Xa sicinga ngamandla axhuzulayo, sidla ngokucinga ngamandla angaphantsi komhlaba zizinzile, ziyafana kwaye zihlala zifana nakweyiphi na ikona yeplanethi. Nangona kunjalo, i-geophysics yanamhlanje isibonisile ukuba lo mfanekiso ulula kakhulu: amandla adonsela phantsi atshintsha kancinci ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye kuba ingaphakathi loMhlaba alifani kwaphela.
Kuloo mephu yokunyuka nokuwa kwamandla omhlaba axhuzulayo, enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo yileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi- "Umngxuma womxhuzulane e-Antarctica"Ekwaziwa ngokuba yiAntarctic Geoid Low, le ayisiyomngxuma obonakalayo emhlabeni okanye umngxuma oya embindini woMhlaba, kodwa yindawo apho amandla omxhuzulane abuthathaka kancinci kunokuba bekulindelwe. Lo mahluko, onokutolikwa ngumntu ukuba ube ziigram ezimbalwa ngaphantsi kwesikali, ubambe imbali yejoloji ethatha iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70.
Yintoni kanye kanye "umngxuma womxhuzulane"?
Nangona igama layo lithetha into ethile, umngxuma womxhuzulane awulondawo ingenanto okanye umqolomba ofihliweyo phantsi komkhenkce, kodwa i-anomaly yentsimi yomxhuzulaneNgamafutshane, yindawo apho amandla adonsela phantsi komhlaba ebuthathaka kancinci ngenxa yendlela ubunzima obusasazwa ngayo ngaphakathi eMhlabeni. Apho kungekho xinano lungako lwamatye, amandla adonsela phantsi komhlaba ayancipha.
Ngaphantsi kweendawo ezithile ze-Antarctica, ingakumbi kummandla we- Ulwandle lwaseRossIisathelayithi kunye neemodeli ze-geophysical zifumanise ukudodobala okuphawulekayo kwi-geoid, oko kukuthi, umphezulu wethiyori omele indlela inqanaba lolwandle eliya kusasazwa ngayo ukuba lixhomekeke kuphela kumxhuzulane. Kuloo ndawo, umphezulu wolwandle ochazwe ngumxhuzulane ufumaneka ukuya kuthi ga malunga neemitha ezili-120-130 ngaphantsi yomyinge wehlabathi.
Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, olu tshintsho alubalulekanga: umntu onobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-90 unobunzima obuziigram ezimbalwa ngaphantsi aze angaqapheli. Kodwa koososayensi, loo mahluko mncinci ngumlinganiselo ifestile ethe ngqo ukuya ekusasazweni kobuninzi kwi-mantle nakwi-crust yoMhlaba, kunye nesikhokelo esisisiseko sokwakha ngokutsha imbali yelizwekazi elimhlophe.
Ngaphezu koko, lo mngxuma womxhuzulane waseAntarctica awungowona kuphela uphantsi kakhulu kwiplanethi. Kukho nezinye iindawo ezifanayo, ezifana nomgodi odumileyo Ukwehla kwe-geoid yoLwandlekazi lwaseIndiyaapho amandla omxhuzulane nawo aphantsi ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye umgangatho wolwandle lwasekuhlaleni wehla ngaphezu kweemitha ezili-100 xa kuthelekiswa nendawo olukuyo. Umahluko ophambili yindlela echazwa ngayo ireferensi yezibalo kunye nokuba yeyiphi imodeli yoMhlaba esetyenziswayo, into esiza kuyibona kamva.
Umhlaba awulo mbulunga ugqibeleleyo: indima ye-geoid
Ukuba besinokukhupha izinto ezilwandle size silinganise kuphela imilo yomphezulu phantsi kwempembelelo yomxhuzulane, isiphumo besingayi kufana kakhulu nesphere kodwa besingayi kufana kakhulu nesphere... iitapile ezizele ziingqumba kunye neengxondorhaLe milo ingaqhelekanga ibizwa ngokuba yi-geoid kwaye ibonisa indlela amandla omxhuzulane atshintsha ngayo ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bomhlaba ngaphakathi kwiplanethi.
