La umgangatho womoya e-Ethiopia Iye yaba ngomnye wemiba ephambili yemekobume yeli lizwe, ngakumbi leyo yekomkhulu layo, iAddis Ababa. Nangona ingazange ibonwe iminyaka, ungcoliseko lomoya ngoku yingxaki yezempilo yoluntu echaphazela izigidi zabantu, ngakumbi abo banezifo zokuphefumla okanye zentliziyo, abantwana, abantu abadala kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo.
Namhlanje sinalo Ukwanda kwedatha eneenkcukacha malunga nomoya abantu abaphefumla e-EthiopiaLa manani avela kwiiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neSalathiso soMgangatho woMoya weHlabathi okanye amaqonga okubeka iliso aphezulu afana ne-IQAir kunye nezisombululo zobuchwepheshe kwizixeko ezikrelekrele. Nangona kunjalo, ezi datha zinee-nuances ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqondwe, kwaye emva kwenani ngalinye kukho inyani yemihla ngemihla ephawulwe yi-traffic, ukutshiswa kwe-biomass, uthuli oluphuma emoyeni, kunye nemikhwa yenkcubeko emiliselwe ngokunzulu.
Umgangatho womoya e-Ethiopia kunye ne-Addis Ababa: imeko yangoku
Kwimeko ethile ye-Addis Ababa, i Umgangatho womoya uthathwa njengongenampilo kumaqela abuthathaka ngeentsuku ezininzi unyaka wonke. Njengesikhokelo, ngomhla wereferensi efana no-Agasti 6, i-2025, i-Air Quality Index (AQI) ye-147 yabhalwa, ixabiso eliwela kwicandelo "elingenampilo kumaqela abuthathaka" ngokwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Isitshixo kwesi salathiso silele ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into kwi ugxininiso lwamasuntswana amahle PM2.5Ugxininiso lomba wesuntswana lafikelela malunga ne-54,2 µg/m³ eAddis Ababa ngalo mhla. Eli nqanaba lingaphezulu kakhulu kwixabiso lesikhokelo soMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) wokuvuleleka kweeyure ezingama-24, ebekwe kwi-15 µg/m³. Lo mahluko uthetha ukuba abantu abasesichengeni banokuba neempawu zokuphefumla, ukuba mandundu kweemeko ebezikho ngaphambili, okanye amathuba aphezulu okufuna ukhathalelo olungxamisekileyo.
Idatha eqokelelwe ngamaqonga afana ne-IQAir ibonisa ukuba IAddis Ababa sesinye sezona zixeko zikhulu zingcolisekileyo emhlabeniIde yabekwa phakathi kwabane baphezulu kwihlabathi ngamaxesha athile, njengoko kwenzekileyo nge-6 ka-Agasti, 2025. Esi sikhundla kuluhlu lwamazwe ngamazwe asimi ndawonye, ​​kodwa sibonisa umkhwa oxhalabisayo: indibaniselwano yokukhula okukhawulezileyo kwedolophu, izithuthi ezigugileyo, kunye namafutha angcoliseke kakhulu igcina umoya wekomkhulu ukwinqanaba elingafunekiyo.
Ngaphezu koko, kuphawulwe ukuba Iiyure zongcoliseko oluphezulu azisoloko zingqamana nosuku.E-Addis Ababa, iincopho ze-PM2.5 zikholisa ukwenzeka ebusuku okanye ekuseni, ngokuhambelana nemisebenzi ethile yasekuhlaleni, iipateni zokushukuma, kunye neemeko zomoya ezikhuthaza ukufumba kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya kufutshane nomhlaba.
Ukufumana umfanekiso ochanekileyo wemeko kummandla okanye kwinqanaba lesithili, kuluncedo kakhulu ukubhekisela kwi Imephu yomgangatho womoya eAddis AbabaIfumaneka kufutshane nexesha lokwenyani kumaqonga akhethekileyo, ezi mephu zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bachonge ukuba zeziphi iindawo ezinengxaki yongcoliso oluphezulu kwaye ngawaphi amaxesha emini kucetyiswa kakhulu ukunciphisa ukuchanabeka kumoya wangaphandle.
Isaziso malunga nokusetyenziswa kunye nokuthembeka kwedatha yomgangatho womoya
Xa udibana nolwazi malunga nongcoliseko lwase-Ethiopia, kubalulekile ukuba uthathele ingqalelo Izaziso ezisemthethweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwedathaIprojekthi ye-World Air Quality Index (WAQI), enye yemibutho yehlabathi ekhokelayo ekuhloleni umgangatho womoya, ilumkisa ngokucacileyo ukuba idatha epapashiweyo ayiqinisekiswanga ngexesha elichanekileyo lokusasazwa kwazo.
