Ungcoliseko lomoya eFransi, ingakumbi eParis nakwingingqi yase-Île-de-France, lutshintshe kakhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo. Apho kwakukho ukuxinana kweemoto, umsi wokukhupha umoya, kunye nokwanda kongcoliseko oluhlala lukho, namhlanje sifumana isixeko esinciphise kakhulu amanqanaba aso ongcoliseko kodwa siqhubeka nokulwa nomceli mngeni omkhulu wezempilo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, uxinzelelo lwabemi kunye nezenzo ezidibeneyo yiManyano yaseYurophu, urhulumente waseFransi kunye noorhulumente basekhaya La manyathelo avumele ukunciphisa isiqingatha sezona zinto zinobungozi kakhulu zongcoliseko. Nangona kunjalo, izigidi zabantu ziyaqhubeka nokuphefumla umoya ongafikeleliyo kumanqanaba acetyiswa yi-WHO okanye imiqathango emitsha yaseYurophu, kwaye ungcoliseko luyaqhubeka nokunciphisa ixesha lokuphila kwaye lonyusa izifo zokuphefumla nezentliziyo.
Yintoni esiyiqondayo ngomgangatho womoya kunye nongcoliseko lomoya?
Xa sithetha ngomgangatho womoya eFransi, asithethi nje kuphela ngokuba isibhakabhaka sibonakala sicocekile okanye sicocekile.kodwa endaweni yoko kwinqanaba elithile lezinto eziyingozi ezikhoyo emoyeni wendawo ethile nexesha elithile. Lo mxube weekhemikhali, amasuntswana, kunye neegesi yiwo omisela umngcipheko kwimpilo yabantu kunye nempembelelo kwimeko-bume yasezidolophini.
Ungcoliseko lomoya lwenzeka xa izinto ezibonakalayo, iikhemikhali, okanye izinto eziphilayo zitshintsha ulwakhiwo lomoya ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba nemiphumo emibi ebantwini, kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo, kwizakhiwo, okanye nakwimozulu. Olu ngcoliseko lunokwenzeka emoyeni wangaphandle nangaphakathi, apho amanqanaba ongcoliseko oluthile adla ngokuba phezulu ngendlela emangalisayo.
EFransi, ingakumbi eParis, iqela lezinto ezingcolisayo eziphambili lijongwa ngengqwalaselo ekhethekileyo. kuba zaziwa ngokuba zinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokufa kwangaphambi kwexesha kunye nezifo ezinzulu. Zonke azinamvelaphi okanye zenze ngendlela efanayo, kodwa xa zidibene zakha isiseko sengxaki yongcoliseko lwezixeko.
Izinto eziyinxalenye ethile (PM10, PM2,5 kunye nePM0,1) zenza umxube ontsonkothileyo wezinto eziqinileyo nezilulwelo ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali. Ingozi yazo ikwisayizi yazo encinci: okukhona zincinci, kokukhona zinokungena nzulu kwinkqubo yokuphefumla, zifikelele egazini, zize zigqibele zichaphazele intliziyo nengqondo.
I-nitrogen dioxide (NO2) yenye into ebangela ungcoliseko lomoya kwizixeko zaseFransi.Yigesi ebomvu-mdaka enevumba elibi, eveliswa ikakhulu xa injini itsha, ingakumbi idizili. Inciphisa ukubonakala, inxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko ophezulu westroke kunye nesifo seswekile, kwaye ikwanegalelo ekudalweni kwe-tropospheric ozone.
I-ozone ekwindawo esezantsi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-tropospheric ozone, ayinanto yakwenza nolwelo lwe-ozone oludumileyo olusikhusela kwimitha ye-ultraviolet.Sisingcolisi sesibini: asikhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa senziwe xa ezinye iikhompawundi (ezifana ne-NO2 kunye neekhompawundi ze-organic eziguquguqukayo) zisabela elangeni. Imiphumo yaso kwinkqubo yokuphefumla kunye nezityalo iyaziwa kwaye ixhalabisa kakhulu [ngamaxesha/iminyaka/njl. alandelayo]. amaza obushushu.
