Iqondo lobushushu lehlabathi liyenyuka ngokukhawuleza kunokuba uninzi lweentlobo lunokuziqhelanisa. Kule minyaka ingama-37 idlulileyo, kubekho ukwanda kwee-1,11 degrees, esenokubonakala ingabalulekanga; Nangona kunjalo, inyaniso yahluke kakhulu. Olu tshintsho, nokuba luncinci, ibangela ifuthe elibi kwindalo, njengoko kuqinisekiswe uphando lwezilwanyana ze-1166 zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo eziqhutywe nguDiana E. Bowler we-Senckberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (eJamani) kunye nabanye abaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseRey Juan Carlos yaseMadrid kunye neNational Museum of Natural Sciences (CSIC).
Izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zijwayele ukuhlala kwindawo ethile, kangangokuba ukuba uthathe, umzekelo, isilwanyana saseNordic ukuya kwiNtlango yeSahara, kuya kuba nexesha elibi kakhulu kwaye kuya kuba nobunzima obukhulu ukuziqhelanisa; Noko ke, ukuba kwaeso silwanyana besikwindawo apho imozulu ifana naleyo yemvelaphi yaso, besiya kuziqhelanisa ngaphandle kweengxaki yaye besiya kutshintsha izinto eziphilayo zize ziphelise izilwanyana zalapho. Oku, nangona kungumzekelo nje, sele kusenzeka. Iindidi zomhlaba eziqhele ukuhlala kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo ziyanda, ngelixa inani labemi beendawo ezibandayo liyancipha.. Yaye xa sithetha ngezilwanyana zasemanzini, olu hlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iintlanzi ezisemanzini anemozulu epholileyo zifudukela kuLwandle oluMntla, apho amaqondo obushushu apholileyo.
Ukufikelela kwezi zigqibo, Abaphandi bahlalutye ukudityaniswa kwezifundo ze-1758 yabemi bendawo, kunye ne-1166 yeentlobo zeeklasi ezingama-40, phakathi kwazo yayizizilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, ubulembu, izityalo, njl njl. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inye kuphela, zimbini okanye zintathu iintlobo ezikhethekileyo eziphandiweyo. Olu luphando lokuqala lokuhlanganisa inani elikhulu kangaka lezilwanyana nezityalo. Enkosi kwezi ntlobo zezifundo, "singaphendula eyona mibuzo ibalulekileyo yendalo yexesha lethu," utshilo u-Bowler.
Uphononongo olwenziwa yi-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) lubonisa ukuba ukuba izinga langoku lezenzo zabantu eziyingozi kwimekobume liyaqhubeka, I-6% yezinambuzane, i-8% yezityalo kunye ne-4% yezilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo ziya kuphulukana nesiqingatha soluhlu lwejografi.. Ukusinda kwabanamandla kuya kucaca ngakumbi kulo mongo; apho ezo ntlobo zikwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu entsha ngokuthe ngcembe zithatha indawo yezinye ezingenawo amandla okuziqhelanisa.
Utshintsho kwiipatheni zokuziphatha zeentlobo
Utshintsho olubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu lukwabonakala kwiindlela zokuziphatha zeentlobo ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, iintaka ezifudukayo zidla ngokufika eAfrika ngokukhawuleza kwaye, ngokufanayo, zibuye ngokukhawuleza. Ngokufanayo, ukudumba kwezityalo kunye nokuwa kwamagqabi ekwindla kwenzeka kamva kwaye kamva. Oku kungafani kumjikelezo wobomi kuneempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kungekuphela nje kwiintlobo ekuthethwa ngazo, kodwa nakwi-ikhosistim ezihlala kuzo.
Inqaku lomntu idlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Izinto ezinjengokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngokugqithiseleyo, ukunkcenkceshela ngendlela engafanelekanga, kunye nezenzo zokulima ezingekho mgangathweni zitshabalalisa amandla okukwazi ukuphila kweentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana. Ezi zenzo eziphazamisayo zenziwa mandundu yintlekele yemozulu, apho i-ecosystems ijongene noxinzelelo olongezelelweyo, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngaloo ndlela, i i-ecosystems yamathafa nazo zichaphazeleka kanobom.
Ukwanda kweentlobo zezityalo ezihlaselayo ngomnye umphumo wokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ezi ntlobo zezityalo, ezifakwe kwi-ikhosistim emitsha, zisongela iyantlukwano yendalo yebhayoloji, eququzelelwa bubuthathaka bokuba utshintsho lwemozulu luzenza iindawo zazo zokuzimela zangaphambili. Le nto yenziwa mandundu ngenxa yeemeko ezingafanelekanga ezidalwe kwiindawo zokuhlala zeentlobo ezininzi zomthonyama, ezizishiya zisesichengeni sokukhuphisana kwezi zidalwa zintsha.
Imixokomelwano yendalo yaselwandle ichaphazelekile
I-ecosystems yaselwandle nayo ithwaxwa yimiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Amaza obushushu olwandle, iasidi yolwandle ebangelwa kukufunxwa kwekharbon diokside emoyeni, nokunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle zezinye zeengxaki ezijongene neelwandle neelwandle zethu. Indibaniselwano yezi zinto idala imeko-bume ecela umngeni kwiintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zaselwandle ekufuneka ziziqhelanise ngokukhawuleza okanye zijongane nokuphela. Kule meko, i ifuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizilwanyana iphawuleka ngakumbi.