Ngokwale saziso, Amaxabiso omgangatho womoya angatshintsha Ngaphandle kwesaziso sangaphambili nangaliphi na ixesha, njengenxalenye yolawulo lomgangatho kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa, amanani esiwabonayo kwiwebhusayithi okanye kwi-app angaxhomekeke kuhlengahlengiso olulandelayo, nokuba kungenxa yezilungiso zobugcisa, ulungelelwaniso loluvo, okanye ukulungisa iimpazamo kuthumelo lwedatha.
Iqela leprojekthi yeSalathiso soMgangatho woMoya weHlabathi likwakwenza kucace oko, nangona sele ufake isicelo lonke ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo kunye nobuchule ekuqokeleleni nasekunikezelweni kolwazi, ayithwali uxanduva lwekhontrakthi okanye lwekontraka eyongezelelweyo yelahleko, umonakalo okanye ukulimala okunokuthi kuvele, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ekusebenziseni le datha ngabantu besithathu.
Ngamanye amazwi, idatha evela kwi-WAQI kunye namaqonga afanayo kufuneka atolikwe njenge isixhobo esinolwazi kunye nesikhokeloKuluncedo kakhulu ukuqonda iintsingiselo, uthelekiso phakathi kwezixeko, okanye iingozi zempilo eziqikelelwayo, kodwa hayi njengebambela loxilongo lwezonyango, izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ngaphandle kohlalutyo oluhambelanayo, okanye ukubophelela iingxelo zobugcisa.
Kwimeko ye-Ethiopia, apho i Uthungelwano olusemthethweni lokubeka iliso lusephantsi kophuhlisoEsi silumkiso sibaluleke ngakumbi. Kwiindawo ezininzi, idatha ivela kwizikhululo ezinyiniweyo, uthungelwano olusebenzisanayo, okanye izixhobo zodidi olusezantsi okanye oluphakathi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kube yimfuneko ukutolika amanani ngononophelo kwaye ngalo lonke ixesha kumda wokungaqiniseki.
Izisombululo zomgangatho womoya kwizixeko ezikrelekrele e-Ethiopia
Xa sijongene nale meko, kuvela izinto ezintsha Izisombululo zobuchwephesha bomgangatho womoya ezilungiselelwe izixeko ezikrelekrele enokuthi isetyenziswe e-Ethiopia. Enye yezona ndlela zibalaseleyo yiprojekthi yePrana Air yezixeko ezihlakaniphile, ezidibanisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuqonda kunye nokuphucula umgangatho womoya kwiindawo ezisezidolophini.
Okokuqala, la manyathelo abandakanya ukusasazwa kwe iimonitha zomgangatho womoya zisasazwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwidolophu yonkeEzi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukulinganisa izingcolisi eziphambili ezifana ne-PM2.5, i-PM10, i-ozone ye-tropospheric (O3), i-nitrogen dioxide (NO2), i-sulphur dioxide (SO2), kunye ne-carbon monoxide (CO). Uthungelwano, zivumela ukuveliswa kweemephu zongcoliseko oluguquguqukayo kunye nokubhaqwa ngokukhawuleza kwazo zombini iindawo eziqhubekayo zongcoliseko kunye neziqendu ezizimeleyo.
Ukongeza kwizikhululo ezisisigxina, ezinye iiprojekthi zibandakanya iidrones zixhotyiswe ngezivamvo zomoyaEzi zixhobo zinokubhabha ngaphezulu kwemimandla yemizi-mveliso, imimandla yetrafikhi enzima, okanye iindawo ezikhethekileyo zokulinganisa umgangatho womoya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo nakwiindawo ekunzima ukufikelela kuzo. Oku kubonelela ngembono emacala-ntathu engxaki kwaye ivumela izazinzulu ukuba ziqwalasele, umzekelo, ukuba izinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kumzi-mveliso okanye uhola wendlela zisasazeka njani imini yonke.
Enye into ephambili yi izicoci zomoya zangaphandleEzi zixhobo ziyilelwe iindawo zikawonke-wonke apho abantu abaninzi bahlanganisana khona: iindawo zokumisa iibhasi, iindawo zesikolo, iiplaza, okanye iindawo zabahambi ngeenyawo. Ngelixa zingasombululi oyena nobangela wongcoliseko, zinceda ukucutha okwethutyana ukuhlangana kwamasuntswana ayingozi kunye neegesi kwiindawo ezithile, ezinokuba luncedo ngakumbi kwimeko efana neAddis Ababa, enencopho yongcoliseko yasebusuku.