Ubunzulu bomhlaba otsala amandla buhluka kancinci ngokuxhomekeke kwi uxinano lwamatye, ukukhululeka komgangatho wolwandleUbukho beentaba, iipleyiti ezingaphantsi, okanye iiplanga zezinto ezishushu eziphuma kwi-mantle enzulu. Isakhiwo ngasinye songeza okanye sinciphisa ubunzima bendawo, sidala iinduli ezincinci kunye neentlambo kwi-geoid.
Kangangeminyaka kwakucingwa ukuba eyona nto inzima kakhulu emhlabeni kukudodobala komoya ongaphantsi komhlaba (gravitational depression) kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, kummandla owaziwa ngokuba yi- Ubuncinci be-geoid yoLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, indawo emalunga nezigidi ezithathu zeekhilomitha zesikwere apho umxhuzulane uphantsi ngokucacileyo kunomndilili wehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, xa kusetyenziswa iimodeli eziqwalasela amandla angaphakathi eplanethi Kwaye ukuba balungisa ukuthamba kwendalo koMhlaba ngenxa yokujikeleza kwawo, umfanekiso uyatshintsha: eyona nto ingaqhelekanga ibonakala phantsi komkhenkce we-Antarctic.
Eyona nto iphambili ikukuba: iinkqubo zokuhambisa ezisemgangathweni zisebenzisa i-ellipsoid (njenge-WGS84) engayibonisi ngokuchanekileyo inkqubo ye-mantle. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iimodeli ze-hydrostatic, ezilungisa imo yeplanethi ngokwendlela ejikeleza ngayo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwayo, zibonisa ukuba ubuncinci bomxhuzulane we-geodynamic wokwenyani Ifumaneka phantsi komkhenkce weAntarctic.
Indlela ezingaqhelekanga zomxhuzulane ezifunyanwa ngayo phantsi kweekhilomitha zomkhenkce
Ukuphonononga ingaphakathi loMhlaba akulula kangako. Umngxuma onzulu esiwugrumbileyo, odumileyo I-Kola Superdeep Borehole eRashiyaIfikelela kancinci kubunzulu obuyi-12 km, inani elincinci kakhulu xa lithelekiswa nobubanzi boMhlaba obuyi-6.400 km. Ukuze ubone ngaphaya koko, kufuneka kusetyenziswe iindlela ezingathanga ngqo.
Kwelinye icala, imisebenzi yesathelayithi efana GRACE (Ukubuyiselwa koMbane kunye noVavanyo lweMozulu) okanye isathelayithi yaseYurophu UVUYO Zilinganisa ngokuchanekileyo indlela amandla adonsela phantsi komhlaba atshintsha ngayo njengoko zijikeleza iplanethi. Umzekelo, kwi-GRACE, iisathelayithi ezimbini zibhabha enye emva kwenye; xa eyokuqala idlula kwindawo enobunzima obukhulu, amandla adonsela phantsi ayikhawulezisa kancinci, nto leyo eyandisa umgama wexeshana phakathi kwazo. Olu tshintsho luncinci luguqulelwa kwiimaphu ezinesisombululo esiphezulu sentsimi yamandla adonsela phantsi komhlaba.
Kwelinye icala, iingcali ze-geophysicists zisebenzisa amaza enyikima aveliswa ziinyikima zomhlaba ngokungathi zii-X-reyi ezinkulu. Kanye njengokuba i-CT scan yezonyango iphinda yakhiwe ngaphakathi komzimba, i-planetary seismic tomography isenza sikwazi ukubona ubuninzi bamatye: amaza e-seismic ahamba ngokukhawuleza kwizinto ezibandayo, ezixineneyo aze acothe kwiindawo ezishushu nezincinci.
Ngokudibanisa izigidi zeerekhodi ze-seismic kunye neemodeli zamanani zokuhamba kwe-mantle, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukwenza iimephu ezintathu-ntathu zokusasazwa kobuninzi phantsi kwe-Antarctica. Ezi modeli ziphuculiwe kusetyenziswa iindlela eziphambili ezifana ukushukumisa umva nomva (BFN), elungisa ukulinganisa emva nangaphambili ngexesha ukuze kuhambelane nemeko yangoku yeplanethi kunye nedatha ekhoyo yejoloji kunye nejoloji.
