La umgangatho womoya eNigeria Ibe ngomnye wemiba emikhulu yelizwe kunye nezempilo yoluntu. Ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini ngokukhawuleza, ubunzima beshishini leoli negesi, ukutshiswa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokuthembela kulimo lwemveli kudale umxube oqhumayo wokungcoliseka komoya kunye nokuba sesichengeni kwemozulu echaphazela izigidi zabantu mihla le.
Ngexesha elifanayo, iNigeria iyakhuthaza amalinge amabhongo kakhulu Ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya kunye nemozulu yexeshana elifutshane, ukuphucula umlinganiselo wongcoliseko, ukomeleza imimiselo, kunye nokwandisa ubugcisa obunje ngeemonitha eziphambili, iidrones, kunye neepaneli zedatha ukujonga nokulawula umoya ophefumlwa ngabemi bayo. Isiphumo yimeko entsonkothileyo, enemingcipheko yokwenyani kodwa namathuba abaluleke kakhulu okuphucula.
Izilumkiso kunye nokuthembeka kwedatha yomgangatho womoya
Xa sithetha ngezalathisi zongcoliseko lwexesha lokwenyani kunye neemephu zaseNigeria, kubalulekile ukuyiqonda loo nto Ayizizo zonke iinkcukacha eziqinisekisiweyo ngexesha lokupapashwaAmaqonga ehlabathi afana neprojekthi yeWorld Air Quality Index (WAQI) asasaza ulwazi oluluncedo kakhulu, kodwa alumkise ukuba iirekhodi zinokuguqulwa ngaphandle kwesaziso sangaphambili njengenxalenye yeenkqubo zolawulo lwangaphakathi lomgangatho.
Iqela le-WAQI libonisa ukuba libeke zonke iindlela ezifanelekileyo ukuqokelela, ukusetyenzwa, kunye nokupapasha ulwazi ngezinto ezingcolisa umoya. Nangona kunjalo, igxininisa ukuba ayithathi xanduva lwekhontrakthi okanye i-extra-contractual liability yelahleko, umonakalo, okanye ukulimala okunokuthi kuvele ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ekusebenziseni le datha ngabantu besithathu, nokuba ngaba eNigeria okanye nakweliphi na ilizwe elihlanganiswe yinethiwekhi yayo.
Oku kuthetha ukuba, nangona iimephu zomgangatho womoya zisinceda siqonde imeko jikelele yongcoliseko Kwizixeko ezifana neLagos, i-Abuja okanye i-Port Harcourt, amaxabiso athile (umzekelo, ukugxininiswa kweyure ye-particles emihle ye-PM2,5 okanye i-PM10) kufuneka itolikwe ngononophelo, ngakumbi ukuba iza kusetyenziselwa izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo, ukucwangciswa kwedolophu okanye ishishini.
Enyanisweni, esi silumkiso sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuba umlinganiselo wongcoliseko lomoya Yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, ephenjelelwa yimiba yomibini yobugcisa (ukulinganisa i-sensor, ukugcinwa kwesikhululo, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha) kunye nezinto ezilungiselelwe (ukucima kombane, uqhagamshelwano, ukhuseleko lwezixhobo kwiindawo zasedolophini ezinomngeni, njl. njl.). INigeria, njengamazwe amaninzi asaphuhlayo, isakhula kwaye idibanisa inethiwekhi yayo yokulinganisa imitha.
Ukunciphisa ukungaqondani, isincomo ngokubanzi kukudibanisa idatha yexesha langempela ukusuka kumaqonga afana ne-WAQI kunye iingxelo ezisemthethweni ezivela kwii-arhente zikazwelonkeUpapasho lwezenzululwazi kunye nezifundo ezithile kwizixeko ezithile okanye imimandla yaseNigeria, ngakumbi xa kujongwa imingcipheko yempilo okanye ukuyila imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu.
Izisombululo zobuchwepheshe kwizixeko ezihlakaniphile kunye nomoya ococekileyo
Kumxholo wongcoliseko lwedolophu eNigeria, oku kulandelayo kuyaqala ukuthatha indawo esembindini: izisombululo umgangatho womoya kwizixeko smartEzi ziiprojekthi ezidibanisa abenzi boluvo abaphambili, uthungelwano lonxibelelwano, kunye namaqonga edatha ukufumana eyona mbono ichanekileyo yomgangatho womoya kwindawo nganye, isitalato, okanye indawo yoshishino.