Ekugqibeleni, yonke le ngcaciso idibana enye iphaneli yokulawula okanye ideshibhodi yedathaEli qonga lidibanisa idatha evela kubahloli, iidrones, kunye nezinye izinzwa. Ivumela urhulumente wasekhaya, amagunya okusingqongileyo, kunye nabacwangcisi basezidolophini ukuba benze izigqibo ezinolwazi ngakumbi, ukusuka ekulawuleni izithuthi ngexesha leeyure ezithile ukuya ekucwangciseni iindawo ezintsha eziluhlaza, ukuyila izithintelo kwimisebenzi engcoliseke kakhulu, okanye ukusungula amaphulo okwazisa ajoliswe kuwo kwiindawo ezihlala abantu ngokutyhileka okukhulu.
Oonobangela abaphambili bomgangatho womoya ophantsi eAddis Ababa
Ungcoliseko lomoya eAddis Ababa alubangelwa ngunobangela omnye, kodwa ku indibaniselwano yezinto zasezidolophini, ezentlalo kunye nezemozuluPhakathi kweyona mithombo ibalulekileyo ye-PM2.5 amasuntswana amahle kunye nolunye ungcoliseko yimisebenzi emininzi eyenzeka mihla le esixekweni.
Enye yezona ziphambili yi izithuthi ezindleleni kwaye, ngokukodwa, ukukhutshwa kwezithuthi zediziliKuqikelelwa ukuba amandla aphuma ezimotweni, kwiilori, nakwiibhasi anokuba negalelo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-29% yetotali ye-PM2.5 ekhutshwayo kwikomkhulu. Inani elikhulu leemoto ezindala, uhlaziyo olucothayo lweenqwelomoya, ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwedizili, kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukungabikho kweenkqubo zokulawula ukukhutshwa kwanamhlanje kwenza iinqwelo zeenqwelo zibe ngumthombo oqhubekayo weegesi ezinobungozi kunye namasuntswana.
Enye into ebaluleke kakhulu yi ukutshisa i-biomass yokupheka kunye nokufudumezaEsi senzo sixhaphakile kumakhaya nakumashishini amancinci. Amakhaya amaninzi asasebenzisa iinkuni, iintsalela zezityalo, namalahle ekuphekeni nasekufudumezeni, ingakumbi kwiinyanga ezibandayo. Oku kutsha kuvelisa izixa ezikhulu ze-PM2.5 kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezingathobi nje kuphela umgangatho womoya wangaphandle kodwa ziphinde zibe yingozi enkulu yempilo kwiindawo zangaphakathi ezingangeni kakuhle.
La ukumiswa kothuli Lo ngomnye umthombo obalaseleyo wongcoliseko eAddis Ababa. Umsebenzi wokwakha, ekwakhiweni kweekwari ezikufuphi, nokugcwala kwabantu kwiindlela ezingagangathwanga kuvusa amasuntswana omhlaba nezinto ezintle. Olu thuli luxubene nezinto ezikhutshwayo eziphuma kwizithuthi kunye nokutshiswa kwebhayomass, ukunyuka kwamanqanaba kuzo zombini ii-PM2.5 kunye ne-PM10, ngakumbi ngeentsuku zomileyo nezinomoya.
Ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ukutshisa inkunkuma evulekileyoEsi senzo, sisasazeke ngokubanzi, sibandakanya ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma yasekhaya ngokungekho sikweni kunye neziganeko ezithile zenkcubeko. Umzekelo obalaseleyo yiHidar Sitaten engokwesithethe, apho kutshiswa iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zenkunkuma. Ngala maxesha, ukuxinana kwento ethile inokunyuka ukuya kumanqanaba angama-8,6 ngokuphindwe kabini kwisikhokelo se-WHO se-PM2.5, oko kubeka umngcipheko omkhulu kubemi abakufutshane.
Ekugqibeleni, i ukukhutshwa kwemizi-mveliso Ezi zinto zinegalelo ekwandiseni ingxaki, ngakumbi kwimimandla efana neAkaki Kaliti, apho imizi-mveliso yesamente kunye nezinye izibonelelo zemizi-mveliso emincinci zixinaniswe. Nangona icandelo lezoshishino eAddis Ababa lingekho likhulu njengakwezinye ii-megacities, ukunqongophala kolawulo olungqongqo kwezinye izityalo kunye nokungabikho kobuchwepheshe bokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka aphucukileyo kwenza impembelelo yawo yasekhaya ibaluleke kakhulu.