Umngxuma womxhuzulane osele udala iminyaka eyi-70 yezigidi
Uphononongo oluphambili kumngxuma womxhuzulane we-Antarctic lukhokelwe ziingcali ze-geophysics Alessandro Forte (iYunivesithi yaseFlorida) kunye UPetar Glišović (I-Paris Institute of Earth Physics) kwaye yapapashwa kwijenali i-Scientific Reports. Injongo yayo yayikukuphinda ihlaziye indlela olu xinzelelo olukhulu lomxhuzulane oluye lwavela ngayo kwiminyaka eyi-70 yezigidi edlulileyo.
Besebenzisa iimodeli zekhompyutha ezisekelwe kwidatha enzulu ye-seismic, i-plate dynamics, kunye neempawu zomzimba zeeminerali ze-mantle, ababhali baphinda bayibuyisela iteyiphu ye-geological ekuqaleni kweXesha le-Cenozoic, emva nje kokuphela kwee-dinosaur. Ngelo xesha, ilizwekazi lase-Antarctica. YayingakhenkcezwangaYayinemozulu epholileyo, izityalo kunye neemeko zendalo ezahluke kakhulu kwezo zanamhlanje.
Iimodeli zeForte kunye neGlišović zibonisa ukuba ukudodobala kwe-geoid sele kukho ezinye I-70 yezigidi zeminyakaNangona kunjalo, yayincinci kwaye ikwindawo esemazantsi kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki. Phakathi kweminyaka engama-40 ukuya kwengama-30 yezigidi eyadlulayo, le meko ingaqhelekanga yatshintsha yaza yomelela de yafika kwindawo yayo yangoku phantsi koLwandle iRoss.
Ngokweziphumo zabo, imbali yomngxuma womxhuzulane we-Antarctic ingahlulwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amabini aphambili. Kwelokuqala, phakathi Kwiminyaka eyi-70 ne-35 yezigidi eyadlulayoUbunzulu bokudodobala koxinzelelo bebutshintshatshintsha, bunyuka buyehla amaxesha amaninzi. Kwixesha lesibini, ukusuka kwiminyaka eyi-35 yezigidi eyadlulayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ubukhulu be-anomaly bunyuke ngokuthe chu malunga ne-30%, ngelixa indlela iileya ezahlukeneyo ze-mantle ezinegalelo ngayo kuyo itshintshile.
Kwenzeka ntoni kwi-mantle phantsi kwe-Antarctica
Umxhuzulane unxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nobunzima, kwaye phantsi kwe-Antarctica loo bunzima buye bahlengahlengiswa kancinci kancinci kodwa ngendlela ephawulekayo. Iimodeli ze-Geodynamic zibonisa ukuba kummandla we-Antarctic Geoid Low kukho umsinga wezinto ezishushu, ezingaxineneyo kangako olu bushushu buphuma kwi-mantle enzulu. Olu bushushu busebenze ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-70 yezigidi.
Ekuqaleni kwembali yayo, uninzi lwezi zinto zingaqhelekanga zachazwa ngumahluko wobuninzi iileya ezinzulu zemantleenegalelo eliphakathi kwama-30% nama-50% obunzulu obupheleleyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, igalelo le-mantle ephezulu liye landa, ngelixa elo le-mantle ephakathi liye lehla. Oku kuthetha ukuba, kwiminyaka engama-35 yezigidi edlulileyo, iileya ezingaphandle zangaphakathi koMhlaba ziye zadlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi ekujuleni komngxuma womxhuzulane.
Ngexesha eliphakathi kweminyaka eyi-50 ukuya kweyi-30 yezigidi eyadlulayo, kwenzeka isiganeko esibalulekileyo: iiplate ezinkulu ze-tectonic zaselwandle zatshona Ngaphantsi komda osentshona-ntshona we-Antarctica, amatye abandayo atshona ezantsi kwi-mantle. Kwangaxeshanye, kwaqala ukunyuka iqamza elikhulu lezinto ezifudumeleyo nezingexinenenga kangako lisuka nzulu kakhulu eMhlabeni.