I-Sulfur dioxide (SO2), nangona inciphile kakhulu eNtshona Yurophu ngenxa yokushiywa kwamalahle.I-carbon monoxide isaqhubeka iyigesi ebalulekileyo ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho womoya wehlabathi kwaye inokunxulunyaniswa namashishini athile okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Inxulunyaniswa nokurhawuzelelwa kokuphefumla kunye nokwenziwa kwemvula ene-asidi, eyonakalisa umhlaba, imizimba yamanzi, kunye nelifa elakhiweyo.
Umgangatho womoya ulinganiswa njani eFransi naseParis?
EFransi, ukujonga umgangatho womoya kucwangciswa ngokusebenzisa iinethiwekhi zengingqi kunye neenkqubo zesalathiso eziguqulela idatha enzima ibe lulwazi oluqondakalayo. kuluntu. Kwingingqi yaseParis, iarhente yesalathiso yiAirparif, ngelixa kummandla wase-Île-de-France uphela, kusetyenziswa ne-Atmo Index.
I-Atmo Index idibanisa imilinganiselo yezinto ezininzi ezingcolisayo (PM10, PM2,5, NO2, ozone, njl.njl.) Oku kuvelisa ixabiso lilonke elivezwa kwisikali sombala: ukusuka kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okubonisa umgangatho womoya olungileyo, ukuya kumsobo, obonisa iziganeko zongcoliseko olukhulu. Oku kuvumela nabani na ukuba afumane umbono ngokukhawuleza wemeko kwindawo yakhe okanye kumasipala.
Ngokusebenzisa ii-portals ezifana ne-Airparif okanye usetyenziso olukhethekileyo lweselula, ungajonga umgangatho womoya ngexesha langempela.Faka idilesi ethile kwaye ufumane uqikelelo lweeyure okanye iintsuku ezilandelayo. Olu lwazi lubalulekile kwiziphathamandla ukuze ziqalise izicwangciso zongxamiseko kwaye kubantu abasengozini kakhulu banciphise ukuvezwa kwabo xa imeko isiba mandundu.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba uninzi lwedatha yomgangatho womoya esasazwayo yeyexeshana kwaye ayikaqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokupapashwa.Imibutho efana neprojekthi yeWorld Air Quality Index ilumkisa ngokucacileyo ukuba, nangona kuthathwa amanyathelo okhuseleko aqatha ekuqokeleleni nasekucutshungulweni kolwazi, ukulungiswa okulandelayo kusenokwenzeka kwaye akukho xanduva luthathwayo ngomonakalo obangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwalo.
Olu lumkiso ngedatha aluthethi ukuba aziluncedo, kodwa kufuneka zitolikwe ngomlinganiselo othile wokuguquguquka.Zisebenza ekuchongeni iindlela ezisetyenziswayo, ukuvavanya impembelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke kunye nokulumkisa ngeziqendu ezithile, kodwa zihlala ziphantsi kwengcamango yokuba zinokulungiswa njengoko iinkqubo zolawulo lomgangatho zigqitywa.
Utshintsho lwakutshanje longcoliseko lomoya eParis nase-Île-de-France
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, iParis ibone ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwamanqanaba ongcoliseko lomoya.Ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000 ukuya kutsho kowama-2024, ikomkhulu laseFransi liqalise uthotho lwemigaqo-nkqubo eguqule indawo yasezidolophini kunye nendlela abantu abahambahamba ngayo.
Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwe-Airparif, phakathi kowama-2005 nowama-2024 ubuninzi bezinto ezincinci (PM2,5) kunye ne-nitrogen dioxide buncitshisiwe malunga nesiqingatha., malunga ne-55% kunye ne-50% ngokulandelelana. Zezona zimbini zezona zinto zingcolisayo empilweni, ezinxulumene nomhlaza wemiphunga, i-bronchitis engapheliyo, i-asthma, izifo zentliziyo kunye neengxaki zokukhulelwa koomama kunye nabantwana abasandul' ukuzalwa.
Ukuba sijonga ukuguquka kwento ethile engcolisayo efana ne-NO2, umndilili wengingqi phakathi kowama-2004 nowama-2024 ubonisa ukwehla okuphantse kube yi-50%.Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngo-2024, abemi base-Île-de-France abamalunga nama-800 babesajongene namanqanaba angaphezulu komda wexabiso laseYurophu ukususela ngo-2008, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ingxaki ayikasonjululwa ngokupheleleyo.