Impembelelo yemozulu kunye nejografi kungcoliseko
Ngaphaya kwemithombo yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, umgangatho womoya eAddis Ababa ulungiswa ngu imiba yemozulu kunye nejografi ezinokuthi zibe mandundu okanye zinciphise ungcoliseko okwethutyana, kuquka iintlobo zemozulu eshushu eziphembelela ukusasazeka. Akwanelanga ukwazi ukuba yimalini ekhutshwayo; ikwangundoqo ekuqondeni ukuba ezi zinto zingcolisa umoya zisasazeka njani na emoyeni.
Enye yezona ngcamango zibalulekileyo ukuxuba ukuphakamaOko kukuthi, ubungqingqwa bomaleko womoya apho ungcoliso lungxengwa kufutshane nomhlaba. Ngexesha leenyanga ezibandayo, lo mgangatho wokuxuba uyancipha, oku kuthetha ukuba inani elifanayo leengqungquthela kunye neegesi zihlala zigxininiswe kwinqanaba elincinci, ukwandisa ukugxila kwendawo kwaye, ngoko ke, ingozi kwimpilo yabantu.
Oku kongezwa phezulu ukuphakama kwe Addis AbabaIbekwe ngaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-2.300 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, olu phawu lweorographic lunokuba nefuthe kwiipateni zomoya, ukuzinza kwe-atmosfere, kunye nendlela umoya ohlaziywa ngayo. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ungcoliseko luvaleleke kufutshane nomhlaba, ngelixa phantsi kwezinye lusasazeka lula ukuya kumaleko aphezulu.
Los imijikelo yemihla ngemihla yobushushu kunye nemitha yelanga Bakwashiya uphawu lwabo kungcoliseko. Umzekelo, ebusuku, ukupholisa komphezulu kunye nokuguquguquka kweqondo lobushushu kunokuthintela ukusasazwa kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya, okunegalelo ngokuthe ngqo kwiincopho zasebusuku kwi-PM2.5 eziqatshelwe eAddis Ababa. Emini, kwelinye icala, ukufudumeza kwelanga kuthanda ukunyusa ukuphakama kokuxuba kunye nokunciphisa ngokuyinxenye ukugxila.
Konke oku kuthetha ukuba umgangatho womoya e-Ethiopia, kwaye ngokukodwa kwikomkhulu layo, sisiphumo se- intsebenziswano enzima phakathi kokukhutshwa kwendawo, imikhwa yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye neemeko zomoyaNangona ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo zingenakulawulwa (ezifana nokuphakama okanye iipatheni ezithile zemozulu), kunokwenzeka ukuba kusebenze kwimithombo yongcoliseko ukunciphisa amanqanaba aphakathi kunye nenani leezehlo ezigqithisileyo.
Izilumkiso, amanyathelo asemthethweni kunye namaphulo okunciphisa ungcoliseko
Ngokumalunga nezaziso ezisemthethweni, ukusukela ngomhla wereferensi ka-Agasti 6, 2025 Akukho zilumkiso zomgangatho womoya zithe zakhutshelwa iAddis Ababa ngoogunyaziwe besizwe. Oku akuthethi ukuba ingxaki ayikho, kodwa kunokuba inkqubo yesaziso kunye nesilumkiso isakhiwa kwaye iyadityaniswa.
Nangona kunjalo, iGunya lokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo laseTopiya liphumeze ezahlukeneyo amanyathelo okujongana nongcoliseko lomoyaPhakathi kwazo liphulo lesizwe lokunciphisa ungcoliseko, elingene kwisigaba salo sesibini ukuqala ngomhla wesi-5 kweyeSilimela ngowama-2025. Ezi ntlobo zamaphulo zifuna zombini ukuphucula imigaqo nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokukuko kwemithetho ekhoyo.
Enyanisweni, la manyathelo agxininisa ukwandisa ulwazi loluntu Ingqwalasela ikwimingcipheko yongcoliseko kunye nokomeleza ukuthotyelwa kwemimiselo yemo engqongileyo. Ingqwalasela eyodwa inikwa imisebenzi efana nokutshiswa kwenkunkuma ngokuphandle, okuhlala kuxhaphakile kwiindawo ezininzi zasezidolophini nasezilalini, kunye nokukhutshwa kwezithuthi ezindleleni, ukukhuthaza uhlolo olungqongqo lobugcisa kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphelisa ezona zithuthi zingcolisekileyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, mkhulu intsebenziswano phakathi kwee-arhente zesizwe, oorhulumente basekhaya kunye namaqabane amazwe ngamazwe ukuphucula uthungelwano lokubeka iliso, ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso zomoya ococekileyo kwizixeko, kunye nokukhusela inkxaso-mali yezisombululo zobuchwepheshe, amandla acocekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zothutho ezizinzileyo.