Olu ngxubakaxaka lwamatye axineneyo atshonayo kwelinye icala kunye nezinto ezikhanyayo eziphakama kwelinye icala zavelisa ukungalingani okuphawuleka kakhulu ekusasazweni kobunzimaNjengoko le ndawo yayilawulwa zizinto ezingaxinenanga kangako kubunzulu, umdla womxhuzulane wengingqi wehla ngakumbi nangakumbi, nto leyo eyayiqinisa umngxuma womxhuzulane phantsi koLwandle iRoss.
Abaphandi badibanisa ezi nkqubo zangaphakathi nobukho iintaba ezifihliweyo phantsi komkhenkce kunye nokuphakanyiswa komhlaba embindini welizwekazi. Ukunyuka kwezinto ezifudumeleyo nezingenaxinano ukusuka kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba ngekwakunegalelo ekuphakamiseni ilitye elingaphantsi komhlaba, nto leyo eya kubumba indawo apho amatye amakhulu omkhenkce e-Antarctica aza kwakha khona kamva.
Uhlengahlengiso lwe-isostatic kunye nokubuyela kwe-crust phantsi komkhenkce
Ngaphandle kwe-mantle dynamics kuphela, kukho enye inkqubo edlalayo: oko kuthiwa uhlengahlengiso lwe-postglacial isostaticUbunzima obukhulu bomkhenkce waseAntarctica butshonise kancinci uqweqwe loMhlaba, njengokulayishwa kwenqanawa ide iye nzulu. Xa iiqhwa zilahlekelwa bubunzima ngokunyibilika, obu bunzima buyehla kwaye uqweqwe luqala ukunyuka kancinci kancinci.
Olu “hlaziyo” lubandakanya ukutshintshiselana ngezinto: ukunyuka amatye anzima naqinileyo eqweqweni ezithatha indawo ye-mantle ephezulu, edla ngokuba yincinci kakhulu. Olu hlengahlengiso luguqula ukusasazwa kobunzima kwaye, ke ngoko, lubonakala kwintsimi yomxhuzulane erekhodwe zii-satellites.
KwiMpuma ye-Antarctica, uphononongo lwe-GRACE lutyhile ukuba kukho izinto ezithile ezingaqhelekanga zomxhuzulane ukuqina ngokuhamba kwexeshaEnye ingcaciso enokwenzeka kukuba ukuphakama kweqweqwe phantsi komkhenkce kukhawuleza kwaye kucace ngakumbi kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-mantle ephezulu kuloo ndawo iyanyibilika ngakumbi okanye iphendula ngokukhawuleza xa kutshintshwe umthwalo.
Olu hlengahlengiso oluyi-isostatic aluyonto nje yobuchwephesha: luchaphazela uzinzo lweeqhwaNjengoko ilitye elingaphantsi komhlaba liphakama, lidala imiqobo ebonakalayo enokuthi icothise ukutyibilika komkhenkce elwandle. Ngokwethiyori, esi siphumo "sokuvala" sinokunciphisa igalelo le-Antarctica ekunyukeni komgangatho wolwandle kwihlabathi liphela.
Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iindaba ezimnandi. Ukuhamba kwenani elikhulu labantu emhlabeni nako kunokutshintsha indlela ukuhamba kobushushu be-geothermalUkuba ukunyuka kwezinto ezifudumeleyo kusondela kwisiseko seqhwa, olo bushushu bungakhuthaza ukunyibilika ukusuka ngaphantsi, kuthambise ukudibana komkhenkce nelitye kwaye kube lula ukuba amatye omkhenkce atyibilike elwandle.
Ubudlelwane phakathi komngxuma womxhuzulane kunye nokuqandusela kwe-Antarctica
Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kweli bali kukunxibelelana okunokwenzeka phakathi kokuvela komngxuma womxhuzulane kunye utshintsho lwemozulu oluqandisile iAntarcticaKwiminyaka emalunga nezigidi ezingama-34 eyadlulayo, ilizwekazi lasuka ekubeni nemozulu efudumeleyo, enamahlathi nezilwanyana ezininzi, laza lagutyungelwa ngumkhenkce omkhulu ngokusisigxina.