Ngaphakathi kulo mmandla, iParis iveza into engaqhelekanga enomdla: iseyenye yeendawo apho imigangatho ethile yaseYurophu igqithwa khona.Kodwa izinga lokuphucuka likhawuleza kakhulu kunakwezinye iindawo zelizwe. Kwelinye icala, ikomkhulu laqala kwimeko enzima ngakumbi; kwelinye icala, utshintsho oluya kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba kukuhamba kancinci (ibhayisekile, ukuhamba ngeenyawo, izithuthi zikawonke-wonke) lube lukhulu kakhulu kunakwezinye izixeko.
Amanani ezithuthi abonisa ngokucacileyo olu tshintsho: inani leekhilomitha ezihamba ngemoto ngaphakathi kwemida yesixeko saseParis lincitshisiwe malunga nesiqingatha kwiminyaka engama-20.Ukuba indlela edumileyo yokujikeleza (i-périphérique) ifakiwe, ukwehla kuya kuba phezulu nangakumbi, ukuya kuthi ga kwikota yoko kwarekhodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane. Ukususwa kweendawo zokupaka ezimalunga nama-50.000 kunye nokudalwa okukhulu kweendlela zeebhayisekile kunye neendawo eziluhlaza kuye kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, iziqendu zongcoliseko ziye zehla ngokuphindaphindiweyo nangobunzulu.Ngowama-2024, kwarekhodwa iziqephu ezintathu kummandla waseParis (esinye seenxalenye zesuntswana kunye nezimbini ze-ozone), xa kuthelekiswa neshumi kunyaka ophelileyo, nto leyo ephawula ubuncinci bembali beentsuku ezinongcoliseko oluphezulu ngokwemilinganiselo yokusingqongileyo ye-Airparif.
Olu phuculo kwizalathisi zomgangatho womoya lunefuthe elithe ngqo kwimpilo yoluntu.Ukufa kwangaphambi kwexesha okubangelwa lungcoliseko kummandla waseParis kwehle malunga nama-40% kwiminyaka elishumi, ukusuka kwi-10.000 ngo-2010 ukuya kwi-6.200 ngo-2019. Iingxelo zibonisa ukuba, ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yangoku iyagcinwa kwaye iqiniswa, ukwehla okunye kwesithathu kunokufezekiswa ngo-2030.
Amanyathelo athathwe yiFransi neParis ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya
Ukwehla kwamanqanaba ongcoliseko lomoya eFransi akwenzekanga ngomlingo, kodwa kungenxa yeminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini yemigaqo-nkqubo edibeneyo.Kwinqanaba laseYurophu, lesizwe, lengingqi nelasekuhlaleni, imithetho ivunyiwe yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo okwenziwa ziimoto, amashishini kunye nokufudumeza izindlu.
EParis, ukuzibophelela ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kweemoto zabucala kuye kwacaca.Abasemagunyeni besixeko baqalise uthungelwano olubanzi lweendlela zeebhayisekile, bandise iindlela zabahambi ngeenyawo, banciphise iindawo zokupaka ezitratweni, kwaye batyale imali kwinkqubo yezothutho lukawonke-wonke exineneyo neqhelekileyo. Ngokutsho kweBhunga leSixeko, olu nxibelelwano lubavumele ukuba banciphise ungcoliseko lomoya malunga nama-40% kwiminyaka elishumi, ngaxeshanye nokwehla okufanayo kwezithuthi zendlela.
Esinye sezixhobo eziphambili ibiziiLow Emission Zones (iiLEZ, ezaziwa eFransi njengeZFE okanye iiReduced Emission Zones)apho ukufikelela kwizithuthi ezingcolisa kakhulu kuncitshiswa ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukususela nge-1 kaJanuwari, umzekelo, iimoto ezibizwa ngokuba yiCrit'Air 3 (idizili eneminyaka engaphezu kwe-14 ubudala kunye nepetroli eneminyaka engaphezu kwe-19 ubudala) azisavumelekanga ukujikeleza ngaphakathi eParis okanye kwinxalenye enkulu yeendawo zayo ezikufutshane, eziquka oomasipala abangama-79.