Nangona indlela inde kwaye iziphumo azikho ngokukhawuleza, la maphulo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ibeka isiseko sokuba abantu bafikelele [kwizinto eziyimfuneko] kwixesha elizayo. ulwazi olucacileyo nolwangaphambili kwiziqendu zomgangatho womoya ophantsingokunjalo nezixhobo zomthetho ukufuna uphuculo kulawulo lokusingqongileyo.
Izindululo zokuzikhusela kumoya ophantsi
Njengoko imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu iqhubela phambili, umntu ngamnye unokuthatha amanyathelo athile. amanyathelo omntu ngamnye ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwabo kungcoliseko lomoya e-Ethiopia, ngakumbi eAddis Ababa nakwezinye izixeko ezineengxaki ezifanayo. Ayizozisombululo ezigqibeleleyo kwaye azithathi indawo yotshintsho lwesakhiwo, kodwa ziyanceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko.
Ingcebiso yokuqala yile khangela rhoqo izalathi zomgangatho womoya Ngokusebenzisa usetyenziso olukhethekileyo kunye neewebhusayithi (ezinje nge-WAQI okanye i-IQAir), unokujonga zombini amaxabiso emihla ngemihla kunye noqikelelo lweyure. Oku kukuvumela ukuba uchonge amaxesha osuku apho i-PM2.5 kunye nolunye ugxininiso longcoliseko luphezulu kwaye, apho kunokwenzeka, uhlengahlengise indlela yakho yokuziphepha.
Kwabo baqwalaselwayo amaqela anovakalelo Kwizigulana ezinezigulo zokuphefumla (isifuba, iCOPD), iimeko zentliziyo, abantwana abancinci, abantu abadala, okanye abafazi abakhulelweyo, kucetyiswa ngakumbi ukunciphisa umthambo onzima wangaphandle xa i-AQI ikuluhlu olungenampilo. Ngeentsuku ezinexabiso le-AQI le-147 okanye ngaphezulu, kuyacetyiswa ukuba unciphise ixesha elichithwe ngaphandle ngexesha longcoliseko oluphezulu, oluhlala lusebusuku okanye kusasa.
Omnye umlinganiselo oluncedo kukusetyenziswa kwe iimaski kunye nokuhluzwa okusebenzayo kwamasuntswana amahleIimaski ezifana ne-FFP2 okanye ezilinganayo ziyacetyiswa xa kufuneka uphandle ngamaxesha omoya ongekho mgangathweni, umzekelo, xa usiya emsebenzini, esikolweni, okanye emarikeni. Ngelixa zingakuphelisi ngokupheleleyo ukuba sesichengeni, zehlisa kakhulu isixa se-PM2.5 sokuphefumlelwa.
Ngaphakathi kumakhaya, imvume yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ukusetyenziswa kwe izicoci zomoya ezinezihluzo ze-HEPA Oku kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukuxinwa kwamaqhekeza. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhupha umoya ngobulumko, ukhethe amaxesha emini xa umoya wangaphandle ucocekile ngakumbi, kwaye uphephe ukutshaya ngaphakathi okanye ukusebenzisa imililo evulekileyo ngaphandle kokuphefumla ngokufanelekileyo.
Ekugqibeleni, kwinqanaba loluntu, iluncedo kakhulu bathathe inxaxheba kumalinge asekuhlaleni ezithi zithintele ukutshiswa kwenkunkuma, zikhuthaze ukupheka ngokufanelekileyo nokucoceka ngakumbi, okanye ukukhuthaza iiprojekthi zokutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi kunye nokudalwa kweepaseji eziluhlaza ezidolophini. Nangona ezi zibonakaliso zingabonakala zincinci, ziyingxenye yempendulo edibeneyo, idibene nemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu, inokunciphisa kakhulu ukungcola e-Ethiopia kwixesha eliphakathi kunye nexesha elide.
Ngenxa yazo zonke ezi zinto-ukususela kwizilumkiso zokusetyenziswa kwedatha ukuya kumanqanaba abhalwe eAddis Ababa, imithombo yongcoliseko, izisombululo ezikhoyo zobuchwepheshe, kunye namaphulo akhuthazwa ngabasemagunyeni-kuvela umfanekiso apho Umgangatho womoya e-Ethiopia uzisa umngeni onzima kodwa olawulekayo ukuba idatha ethembekileyo, imigaqo-nkqubo enesibindi, kunye notshintsho kwimikhwa zidityaniswe kwinqanaba leziko nakwimpilo yemihla ngemihla yabemi.
