wayejonga nje idatha kwaye enze izigqibo malunga nezinto ngaphandle kokucinga kwangaphambili. Nje ukuba achaze ukuhamba kweeplanethi, ngoku yayilixesha lokufumanisa ukuba sisiphi isantya ababehamba ngaso ezindleleni zabo. Ngale ndlela weza kumthetho wesibini kaKepler othi " Iiplanethi, kuhambo lwazo ngokudlula ellipse, zitshayela iindawo ezilinganayo ngexesha elinye«.
Ixesha elide, le mithetho mibini inokuqinisekiswa kwezinye iiplanethi. Into esahlala isaziwa bubudlelwane phakathi komgaqo weeplanethi kunye nenye. Emva kweminyaka eliqela yokusebenza, ukuqaphela kunye nokubala, wafumanisa umthetho wesithathu kwaye obaluleke kakhulu olawula intshukumo yeplanethi kwaye uthi " Isikwere samaxesha eeplanethi siyalingana kwityhubhu yomgama wabo ophakathi kweLanga«. Lo mthetho wesithathu ngowona unzima kwaye ucacisa kwaye wabizwa ngokuba ngumthetho weharmonic. Ngale nto kunokwenzeka ukudibanisa, ukuqikelela kunye nokuqonda okungcono ukuhamba kweenkwenkwezi kwiNkqubo yeLanga.
Njengoko ubona, uJohannes Kepler wayenolwazi olubanzi ngendalo eseleyo namhlanje.
Imithetho kaKepler yafunyanwa, ayiyilwe