Injongo yale mimandla iphindwe kathathu: ukuphucula umgangatho womoya, ukukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa kwezithuthi ukuze zisebenzise izithuthi ezingangcolisi kakhulu, kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho oluhambelanayo oluya kwiindlela zokuhamba ezizinzileyo.Enyanisweni, ukusukela oko kwaqaliswa i-ZFE, kuye kwabonwa ukwehla okumalunga nama-42% kokukhutshwa kwe-nitrogen oxide, okubangelwa ngokuyinxenye yile mida yendlela.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuhamba iye yongezwa zizikhuthazo zoqoqosho kunye namanyathelo emali kwinqanaba likarhulumente.Izinto ezibalulekileyo ziquka uncedo lokutshintsha izithuthi ezindala, ingakumbi idizili, ngeemodeli ze-hybrid okanye zombane, imida yesantya kwiindawo zasezidolophini nakwiindawo eziphakathi kwezixeko, kunye nemilinganiselo yerhafu efana neRhafu Jikelele kwimisebenzi yokuNgcolisa esetyenziswa kwiinkampani.
Icandelo lokufudumeza likwayeyona nto iphambili ekuthathweni kwenyathelo lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweesuntswana kunye neegesi.Kusekwe iinkqubo zenkxaso zokutshintshela kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza ezisebenzisa umoya oshushu nezinye iinkqubo zokufudumeza ezicocekileyo, ukongeza kwimiqathango kwiibhoyila ezindala kakhulu okanye izixhobo ezingasebenzi kakuhle zokutshisa iinkuni ezikhupha amasuntswana amaninzi amancinci.
Imithombo ephambili kunye nezizathu zongcoliseko lomoya eFransi
Nangona kukho inkqubela phambili, izizathu zolwakhiwo longcoliseko lomoya zisabonakala kakhulu eFransi.Kwizixeko ezikhulu, ukuhamba kwezithuthi ezindleleni kuhlala kungumthombo ophambili wokukhutshwa kwe-NO2, izinto ezincinci, kunye nezinto ezibangela i-ozone. Kwiindawo zasemaphandleni nezikufutshane nedolophu, ezolimo ezinzulu kunye neenkqubo ezithile zoshishino nazo ziyancedisa.
Kwimeko yaseParis, uxinano lweendlela kunye nokuxhaphaka kweenjini zedizili kuchaza inxalenye enkulu yengxaki.Ayingomsi wokukhupha umoya kuphela ongcolisa izinto: ukuguguleka kwamatayara neebhuleki, ukuwohloka kwendlela, kunye nothuli oluhlala lunyuka nako nako kunegalelo kumasuntswana, kuquka... uthuli lwesaharan, kwiindlela ezixakekileyo.
Iilori kunye nezithuthi ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha iimpahla zinempembelelo engalinganiyoUphononongo luka-2024 olwenziwe yi-Respire and Clean Cities lubonise ukuba, nangona zinganinzi kangako kuneemoto zabakhweli, iilori, iiveni kunye nezithuthi zikagesi zivelisa phantse i-40% yongcoliseko lomoya olunxulumene neemoto eParis.
Ukuchatshazelwa yi-PM2,5 kuxhaphakile: kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-85% yabo bahlala kummandla wesixeko saseParis baphefumla amanqanaba angaphezulu kwexabiso elijoliswe eFransi lale nto ingcolisayo.Ngaphezu koko, ibhanki yasekunene yeSeine idla ngokuba nenqwaba yamasuntswana kunebhanki yasekhohlo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ifumana umthamo omkhulu wezithuthi.
Ngaphandle kwezothutho, eminye imithombo ebalulekileyo yokukhupha ukungcola ibandakanya ukufudumeza emakhaya, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zegesi, kunye nemisebenzi ethile yemizi-mveliso.. en iziqendu zomkhuhlane omkhuluUkwanda kokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokufudumeza ezingasebenzi kakuhle kunokunyusa okwethutyana amanqanaba ezinto ezincinci kunye ne-nitrogen dioxide.
Ukongeza koku konke, yimeko yejografi neyedolophu yaseParis, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe sesichengeni ngakumbi seziqendu zongcoliseko oluqhubekayo.Isixeko sihlala sichaphazeleka ziimeko zomoya ezizinzileyo kakhulu, ezingenamoya, apho umoya oshushu nongcolisiweyo uqokelelana khona kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide ukuhlaziywa.