Enye yezona ndlela zinika umdla yile yeenkqubo ezibonelela iimonitha zomgangatho womoya zisasazwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuso sonke isixeko. Aba bahloli banokulinganisa i-particulate matter (PM2,5 kunye ne-PM10), i-ozone yetropospheric, i-nitrogen dioxide, i-sulphur dioxide, i-carbon monoxide, kunye, kwezinye iimeko, iikhompawundi ze-organic eziguquguqukayo okanye ezinye izingcolisi ezithile ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zendawo.
Ukongeza kwi-sensor ezisisigxina, iiprojekthi ezininzi ngakumbi zihlola ukusetyenziswa kwe iidrones zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuhlalutya umoyaEzi zixhobo zivumela ukubhabha ngaphezulu kwemimandla yemizi-mveliso, iindawo zokutshiswa kwenkunkuma, okanye iindawo ezikhutshwayo zokubona ukuxinana okungaqhelekanga kunye nemephu yokusasazwa kongcoliseko kwimilinganiselo emithathu. Kwizixeko zaseNigeria ezinetrafikhi enzima kunye neengxaki zefosili kunye nokutsha kwe-biomass, le mbono yasemoyeni inceda ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza iindawo ezishushu.
Ngaphandle, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi abahamba ngeenyawo (izikhululo zezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, iimarike ezivulekileyo, iindawo zabahambi ngeenyawo), ziyaphuhliswa. izicoci zomoya zangaphandleNangona ukusebenza kwazo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kuyilo kunye neemeko zendawo, zinokunciphisa ukuchaneka ngokuthe ngqo kwabemi kumasuntswana ayingozi xa zibekwe kwindawo ezikhethekileyo ezinoxinano olukhulu lwabahambi ngeenyawo.
Onke la maqela ahlanganiswe a iphaneli yokulawula idatha eqokelela kwaye iqhube ulwazi ngexesha lokwenyani. Ngala maqonga, abaphathi basezidolophini kunye namagunya okusingqongileyo banokubona iimephu zongcoliseko oluguquguqukayo, bavelise izilumkiso xa imida ethile igqithile, bacwangcise izithintelo zezothutho zexeshana, okanye benze isigqibo ngemilinganiselo ethile yokunciphisa apho ifuneka ngokwenene.
ENigeria, apho izixeko ezininzi zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye rhoqo kunye iziseko zophuhliso ezingonelangaEzi nkqubo zikrelekrele zivula umnyango wolawulo lomgangatho womoya osulungekileyo. Abayithathi indawo yemigaqo-nkqubo yemveli (imimiselo, ucwangciso lwedolophu, ulawulo lwemithombo yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo), kodwa babonelela ngoluhlu olubalulekileyo lolwazi lokubeka phambili izenzo kunye nokuvavanya impembelelo yabo yokwenyani.
Nigeria kunye nokulwa nongcoliseko lwemozulu olufutshane
INigeria ibe yinxalenye ye Imo yezulu kunye noCoceko loMoya (CCAC)Imanyano yamazwe ngamazwe igxile ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko lwemozulu lwexesha elifutshane (SLCPs). Ezi zinto zingcolisayo, ezifana nekhabhoni emnyama (isoot), imethane, i-tropospheric ozone, kunye nezinye ii-hydrofluorocarbons, zinobomi obufutshane kwi-atmosfera kodwa zinempembelelo enkulu kubushushu behlabathi nakwimpilo yabantu.
Ityala laseNigeria libuthathaka ngakumbi kuba uqoqosho lwelizwe luxhomekeke kakhulu... ezolimo kunye nemisebenzi yasemaphandleniNgelo xesha, ihlupheka ngenxa yokungakhuseleki kokutya kunye nokwanda komonakalo ovela kwinguqu yemozulu (isomiso, ukuhluka kwemvula, ukuchithwa komhlaba, njl.). Ukunciphisa ii-SLCPs akunaziphumo ezilungileyo kuphela kumgangatho womoya, kodwa nakwimveliso yezolimo kunye nokuzinza kwemozulu yengingqi.