Ngokukodwa, ukuhamba kweentlobo zaselwandle ukuya kumanzi apholileyo kuye kwaxelwa kwizifundo ezininzi, ezibonisa indlela ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu akuchaphazela ngayo ukusasazwa kobomi baselwandle. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba le nto inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Impembelelo kwizinto eziphilayo kwiindawo ezithile
Kwimeko yaseYurophu, i-biodiversity yase-Andalusi ijongene nemingeni emininzi. Ngenxa yezinto ezinjengokubharha komhlaba, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, kunye nokusebenza ngamandla kwabantu ngemisebenzi efana nokuxhaphazwa ngokugqithisileyo kwamanzi, ukunkcenkceshela, kunye nezenzo zokulima ezingekho mgangathweni, ubuthathaka obukhoyo bezinto eziphilayo zaseAndalusian buyabonakala. I-Andalusian Biodiversity Strategy ye-Horizon 2030 ibonisa ukuba ummandla ubonakaliswe ngobuninzi kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobomi, kodwa ingxelo malunga noBume beNdalo kwi-EU epapashwe ngo-Oktobha 2020 iphawula ukuba i-biodiversity yaseYurophu, ngokubanzi, iyancipha.
Ukuba ubushushu behlabathi buqhubeleka nokunyuka, amandla okuziqhelanisa nezinto ezininzi eziphilayo kuya kugqithiswa. Oku kuya kubangela utshintsho olungayi kuchaphazela kuphela indalo ephilayo yesijikelezi-langa kodwa kunye namanzi kunye nokubonelela ngokutya kwayo, kwandisa umngcipheko wokutshabalala kwezinye iintlobo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana kunye nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwiinkqubo zethu zemveliso, ezifak' isandla ekunqongopheni kwezixhobo kunye nendlala eyandisayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Kule nkalo, unokuqhagamshelana nolwazi oluthe kratya malunga ne izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zehlathi boreal kunye nokuba sesichengeni kwabo kwimeko yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Umzekelo ophawulekayo yimeko yelynx yaseIberia. Iyantlukwano yemfuza ephantsi kunye nokuzalana kuthintele ukufunyanwa kolu didi, kodwa ulawulo lwemfuzo oluqhutywe kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo lubonakala lube negalelo ekubuyiseleni okubonakalayo. Ukubaluleka kweyantlukwano yofuzo kwi ukomelela kwabantu Kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko ivumela iintlobo ukuba ziqhelane notshintsho olumandla kwindawo yazo. Eli tyala libonisa indlela ulawulo olufanelekileyo olunokunceda ngayo ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiintlobo ezithile.
Kusekho izikhewu ezininzi kwiinkqubo zokubeka iliso kwimfuza, ngakumbi kwimimandla yeMeditera, apho iinzame ezongezelelweyo zifunekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukwahluka kofuzo oluyimfuneko ekuphileni kwexesha elide leentlobo ezininzi. Oku kuqaqambisa imfuneko yokomeleza amalinge olondolozo asabela kwizoyikiso ezibangelwa lutshintsho lwemozulu kwizityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo.
Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba izilwanyana zaseYurophu kunye nezityalo zifuduselwa emantla ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, okukhokelela ekwandeni kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo emantla. Le nto ibhalwe kuphononongo olubandakanya abaphandi be-CSIC, abafumanise ukuba iintsingiselo zebhayoloji yasekhaya yaseYurophu ziyatshintsha ngokukhawuleza, kunye nomahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemimandla kunye ne-ecosystem.
Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kuqhuba iintlobo ukusuka kumzantsi Yurophu ukuya kwiindawo ezisemantla, ngelixa iintlobo ezintsha ziziswa emazantsi, zilungelelanise ngcono iimeko ezifudumeleyo ezikhoyo kwimozulu yangoku. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko kwiintsingiselo zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuyo yonke i-ikhosistim, njengokuhla kokhula lwaselwandle xa kuthelekiswa nokwanda kweentaka, kubonisa ukuba ayizizo zonke iintlobo eziphendula ngokulinganayo kutshintsho lwemo engqongileyo.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwempembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nemisebenzi yabantu, njengokufudukela ezidolophini kunye nolimo olunzima, kwandisa iingxaki zolondolozo. Ukwenzeka kweentlobo zezilwanyana eziziqhelanisayo kunye nezinye ezinyamalalayo kuba yinto exhalabisayo, egxininisa ubuthathaka bolungelelwaniso lwangoku lwe-ikholoji.
Njengoko iinkcukacha malunga nendlela utshintsho lwemozulu oluziguqula ngayo iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo ziqhubeka zisanda, kuyacaca ukuba ukungxamiseka kokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo olondolozo olusebenzayo kubalulekile. Umceli mngeni awukho kuphela ekukhuseleni ezona ntlobo zezityalo zisemngciphekweni, kodwa nasekuqondeni nasekulindeleni utshintsho lwexesha elizayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo zihlala zisempilweni.
Umsebenzi wokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neempembelelo zayo kwizinto eziphilayo zifuna inzame edibeneyo ngabaphandi, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo, ukubeka iliso kwimfuza efanelekileyo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwezenzo ezizinzileyo ngamanyathelo ayimfuneko ekufuneka athatyathwe ukuze kugcinwe i-biological diversity ecebileyo yaseYurophu kunye nehlabathi.