Ngexesha lamaza obushushu, kwakheka iziqithi zobushushu zasezidolophini, iindawo apho ubushushu bomoya nomhlaba buphezulu kakhulu. kunakwiindawo zasemaphandleni ezikufutshane. Ubuninzi beeminerali kumphezulu (i-asphalt, ikhonkrithi, ilitye) kunye nokwakheka kwezitalato kudala uhlobo "lwesiphumo sesitya" esigcina umoya oshushu kunye nongcoliseko, nto leyo eyonyusa uxinano lwasekuhlaleni.
Impembelelo kwimpilo yabemi baseFransi
Eyona nto ibangela ukuba ungcoliseko lomoya lube yinto exhalabisayo eFransi yimpembelelo yalo ngqo kwimpilo.Asithethi ngokucaphuka okudlulayo, kodwa yinto enobungozi efana necuba okanye ukutya okungafanelekanga, apho amawaka abantu abafa ngaphambi kwexesha ngonyaka benxulunyaniswa nokuchatshazelwa rhoqo ziinxalenye ezincinci, i-NO2 kunye ne-ozone.
E-Île-de-France, izifundo zempilo zibonisa ukwehla okukhulu kokufa okubangelwa lungcoliseko phakathi kowama-2010 nowama-2019., ukusuka kubantu abangaphezu kwe-10.000 abafa ngonyaka ukuya kubantu abamalunga ne-6.220. Nangona kunjalo, amanani asephezulu kakhulu kwaye agxile ngakumbi kubantu abadala, izigulane ezinezifo zokuphefumla kunye namaqela asengozini enkulu yoluntu.
Amagunya ezempilo aqikelela ukuba, ukuba amanqanaba omgangatho womoya acetyiswa yi-WHO afikelelwa kulo lonke eli candeloOku kunokuthintela ukufa kwabantu abamalunga nama-7.900 ngaphambi kwexesha ngonyaka. Ngaphezu koko, kuya kunciphisa kakhulu ukwanda kwezifo ezintsha zokuphefumla ezingapheliyo kunye neemeko zentliziyo kunye ne-metabolic ezifana nokuhlaselwa yintliziyo, istroke, kunye nesifo seswekile sohlobo lwesibini.
Ngowama-2019, ungcoliseko lomoya kummandla waseParis lwalunxulunyaniswa nokulahleka okuqhelekileyo kweenyanga ezilishumi zobomi bomntu ngamnye.Kwakhona kuqikelelwe ukuba phakathi kwe-10% kunye ne-20% yamatyala amatsha ezifo ezingapheliyo zokuphefumla kunye naphakathi kwe-5% kunye ne-10% yezinye izifo zentliziyo kunye ne-metabolic zibangelwa ngokuyinxenye kumgangatho ophantsi womoya.
Iziphumo azisasazwanga ngokulinganayo kuluntu lonkeAbantu abahlala kwiimitha ezingama-50 ukusuka kwiindlela ezinkulu, njengeParis ring road okanye iidolophu ezinkulu, banyamezela ubuninzi bezinto ezingcolisayo kunabo bahlala ezitalatweni zesibini okanye kwiindawo apho izithuthi zingahambi kakhulu khona.
Abantwana ngomnye wamaqela achaphazeleka kakhuluIzifundo zibonisa ukuba abantwana abakhulela kufutshane ne-peripheral oxygen receptor basengozini ephezulu ngama-30% yokuba nesifo se-asthma. Ukuvezwa rhoqo besebancinci kunokuchaphazela ukukhula kwemiphunga kwaye kwandise amathuba okuba ne-allergies kunye nezinye izifo zokuphefumla.
Impembelelo kwimeko-bume yasezidolophini kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Ungcoliseko lomoya eFransi alugcini nje ngokugulisa abantu; lukwangcolisa nezixeko kunye neemeko zendalo zasezidolophini.Izakhiwo, ingakumbi ezo zakhiwe ngamatye, isamente, okanye iglasi, zihlala ziwohloka ngenxa yokufumba kwamasuntswana kunye nokusebenza kweegesi ezifana ne-SO2 kunye ne-NO2.
Ezibizwa ngokuba "ziindawo ezimnyama" kunye "neendawo ezikhanyayo" zibonakala ngokucacileyo kwiifacade nakwizikhumbuzo.Iindawo ezikhuselekileyo emvuleni nasemoyeni, okanye ezikufutshane kakhulu nemithombo yongcoliseko, ziqokelela amaqhekeza amnyama ngokuhamba kwexesha anomthamo ophezulu we-sulfates kunye nothuthu. Ezi ndawo zimnyama zibonakala ngakumbi kumgangatho ongaphantsi komhlaba kunye nee-ledges kufutshane nezithuthi ezininzi.
