Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kubangela izinto ezimangalisayo kwiplanethi yonke, kuquka nemeko eyothusayo yoLwandle lweCaspian. Ulwandle lweCaspian lolona mzimba mkhulu wamanzi alulwelo ibekwe ngaphakathi emhlabeni, kunye nommandla omalunga ne-371,000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi, eli chibi likhulu ngokucothayo kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe liba ngumphunga. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, le nto ibangele inkxalabo ekhulayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala kunye ne-ecosystem exhomekeke emanzini ayo.
Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ahambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ukuba uLwandle lweCaspian lube nelahleko yamanzi engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Apha ngezantsi, siza kuwuphonononga nzulu lo mba, iziphumo zawo, kunye nento eyenziwayo ukulungisa ingxaki yoLwandle lweCaspian kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Isifundo kuLwandle lweCaspian
Amanqanaba amanzi kuLwandle lweCaspian yehle phantse ngeesentimitha ezisi-7 ngonyaka ukusuka ku-1996 ukuya ku-2015, eqokelela ukuhla okupheleleyo malunga ne-1.5 yeemitha. Okwangoku, inqanaba loLwandle lweCaspian liyimitha nje eyi-1 ngaphezu kwenqanaba lembali eliphantsi, elifike ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 ngenxa yokwanda kwamaqondo obushushu omoya phezu kwamanzi, okuye kwanda malunga ne-1 degree Celsius phakathi ko-1979-1995 kunye no-1996-2015.
Uphononongo, olwenziwa ngabaphandi baseJamani nabaseDatshi, bagqibe kwelokuba uLwandle lweCaspian lusaqhubeka nokuba nengxaki yokusingqongileyo ebonisa imingcipheko eyandileyo eyayanyaniswa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Le mingcipheko iyothusa, njengoko inqanaba lamanzi liqikelelwa ukuba lihle phakathi kwe-9 kunye ne-18 yeemitha ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane, kuxhomekeke kwi-greenhouse gas ekhutshwayo kunye nokunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi, unokuba nomdla kwinqaku lethu imo iyatshintsha.
Iziphumo zobushushu bomhlaba
Imiphumo yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu okubangelwa kukufudumala kwehlabathi kubangela ilahleko eyothusayo yomthamo kweli chibi lamanzi anetyuwa kwaye inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokuncipha kweentlobo zendalo ezihlala kula manzi ukutyhubela iminyaka.
ULwandle lweCaspian, olungqonge iintlanga ezintlanu (iAzerbaijan, i-Iran, iKazakhstan, iRashiya neTurkmenistan), iqulethe intabalala yemithombo yendalo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphawulekayo. Ikwangumthombo obalulekileyo wokuloba kumazwe angabamelwane. Ngoko ke, ukuncipha kumanqanaba ayo amanzi iya kuba neziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neelwandle zehlabathi ezijongene neengxaki ezifanayo zokusingqongileyo kwinqaku lethu iilwandle zehlabathi.
I-ikhosistim inkulu kwaye yahlukene njengoLwandle lweCaspian ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengendawo yokuhlala yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle, kodwa ikwabonelela ngokuphila kwizigidi zabantu. Ukunyamalala kwamanzi kuya kuchaphazela ngqo ubutyebi bokuloba, kubangele ukungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo kwabo baxhomekeke kulo msebenzi. Oku kubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda indlela imozulu esebenza ngayo kwiilwandle namachibi kwiimeko ezinje, njengoko kukhankanyiwe kwinqaku lethu elithi. iilwandle neelwandle.
Kuyothusa ukubona indlela ubushushu behlabathi obunokutshintsha ngayo ulwandle obelukho eMhlabeni kangangezigidi zeminyaka, kwaye njani, kwimiba yeenkulungwane, ezinokunyamalala. Esi siphumo siya kugxininiswa yimiba yabantu, efana nongcoliseko kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bayo. Indibaniselwano yezi mpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kudala imeko engazinzanga efuna ingqwalasela ekhawulezileyo.
Iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo nezentlalo zoqoqosho
Ukuthotywa komphakamo wamanzi oLwandle lweCaspian kuya kuba nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo kunye nezoqoqosho. Impembelelo kwintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo yenye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo. Iintlobo ezihlala zikho njengeCaspian seal kunye ne-sturgeon, ezibonelela nge-caviar, zisengozini ngenxa yokuncipha kwendawo yazo yendalo. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nentlekele yoLwandle lweCaspian, ungajonga inqaku lethu uLwandle lweCaspian.
