NgoSeptemba 2022, uluntu lwavavanya, okokuqala ngqa ngokuthe ngqo, ukuba luyakwazi na ukutyhala i-asteroid nokutshintsha indlela yayo. la Umsebenzi we-DART Inqwelo-moya yeNASA yabaleka ngesantya esiphezulu isiya kwiDimorphos, inyanga encinci yeDidymos yeasteroid, kuvavanyo lokuzikhusela kwiplanethi olwalubonakala ngathi yinto ephuma kwimuvi kodwa lunenjongo enzulu kakhulu: ukuvavanya ukuba impembelelo elawulwayo ingaphambukisa na umzimba onokuba yingozi.
Ukususela ngoko, iiteleskopu kunye neemodeli zamanani bezisoloko zihlalutya okwenzekayo ngaloo mini. Iziphumo zibonakala zityebile kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelwe: ixesha le-orbital le-Dimorphos elijikeleze i-Didymos alizange litshintshe nje kuphela, kodwa nezinye izinto eziye zafunyanwa. utshintsho olukhulu kwimilo, intshukumo, kunye ne-orbital dynamics yenkqubo ye-binary iyonke, kuquka nemiphumo elinganisekayo kwindlela ezijikeleza ngayo zombini ii-asteroids.
Yintoni iDimorphos kwaye kutheni yayiyinjongo yeDART?
I-Dimorphos sisathelayithi esincinci esijikeleza i-Didymos, senza i- inkqubo ye-asteroid enamacala amabiniZombini izidumbu zibotshelelwe ngamandla omxhuzulane kwaye zijikeleza iziko eliqhelekileyo lobunzima, ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo kwibhanti ye-asteroid kodwa apha iye yaba yilebhu efanelekileyo yokufunda indlela eziziphatha ngayo ezi zinto xa zitshayiswa kabuhlungu sisiphekepheke.
Ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke impembelelo, iDimorphos yayinesimo esicacileyo esithambileyo, ithambekele kancinci kwiipaliImbonakalo yayo, ethelekiswa zizazinzulu ezininzi nohlobo lwe "hamburger" yasesibhakabhakeni, ayisiyonto nje inomdla: imilo ye-asteroid isinika ulwazi malunga nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo, indlela izinto eziqokelelene ngayo kumphezulu wayo, kunye nohlobo lwesakhiwo sangaphakathi esinokusifihla.
Ukukhethwa kwale nkqubo kwi-DART mission kwakungeyongozi. Ngenxa yokuba yayiyi-asteroid ephindwe kabini, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zazikwazi ukuthatha imilinganiselo ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu. indlela ixesha lokujikeleza kwenyanga yalo elahluka ngayo Ngokujonga ukufiphala kwelanga kunye nokuhamba kweDimorphos phambi nangasemva kweDidymos, kwaba nokwenzeka ukubala isiphumo sempembelelo ngaphandle kokuthumela umkhosi weenqanawa; ukujonga ngononophelo okuvela eMhlabeni nakwezinye izixhobo esibhakabhakeni kwakwanele.
Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba iDimorphos kunye neDidymos aziyongozi yokwenyani eMhlabeni, nto leyo evumela ukuba olu vavanyo lwenziwe ngaphandle komngcipheko kwiplanethi yethu. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ifana ngokwaneleyo ne iiasteroids ezinokuba yingozi ukuze kufunyanwe izifundo ezisebenzisekayo kwimeko yokwenyani yokuzikhusela kweeplanethi.
Umsebenzi we-DART: ungquzulwano lwembali lokukhusela iiplanethi
I-DART imele Uvavanyo oluphindwe kabini lweAsteroid Redirection, okanye uvavanyo lwe-Double Asteroid Redirection. Ingcamango yayo, phezu komhlaba, yayilula kakhulu: ukukhupha inqwelo-moya enobunzima obuziikhilogram ezimbalwa kwiDimorphos ngesantya esiphezulu ukuze kubonwe ukuba ukujikeleza kwayo kunokujikwa kangakanani yimpembelelo ethe ngqo ye-kinetic.
Ngomhla wama-26 kuSeptemba, ngo-2022, inqwelo-moya ye-DART yangqubana ngabom kwi-Dimorphos. Kunokuba ithathwe njenge "ntsilelo" yokuphela ibe ziingceba, loo mpembelelo yaphawulwa. ngaphambi nasemva kokukhusela iiplanethiOkokuqala ngqa, bekungekuko nje ukuqikelela indlela yokuguqula i-asteroid, kodwa bekukuvavanya ngokwenene kwimeko elawulwayo neyokwenyani.