Ngo-2019, iBhunga leSizwe labaPhathiswa lavuma IsiCwangciso sokuSebenza seSizwe sokuNcitshiswa kwee-SLCPsOlu xwebhu lucwangcisiweyo lubeka umkhombandlela wokuqhubela phambili ukuthomalaliswa kwezi zinto zingcolisayo kuwo onke amacandelo afanelekileyo: amandla, ezothutho, ezolimo, inkunkuma, ishishini, i-oyile negesi, phakathi kwamanye. Ayikokumalunga namanyathelo awodwa, kodwa yindlela elungelelanisiweyo yokusebenzisa ngaxeshanye zombini imozulu kunye neenzuzo zempilo.
Isicwangciso sichonga Ngama-22 amanyathelo aphambili ngamandla okucutha okubalulekileyo. Ukuba ziphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo, kuqikelelwa ukuba ziza kuzuza ukuhla malunga nama-83% kukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni emnyama ngowama-2030, kunye nokuncipha kokukhutshwa kwemethane ngama-61%. Ezi zenzo zisusela kuphuculo kwiinkqubo zokupheka zasekhaya kunye nokulawulwa kokutshiswa kwezolimo ukuya ekuphuculweni kwezixhobo zemizi-mveliso kunye nokunciphisa ukuvuza kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngegesi.
Umba ophambili wesi sicwangciso kukuba ukuncitshiswa kwe-SLCPs kuya kukhatshwa kukuhla ngaxeshanye kwezinye. izinto ezingcolisa umoya zakudalaezifana nenitrogen oxides (NOx), i-fine particulate matter, kunye necarbon dioxide. Ngokoqikelelo, oku kungatolika kunciphiso lwehlabathi jikelele lokuvezwa kungcoliseko lomoya olumalunga nama-22% ngo-2030, okunempembelelo ethe ngqo kwizehlo zokuphefumla kunye nezifo zentliziyo.
Ngaphaya koko, kuqikelelwa ukuba la manyathelo anokuthintela ukufa kwangaphambi kwexesha okujikelezileyo Abantu abangama-7.000 ngonyaka ngo-2030, enkosi kumoya ococekileyo. Ukusuka kumbono wezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle, isicwangciso siya kuba nefuthe elihle kwimveliso yezityalo, into ebalulekileyo kwimeko apho abanye abantu baseNigeria abazizigidi ezi-3 bafumana iqondo lokungakhuseleki kokutya kwaye baxhomekeke kwisivuno esizinzileyo.
Ulawulo, ukuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nembono yamazwe ngamazwe
Ngokuhambelana nezicwangciso zesenzo kwi-SLCPs, iNigeria iye yomeleza isakhelo solawulo lokusingqongileyoNgo-2019, i-Arhente yokuNyanzeliswa kweMigangatho yokusiNgqongileyo yeSizwe kunye neMimiselo (i-NESREA) yasungula umzamo ojoliswe kuwo wokunciphisa ngesiqingatha ukungcoliseka komoya ngokubeka iliso ekuthotyelweni nasekunyanzeliseni ngokufanelekileyo imimiselo ekhoyo.
Oku kunyuswa kweza ngexesha apho iNigeria yayibekwe njenge Lesine ilizwe elingcolisekileyo kwihlabathi ngokwezalathi ezithile zomgangatho womoya. Le meko ixhalabisa kakhulu isebenze njengobizo lokuvusa abasemagunyeni, uluntu, kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, igxininisa imfuno engxamisekileyo yokujongana nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kumacandelo abalulekileyo.
Ngexesha leengxoxo zesithoba ezilawulayo malunga nokuphunyezwa kolawulo lwendalo lwesizwe olubanjelwe e-Abuja, uMlawuli Jikelele we-NESREA uNjingalwazi u-Aliyu Jauro wachaza ukuba i-arhente inenjongo. ukuvavanya nzulu elona nqanaba lophunyezo Ngokubhekiselele kulawulo longcoliseko lomoya, akukhona nje ukuba nemithetho ephepheni, kodwa malunga nokuqinisekisa ubungakanani bokunyanzeliswa kwayo, ukuchonga apho kusilela khona, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba zeziphi na iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo.
Ezi ntlobo zeengxoxo zibalulekile kuba zizisa kunye abalawuli, iinkampani, iingcali kunye noluntu ukuxoxa ngemiqobo ebonakalayo, ukusuka ekunqongophelweni kobuchule bobugcisa kwimibutho ethile ukuya kwisidingo sotyalo-mali ukulungisa amaziko oshishino okanye uthutho lwasezidolophini ukuya kwimigangatho engqongqo.