Ukuhla okumangalisayo komgangatho wamanzi kuya kuchaphazela imimandla eselunxwemeni, eyimfuneko kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezifudukayo kunye nokuzala iintlanzi zendalo. Uphando lucebisa ukuba I-ecosystem yoLwandle lweCaspian, esele iphantsi koxinzelelo lokungcoliseka kunye nokuxhaphazwa ngokugqithisileyo, inokuphazamiseka ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqonda ngcono ijografi ejikeleze uLwandle lweCaspian, unokujonga inqaku lethu umzobo.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuloba, okungumthombo obalulekileyo wokutya nengqesho kwizigidi zabantu kulo mmandla, kuya kuchaphazeleka. Ukuncipha kokufumaneka kweentlanzi kunokukhokelela ekwehleni kokhuseleko lokutya, nto leyo edala ukungavisisani phakathi koluntu oluxhomekeke kobu butyebi. Ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kolunye ulwandle kunye nolwandle kunokubonelela ngezifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga nolawulo oluzinzileyo, njengoko unokufunda kwinqaku lethu.
Iimpembelelo zentlalo nezoqoqosho ziya kunabela ngaphaya kokuloba. Icandelo lezokhenketho nelolonwabo nalo liza kujongana neenguqu ezimandla, ngokunjalo noqoqosho lwamazwe aselunxwemeni, athembele kakhulu kubutyebi boLwandle lweCaspian. Iziseko ezingundoqo ezingaselunxwemeni ziya kuphelelwa lixesha, namazibuko angasetyenziswa, kwaye izivumelwano ezitsha zamalungelo okuloba nokufikelela kwimithombo yobutyebi bendalo ziya kufuneka.
Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nemithombo yendalo
ULwandle lweCaspian yinkqubo yendalo eyohlukeneyo, ikhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezikhethekileyo. Ilahleko yeendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle ngenxa yokuhla komgangatho wamanzi kunokukhokelela ekutshabalaleni kwezinto ezininzi eziphilayo eziye zavela kangangamawaka eminyaka kule meko izimeleyo. Ngokukodwa, i-Caspian seal, exhomekeke kumkhenkce wolwandle ngokuzala, ijongene nekamva elingaqinisekanga njengoko amaqondo obushushu enyuka kunye neepateni zomkhenkce ziguquka.
Ukunyamalala kweendawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni akumelanga a ilahleko yendalo, kodwa ikwasisisongelo kwimpilo yabantu abayiwaka lesigidi abaxhomekeke kushishino lokuloba, amanzi okusela nakwiinkonzo zenkqubo yendalo enikelwa leli chibi likhulu. ICaviar, imveliso yobunewunewu evela kwi-sturgeon yoLwandle lweCaspian, inokunqongophala, nto leyo eyenza le meko ibuthathaka ngakumbi kushishino lokuloba. Ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi malunga ne-caviar, unokujonga inqaku lethu iilwandle.
Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ukulahleka kweoksijini emanzini ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunokukhokelela kuhlengahlengiso olupheleleyo lwenkqubo yendalo yaselwandle, ebeka emngciphekweni ubomi obuye baqhelana nala manzi kuyo yonke imbali. Indalo engaselunxwemeni, ebalulekileyo ekufukameni nasekukhuleni kweentlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi, isengozini yokulahlekelwa ngamanzi nongcoliso.
Oku kuphakamisa iinkxalabo zempilo yoluntu kwaye kunokukhokelela kwiingxabano zemithombo phakathi kwamazwe ajikeleze uLwandle lweCaspian. Olu ngquzulwano lungenziwa mandundu kukunqongophala kwesimo esicacileyo somthetho solawulo nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi okwabelwana ngaso phakathi kwezizwe ezigudle unxweme. Kubalulekile ukuba amazwe aselunxwemeni asebenzisane kulawulo oluzinzileyo lobutyebi bamanzi.
Ukunciphisa nokuziqhelanisa
Ukunciphisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokwehla kwinqanaba loLwandle lweCaspian kuzisa imingeni emininzi efana namanye amachibi kunye nolwandle kwihlabathi jikelele. Umzekelo:
- Ihlabathi vs. yendawoUkuhla komgangatho wamanzi kubangelwa ikakhulu yimiba yehlabathi, kodwa iziphumo zengingqi kunye neendawo.