Ukwanda komkhenkce eAntarctica kwakubangelwa zizinto ezininzi: utshintsho kwimo yomoya, imisinga yolwandle, kumjikelezo woMhlaba… kodwa uphando lwe-geodynamic lubonisa ukuba iinguqulelo ze-geoid Babenokuba badlale indima eyongezelelweyo. Ekubeni amandla omhlaba alawula ukuma kolwandle, ukuhla kwamandla omhlaba ajikeleze i-Antarctica ngekwakubangele ukuba amanzi "asuke" aye kwiindawo ezitsala amandla omhlaba angaphezulu.
Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba ulwandle olujikeleze ilizwekazi Umgangatho wolwandle wehla kwindawo leyo. Iindawo ezikunxweme ezazingaphantsi kwamanzi ngaphambili zachatshazelwa ngakumbi ngumoya obandayo nowomileyo. Lo mphezulu ungaphezulu ongenamanzi waba yindawo efanelekileyo yokuba umkhenkce wakheke, uqine edwaleni, kwaye wande ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokukhukuliswa lulwandle rhoqo.
Ngoko ke, utshintsho olwenzeka kubunzulu bamawaka eekhilomitha—ukutshona kweepleyiti kunye nokunyuka kweengceba zezinto ezishushu—lusenokuba negalelo ngokungangqalanga kwi ukuqaliswa nokukhula kwamaphepha omkhenkce e-AntarcticAzizo zodwa izizathu, kodwa ziyinxalenye eyongezelelweyo yephazili enceda ukuqonda isizathu kunye nendlela ilizwekazi elabanda ngayo.
Namhlanje, i-Antarctica igcina izinto ezininzi 70-90% yomkhenkce weplanethi kunye namanzi acocekileyo aqandisiweyoUkuba wonke loo mkhenkce ubunokunyibilika, umgangatho wolwandle lwehlabathi unganyuka ngeemitha ezingama-58, imeko enokukwazi ukuzoba ngokupheleleyo imephu yezixeko ezikhulu ezikunxweme.
Impembelelo kwinqanaba lolwandle kunye neqhwa langoku
Ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo lomxhuzulane phantsi kwe-Antarctica akuyonto yexesha elidlulileyo. Izazinzulu zithi utshintsho kwi-geoid yengingqi luchaphazela ukuphakama kolwandle kule ndawo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, iimeko zokuzinza kweeshelufu zomkhenkce kunye neeqhwa zaselunxwemeni.
Ukuba amandla adonsela phantsi komhlaba kwi-Antarctica ayatshintsha, amanzi olwandle aphinda asasazeke kancinci, nto leyo etshintsha uxinzelelo olusebenza kumaqonga adadayo aze atshintshe indawo yawo. imigca yenkxaso yeqhwa (amanqaku apho umkhenkce ulahlekelwa khona kukudibana nelitye uze uqale ukudada). Utshintsho olukhulu kule geometry lunokwenza amaqonga athile abe sesichengeni sokuqhekeka.
Kwangaxeshanye, uhlengahlengiso lwe-isostatic kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka ekuhambeni kobushushu obuvela ngaphakathi luchaphazela indlela umkhenkce otyibilika ngayo elwandle. Kwezinye iindawo, ukubuyela umva kwilitye elingaphantsi komhlaba kunokubonelela ngebhuleki yendalo; kwezinye, ukufudumeza okusisiseko kungenza ukukhawulezisa ukunyibilika ukusuka ngaphantsiokubangela ukuba umkhenkce uphulukane nokubamba kwawo kwaye uhambe lula.
Ngoko ke, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ulwalamano phakathi komngxuma womxhuzulane, inqanaba lolwandle lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nokuguquguquka komkhenkce akusiyonto nje enomdla kwezemfundo: yinto ebalulekileyo kulwazi. ukuphucula uqikelelo lokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo.