“Iindawo ezikhanyayo”, ezichatshazelwa kakhulu ziimozulu, zikhukuliseka ngokukhawuleza.Imvula ihlanza rhoqo izinto ezingcolisayo, kodwa ngokwenza njalo, ikwasusa nomphezulu wezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo ohlala ukhankanywa yicawa yaseSaint-Eustache eParis, apho umahluko phakathi kweendawo ezicocekileyo nezimnyama ubonisa impembelelo yongcoliseko.
Iifestile zeglasi ezindala ezinemibala zenza elinye ilifa elibuthathaka kakhulu xa kujongwa ungcoliseko lomoya.Iintsalela zeekhemikhali kunye neempembelelo zeekhemikhali ezineegesi ze-asidi ziyayijika iglasi ibe mnyama kancinci kancinci, kwaye izinto ezindala, ezenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, zisengozini enkulu yolu tshintsho. I-Sainte-Chapelle ngomnye wemizekelo apho esi siphumo sifundwe khona ngokusondeleyo.
Ngokuphathelele izinto eziphilayo ezihlala ezidolophini, ungcoliseko lomoya lukwachaphazela amawaka eentlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala ezidolophini ezifana neParis.Kuqikelelwa ukuba eli komkhulu likhaya leentlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo ezimalunga nama-2.800, ukusuka kwiintaka nezinambuzane ukuya kwizityalo zasendle, zonke zichatshazelwe yingxubevange efanayo yezinto ezingcolisayo eziphefumlwa ngabantu.
Imvula eneasidi, eyenzeka xa i-SO2 kunye ne-NO2 zidityaniswe namanzi emafini, itshintsha i-pH yomhlaba kunye nemizimba yamanzi.Olu tshintsho lungonakalisa iingcambu, amagqabi, kunye nembewu, kwaye luchaphazele nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo zasemanzini kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezixhomekeke kwiimeko zeekhemikhali ezizinzileyo ukuze ziphile.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kunye "nokusebenza kakuhle kwendalo" koqoqosho lwaseFransi
Xa kuxoxwa ngongcoliseko lomoya eFransi, kubalulekile ukuba singalibali indima yeegesi ezibangela ubushushu, ingakumbi i-carbon dioxide (CO2).Nangona i-CO2 ingeyonto ingcolisayo eqhelekileyo enemiphumo ekhawulezileyo kwimpilo, igalelo layo kutshintsho lwemozulu lichaphazela ukwakheka kwe-ozone kunye nokuphindaphindeka kwamaza obushushu, nto leyo eyenza umgangatho womoya ube mbi ngakumbi.
Ngowama-2023, ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 eFransi bekumalunga ne-282,4 megatons, emva kokwehla kancinci ngaphezulu kwe-28 megatons xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo.Oku kubonisa ukwehla malunga ne-9%. Nangona eli lizwe lihlile, lihlala liphakathi kwamazwe asasaza igesi kwihlabathi liphela afanelekileyo kuluhlu lwamazwe angaphezu kwe-180 ahlalutyiweyo.
Xa sijonga inani lomntu ngamnye, ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo bekumalunga neetoni ze-4,25 ze-CO2 kummi ngamnye ngo-2023., kunye nokwehla kwesimo. Eli nani liphantsi kunelamanye amazwe amakhulu aphuhlileyo, kodwa alihambelani neenjongo zemozulu ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuba aliqhubeki nokuhla ngokukhawuleza.
Enye indlela yokulinganisa ukusebenza kokusingqongileyo koqoqosho lwaseFransi kukubala ukukhutshwa komoya kwi-$1.000 nganye ye-GDPKwixesha lamva nje elifumanekayo, ixabiso lihlale limalunga ne-0,08 yeekhilogram ze-CO2 kwi-1.000 yeedola ezivelisiweyo, kungekho tshintsho lubalulekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuzinza "kokusebenza kakuhle kwemozulu" endaweni yokuphucuka okucacileyo.
Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, kubekho ukwehla ngokubanzi kokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 iyonke, ukukhutshwa kwe-per capita, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-emissions ngeyunithi ye-GDP.Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko bekukho iimeko apho, nangona umthamo uwonke we-CO2 wehlile, ukukhutshwa komoya ngomntu ngamnye kunyuke kancinci, okubonisa ukunyuka nokwehla koqoqosho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.