INigeria iphinde yathatha amanyathelo okuzibeka ngaphakathi kuthungelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe olujolise ekuphuculeni umgangatho womoya. Nge-7 kaSeptemba, ngo-2020, uSuku lokuqala lweHlabathi loMoya ococekileyo lweSibhakabhaka esiBlue, yaba lusuku Isizwe sokuqala sama-Afrika ukujoyina uthungelwano lweBreatheLife, inyathelo lehlabathi elidibanisa ukubeka iliso, unxibelelwano kunye neentshukumo zokunciphisa kwizixeko nakumazwe kwihlabathi jikelele.
Kulo mongo, abameli be-Federal Ministry of Health baye bagxininisa ukuba iSicwangciso sokuSebenza seSizwe sokunciphisa ungcoliseko lwemozulu olufutshane lunokufikelela. iinzuzo ezibonakalayo kwimpilo yabemiNgelixa ikwanceda iNigeria ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zayo zokutshintsha kwemozulu yamazwe ngamazwe, yindlela "yokwahlulwa kabini": ungcoliseko oluncinci kunye nobushushu obuphantsi behlabathi.
eNigeria kunye neGlobal Methane Alliance
I-Methane yenye yezona gesi zibalulekileyo kwi-ajenda yemozulu yaseNigeria, ngakumbi ngenxa ye ubunzima becandelo leoli negesiNgo-2019, ilizwe lajoyina iGlobal Methane Alliance, kunye ne-Ivory Coast, kwintlanganiso ekwinqanaba eliphezulu eyayiququzelelwe yi-CCAC kunye neNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo zokusiNgqongileyo.
Ngokungena kolu manyano, amazwe acinga iithagethi ezithile zokunciphisa imethane: ukucutha ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ubuncinane ngama-45% ngowama-2025 kunye nokubeka ukucuthwa komlinganiselo phakathi koluhlu lwama-60 ukuya kuma-75% ngo-2030. Ezi njongo zilungelelaniswe nenyaniso yesizwe ngasinye, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubume boshishino lwalo lwe-oyile negesi kunye neprofayili iyonke yokukhutshwa kwayo kwemethane.
Ukunceda ukuzalisekisa ezi zibophelelo, i-CCAC ixhasa iNigeria kwiindawo ezininzi. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukuphucula ukuqokelelwa kunye nomgangatho wedatha ekhutshwayoNgophononongo oluthile lwezenzululwazi ngemethane kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuveliswa kwamafutha efosili, ukuthuthwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa, uluhlu lwempahla oluneenkcukacha ezininzi luvumela ukuchongwa kokuvuza okukhulu nalapho amanyathelo okunciphisa anokubiza kakhulu.
Omnye umba ophambili yinkuthazo ye inkxaso yolawulo lwabalinganeOku kuthetha ukuba amazwe anamava amaninzi ekulawuleni ukukhutshwa kwe-methane abelana ngolwazi, iindlela ezingcono, kunye nezifundo ezifundiweyo kunye neNigeria, inceda ukuyila imithetho kunye nemigangatho elungelelaniswe kwimeko yentlalo-qoqosho kunye nobuchwepheshe.
Kwinqanaba lezopolitiko, ukuzinikela kweNigeria kubonakaliswe kwiiforamu zamazwe ngamazwe. UMphathiswa wezeNdalo, uGqirha Muhammad Mahmood Abubakar, uye waphinda wathi ilizwe linjalo uzibophelele ngokupheleleyo ekunciphiseni ngokubonakalayo ukukhutshwa kwemethane kwicandelo le-oyile negesi lijonge phambili kowama-2030, ngokuhambelana namagalelo alo amiselwe kuzwelonke (ii-NDC) phantsi kweSivumelwano saseParis, kwaye lide lakhuthaza amanye amaZwe kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangengawo karhulumente ukuba bajoyine iGlobal Methane Alliance.
Njengenxalenye yale nzame, i-CCAC ixhase iNigeria ngokubandakanya amanyathelo athile ukuze ukunciphisa imethane kwicandelo leoli negesi kwiiNDC zabo. Oku kubandakanya ukulungelelanisa izenzo ezingcono zamazwe ngamazwe kwimeko yendawo, ukuphucula uluhlu lwezinto ezikhutshwayo, kunye nokuxhasa ngokuthe ngqo ukuphuhliswa kwemimiselo ebeka imida, iinkqubo zokulawula, ukubeka iliso ngamaxesha, kunye nezohlwayo zokungathobeli.