Ingxaki enxulumene nesakhiwo esinzulu soMhlaba
Umsebenzi kaForte, uGlišović, kunye namanye amaqela ubonisa ukuba umngxuma womxhuzulane we-Antarctic unokunxulunyaniswa izakhiwo zejoloji zakudala kakhulu, njengee-cratons kunye neziqwenga zeepleyiti zamandulo zelizwekazi ezinemida engaziwa ngokuchanekileyo phantsi komkhenkce.
I-Antarctica yi-mosaic yokwenyani yeebhloko ze-tectonic ezihlanganiswe kwiminyaka engamakhulu ezigidi. Uxinzelelo lwe-geoid lwangoku lunokubonakalisa uphawu lweziganeko zamandulo. ukungqubana kwe-tectonic kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona ezazikhenkcezisiwe kwi-mantle kwaye ngoku zivuselelwa kancinci ngenxa yotshintsho lomthwalo olubangelwe kukulahleka komkhenkce.
Ngale ndlela, umngxuma womxhuzulane usebenza njenge isalathisi esidibeneyo sembali enzulu yeplanethiAyithethi nje kuphela ngeAntarctica njengelizwekazi elinomkhenkce, kodwa ikwathetha nangendlela i-mantle convection, i-plate subduction, kunye ne-crustal deformation eziye zawubumba ngayo uMhlaba kwiminyaka engamashumi ezigidi.
Iimodeli zibonisa ukuba, kummandla we-Antarctic Geoid Low, uninzi lwezinto ezingaqhelekanga ekuqaleni zazibangelwa ziingqimba ezinzulu ze-mantle, kodwa kwiminyaka engama-35 yezigidi edlulileyo igalelo le- Ingubo ephezulu nephakathi itshintshe kakhuluOlu tshintsho luqinisa ingcamango yokuba ingaphakathi loMhlaba yinkqubo eguquguqukayo, apho iintshukumo zamatye zihlengahlengiswa kancinci kancinci kodwa rhoqo.
Kutheni le "mngxunya womxhuzulane" ibalulekile kwimozulu nakwixesha elizayo
Ukwahluka kweemiligale ezimbalwa kumxhuzulane kunokubonakala ngathi yinto engabalulekanga kangako, kodwa eneneni yinto ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni Indlela ingaphakathi loMhlaba, umphezulu, kunye nemozulu ezisebenzisana ngayoAmandla adonsela phantsi komhlaba amisela imilo yeelwandle, indlela eziziphatha ngayo iingcamba zomkhenkce, kwaye ekugqibeleni, indawo ezikuyo iilwandle.
Imisebenzi yesathelayithi yangoku neyexesha elizayo, kunye neenethiwekhi zehlabathi zenyikima, ziya kuqhubeka nokuphucula ukuqonda kwethu ngalo mngxuma womxhuzulane ongaphantsi kwe-Antarctica kunye nezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezisasazeke kulo lonke iplanethi. Inxalenye nganye entsha ye-milligal elinganisiweyo kunye nophuculo ngalunye kwiimodeli ze-geodynamic zongeza iinkcukacha kule meko. "isikena sobukhulu beplanethi" esizakhayo.
Kuninzi okusamele kucaciswe: ukuba utshintsho lwe-geoid luya kuyichaphazela kangakanani isantya sokunyibilika komkhenkce e-Antarctic, indlela iphethini yomgangatho wolwandle oluya kutshintsha ngayo, okanye indlela uhlengahlengiso lwangaphakathi lweplanethi oluya kuqhubeka ngayo luchaphazela imozulu yexesha elide. Kodwa umyalezo osisiseko ucacile: Asinakuyiqonda imozulu ngaphandle kokujonga ngaphakathi eMhlabeni.
Umngxuma womxhuzulane we-Antarctic usikhumbuza ukuba, phantsi komkhenkce omhlophe obonakala ungashukumi, amatye ebehamba, etshona, kwaye enyuka kumdaniso ongathethiyo kangangeminyaka engamashumi ezigidi. Olu daba lokuqubha olucothayo kodwa oluqhubekayo luncede ekuqandeni ilizwekazi lonke, lwalungisa ulwandle, kwaye luya kuqhubeka luphembelela, ngobuchule kodwa ngokungqongqo, ikamva lonxweme lwethu kunye nemozulu yethu yehlabathi.