- Umsantsa wokuqondaKukho ukunqongophala kolwazi phakathi kwabachaphazelekayo malunga nobuzaza bale ngxaki. Kukho ukunqongophala kolawulo kumanqanaba ezizwe ngezizwe, kuzwelonke nakwimimandla ukuze kuphunyezwe amanyathelo ohlengahlengiso.
- Ukunqongophala kwezifundoKukho uphando olungonelanga kwimingcipheko kunye nobuthathaka be-ecosystems kunye noqoqosho lwengingqi ngokunxulumene nokwehla kwinqanaba loLwandle lweCaspian.
- Ukuthambekela kokuthemba kwesithuba: Uluntu olwahlukeneyo lwaselunxwemeni kunye namazwe anokubona ukuba abachatshazelwa kukuhla komphakamo wolwandle njengamanye.
Ukunqongophala kokwazisa koluntu kunye nezopolitiko kukwanabela kwiinguqu zehlabathi ezichaphazela amachibi kunye nolwandle, oluqhutywa kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Iindawo ezininzi zamanzi e-Asiya, e-Afrika, nase-Amerika zibonakaliswe ukuba zehla kakhulu kumanqanaba abo ngenxa yembalela ebangelwa yimozulu kunye noxinzelelo lwabantu.
Imeko kuLwandle lweCaspian lukhwelo lokuvusa imfuno engxamisekileyo yokujongana nengxaki yemozulu. Intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ibalulekile kungekuphela nje ekugcinweni kobutyebi bamanzi, kodwa nasekuzinzeni kwezentlalo noqoqosho lwezigidi zabantu abaxhomekeke kuLwandle lweCaspian. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngokubaluleka kweelwandle e-Asia, jonga inqaku lethu iilwandle zaseAsia.
Kulo mxholo, intshukumo ehlangeneyo phakathi kwamazwe amahlanu abelana ngoLwandle lweCaspian ibalulekile ekuphuhliseni nasekulungelelaniseni izicwangciso-qhinga zokuziqhelanisa nokunciphisa. Amanyathelo kufuneka ajongane nokuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokuphuculwa kolawulo kunye nentsebenziswano enqumla imida.
Iinkcukacha-manani ezixhalabisayo kunye noqikelelo lwexesha elizayo
Uqikelelo lokuhla kwamaqondo oLwandle lweCaspian luyothusa. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amanqanaba amanzi angehla nge-9 ukuya kwi-18 yeemitha phantsi kweemeko zokukhutshwa kwamanzi aphakathi ukuya phezulu ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza imingcipheko ephinda intlekele efana naleyo yoLwandle lwe-Aral, eye yabona indawo yayo yancitshiswa ibe ngaphantsi kwe-10% yobukhulu bayo bangaphambili.
Uphononongo lwezeNzululwazi, kubandakanywa nezo ziqhutywa yi-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, zilumkisa ukuba amachibi e-endorheic afana noLwandle lweCaspian asengozini kakhulu. Lo mkhwa uqhutywa kukulungelelana okucekeceke phakathi kwamanzi aqukuqelayo echibini kunye namanzi aphumayo abe ngumphunga, nto leyo epheliswa kukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ukuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo kwezi ndlela kubalulekile ekuqondeni ingxaki yoLwandle lweCaspian kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Ukwehla kwemvula kunye nokwanda kokunyuka komphunga, okudityaniswa nolawulo lwabantu, kukhokelela ekunyamalaleni kwenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo emhlabeni. Kubalulekile ukuba oorhulumente kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe bakuqonde ukungxamiseka kwale ngxaki kwaye benze ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukudibanisa amandla kubalulekile. Kucacile ukuba ingqwalasela eyaneleyo kunye nendawo iye yanikezelwa kumbandela wokuhla kwamanzi oLwandle lweCaspian kwiingxelo zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neziphakamiso. Ngamanyathelo afanelekileyo kunye nentsebenziswano, kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kweli chibi likhethekileyo, kukhuselwe zombini izinto eziphilayo kunye nokuphila kakuhle koluntu oluxhomekeke kulo.
Ikamva loLwandle lweCaspian lisesichengeni, yaye izigqibo esizenzayo namhlanje ziya kugqiba enoba obu butyebi bendalo bubalulekileyo bunokuphila kusini na kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.