Impilo, imozulu kunye nemilinganiselo yezolimo yongcoliseko eNigeria
Umgangatho womoya eNigeria awunakuqondwa ngaphandle kokuqwalasela impembelelo yawo ngqo kwi impilo yabantuAmanqanaba aphezulu e-fine particulate matter, i-tropospheric ozone, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zinxulunyaniswa nokwanda kwezifo zokuphefumla kunye ne-cardiovascular, ukuhlaselwa sisifo sesifuba, ukusuleleka ngokukhawuleza, kunye neengxaki ezingapheliyo, ezichaphazela ngokukodwa abantwana, abantu abadala kunye namaqela asesichengeni.
Amanyathelo okunciphisa i-SLCPs kunye nokuphucula indawo yolawulo lokusingqongileyo ukuya ekunciphiseni okukhulu kulo mthwalo wezempilo, kunye noqikelelo olucebisayo. amawakawaka okufa kwangaphambi kwexesha aphetshwa Ukuba iinjongo ze-2030 zifezekisiwe, oku akuyi kuguqulela kuphela kubomi obusindisiweyo, kodwa kunye noxinzelelo oluncinci kwiinkqubo zempilo, iintsuku ezimbalwa ezilahlekileyo zokusebenza, kunye nokuphucula ngokubanzi umgangatho wobomi kwiidolophu ezinkulu zaseNigeria.
Enye into ekufuneka iqwalaselwe lubudlelwane phakathi kongcoliseko lomoya kunye ne iimeko zemozulu yendawoUbukho be-aerosols kunye namasuntswana kwiatmosfera buphembelela imitha yelanga, ukuvela kwamafu, kunye nokusasazwa kwemvula, nto leyo enokuthi yenze mandundu okanye iguqule iipatheni zemozulu esele ziguquka ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Imimandla emininzi yaseNigeria inamava amaqondo aphezulu emihla ngemihlangamaqondo obushushu adlula ngokulula kuma-80°F (malunga ne-27-29°C) ixesha elininzi lonyaka. Idityaniswe namanqanaba aphezulu ongcoliseko, le meko yonyusa uxinzelelo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo kwinkqubo yokuphefumla, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezixineneyo ezidolophini ezinendawo encinci eluhlaza kunye netrafikhi enzima.
Ulimo, umqolo woqoqosho oluninzi lweli lizwe, nalo lutsala nzima. Ukuvezwa kwezityalo kwiindawo eziphezulu ze tropospheric ozone kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo Ichaphazela ukukhula kwezityalo, icuthe isivuno ngehektare nganye, kwaye ingenza mandundu ukungakhuseleki kokutya. Amanyathelo afakwe kwiSicwangciso seSizwe se-SLCP, ngokunciphisa ezi ngcoliseko, ikwajolise ekuphuculeni imveliso yezolimo, into ebalulekileyo kwizigidi zabantu baseNigeria.
Ekugqibeleni, ulwazi oluthembekileyo lwemozulu luye lwaba ngumncedisi ophambili wocwangciso lwemihla ngemihla. Amaqonga afana neThe Weather Channel, eyaziwa njenge enye yezona nkonzo zichanekileyo zokuqikelela kwihlabathi jikelele Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwe-ForecastWatch kwixesha le-2021-2024, banikezela ngoqikelelo olucacileyo lobushushu, ukufuma, umoya kunye nezinye iiparamitha ezithi, zidibene nedatha yongcoliseko, zivumela abemi ukuba benze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nemisebenzi yangaphandle okanye amanyathelo okhuseleko lomntu.
Le network yonke ye izenzo zezopolitiko, ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, izilumkiso zedatha Kwaye izibophelelo zamazwe ngamazwe zidweba umfanekiso weNigeria ukuba, nangona ijongene nemingeni ebalulekileyo kumgangatho womoya, nayo ithatha amanyathelo abalulekileyo okuphucula. Iminyaka ezayo iza kubaluleka ekumiseleni ubungakanani bokuncitshiswa kokungcoliseka kwemozulu okwexeshana elifutshane, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yomelezwa, kunye nothungelwano lokuhlola olomeleleyo luyadityaniswa ukuze kube lula ukujonga nokulawula umgangatho womoya ochanekileyo.