Indlela yokuzikhusela kungcoliseko lomoya eFransi
Ngaphaya kwezicwangciso zikawonke-wonke, umntu ngamnye unokuthatha amanyathelo okunciphisa ukuvezwa kwakhe kungcoliseko kwaye enze indima yakhe. ekuphuculeni umgangatho womoya eFransi.
Ingcebiso yokuqala kukuhlala unolwazi ngexesha langempela malunga nomgangatho womoya kwindawo ohlala kuyo okanye osebenza kuyo.Izicelo ezifana ne-AirVisual okanye i-Plume Labs, kunye nedatha evela kwimibutho esemthethweni efana ne-Airparif, zisivumela ukuba sazi xa amanqanaba ongcoliseko enyuka kwaye kuyacetyiswa ukunciphisa imisebenzi efana nemidlalo eyingozi yangaphandle.
Ngeentsuku apho umoya ungekho mgangathweni, abantu abanovakalelo oluphezulu (abantwana, abantu abadala, abafazi abakhulelweyo, izigulana ezine-asthma okanye iingxaki zentliziyo) kufuneka banciphise, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ixesha abalichitha ngaphandle.Ukuba ukuhamba akunakuphepheka, ukusetyenziswa kweemaski zokucoca iintwana (umz., iFFP2) kunokubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo kwiintwana ezincinci.
Kudla ngokucingelwa ukuba ngaphakathi endlwini kukhuselekile, kodwa umoya osemakhaya okanye kwiiofisi nawo uqokelela ungcoliseko.Enyanisweni, kwizixeko ezingcolileyo, ungcoliseko lwangaphandle lungena ngalo lonke ixesha iingcango neefestile zivulwa, kwaye ukuba umoya awungeni ngokwaneleyo, uqokelelana kunye nokukhutshwa komoya ngaphakathi (isitovu segesi, iimveliso zokucoca, umsi wecuba, njl.njl.).
Ngoko ke, ukucoca umoya wangaphakathi kuya kuba yindlela eqhelekileyo yokunyamekela impilo yasekhaya.Izicoci zomoya ezinezihluzi ezisebenzayo kakhulu (ezifana ne-HEPA H13 kunye neetekhnoloji ezincedisayo) ziyakwazi ukugcina amasuntswana amahle kakhulu, iigesi ezicaphukisayo kunye nezinto ezibangela i-allergen ezifana ne-pollen, uthuli okanye ii-mold spores, ezinokuphucula kakhulu impilo-ntle yabantu abane-allergies okanye iimeko zokuphefumla.
Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kunokwenzeka ukuba negalelo ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko.Ukukhetha ukuhamba ngeenyawo okanye ukukhwela ibhayisekile kuhambo olufutshane, ukusebenzisa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke nanini na xa kufanelekile, ukuhamba ngemoto kunye nabantu abaninzi kuhambo olungenakuphepheka, kunye nokuphepha uhambo olungeyomfuneko kwizithuthi zabucala zizigqibo ezithi, xa zidityanisiwe, zinciphise ungcoliseko lwengingqi kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-CO2.
Ekhaya, khetha iinkqubo zokufudumeza nezokupholisa umoya ezisebenzayo nezingcolisi kakhuluUkugcina izixhobo zegesi zikwimeko entle, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweendawo zokubasa umlilo ezingasebenzi kakuhle, kunye nokukhetha amandla ahlaziyekayo nanini na kunokwenzeka zezinye zeendlela zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo ekhaya.
Umzamo odibeneyo wemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu eneenjongo ezinkulu, utshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe, kunye nokukhetha komntu ngamnye ngobulumko kuyayiguqula imeko-bume eFransi.IParis ngumzekelo ocacileyo: nangona isaqhubeka nokubandezeleka ziingxaki ezinkulu zongcoliseko kwaye abemi bayo basahlawula ixabiso kwimpilo yabo kangangeminyaka emininzi yezithuthi ezigqithisileyo, le ndlela ikhomba kwisixeko esineemoto ezimbalwa, indawo engaphezulu yabahambi ngeenyawo neebhayisekile, nomoya, ohamba kancinci kancinci, ongabi yingozi kangako kwabo bawuphefumlayo.