Uvavanyo lokuqala luqinisekisile ukuba ixesha le-orbital likaDimorphos elijikeleze iDidymos lincitshisiwe malunga nemizuzu engama-33. Olu nciphiso lwexesha le-orbital lwaluphezulu kakhulu kunobuncinci obubekwe yiNASA njengempumelelo. Ngokuphathelele i-orbital mechanics, Olo tshintsho lukhulu kakhulu., ingakumbi xa ucinga ngobunzima obuncinci besiphekepheke xa sithelekiswa nenyanga ye-asteroid.
Kodwa impembelelo ayizange ityhale iDimorphos njengebhola yebhiliyadi nje kuphela. Ukungqubana kwakhupha inani elikhulu lezinto, kwavelisa ilifu lenkunkuma eyasebenza njengokunyusa okongezelelweyo. Olu qhushumbo lwamaqhekeza lwaphoswa kwicala elahlukileyo kwintshukumo yokuqala ye-asteroid. yaphinda-phinda isiphumo sempembelelo, ngokungathi amandla enqanawa adibene nalawo erokhethi encinci eyenziwe ngamatye.
Eyona nto inomdla kukuba olu tshintsho aluzange luphelele kwi-orbit kaDimorphos ejikeleze umzimba wayo oyintloko. Uvavanyo olulandelayo lubonise ukuba nalo umjikelezo odibeneyo weDidymos kunye neDimorphos ezijikeleze iLanga Itshintshiwe kancinci, isiphumo esicetyiswe ziimodeli kodwa ngoku siqinisekiswa zizinto ezibonweyo.
I-asteroid etshintsha imo: ukusuka kwi-"hamburger" ukuya kwibhola yombhoxo
Esinye seziphumo eziye zamangalisa uluntu lwezenzululwazi kukuba iDimorphos yafumana uguquko emva kwempembelelo yeDART. Iimodeli zangaphambili sele zibonise ukuba kuza kubakho utshintsho, kodwa idatha ibonisa ukuba utshintsho belunjalo. kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelwe.
Ngokutsho kweqela elikhokelwa nguDerek Richardson, uprofesa weenkwenkwezi kwiYunivesithi yaseMaryland kunye nentloko yeqela lohlalutyo lwe-DART, iDimorphos yaqala ekubeni ngumzimba othe tyaba, "ofana nehamburger" yaza yathabatha imo engqukuva ngakumbi. ixesha elide kwaye lingaphezuluYayifana nebhola yombhoxo okanye ibhola ekhatywayo yaseMelika. Oko kukuthi, yayisolula ecaleni kwe-axis, ilahlekelwa yimo engqukuva eyayinayo ngaphambili.
Olu tshintsho kwimo lubangela umngeni kwezinye zeengcinga ezikhoyo malunga nendlela iinyanga ze-asteroid ezenziwe ngayo ngezinto ezikhutshwe emzimbeni womzali. Kwakucingelwa ukuba, ngokubanzi, ukuqokelelana kancinci kweziqwenga kuya kwenza i- umzimba omde ohlala ujonge i-axis yawo ephambili ibhekisa kwi-asteroid engumzali. Nangona kunjalo, idatha yeDimorphos ikhomba kwinkqubo enzima ngakumbi.
I-crater enkulu eyadalwa kukungqubana, kunye nokusasazwa ngokutsha kwezinto ezikumphezulu nangaphakathi, ngeyayiza "kutshintsha" inyanga. Asithethi nje ngomngxuma obonakalayo, kodwa uhlengahlengiso olunzulu lomzimba nto leyo eyisusile kwindlela yokuzivelela eyayinokuthi ihambe ngayo ukuba ibingachatshazelwanga yiDART.
Kwinqaku elipapashwe kwiPlanetary Science Journal ngo-Agasti 23, iqela lichaza ezi zinto ziqwalaselweyo ngokweenkcukacha kwaye lichaza iziphumo zazo: ukuba impembelelo encinci kakhulu inokutshintsha imo ye-asteroid kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuqonda kakuhle indlela ezi zinto ezisabela ngayo ukuze zikwazi ukuqikelela. Zeziphi iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokubakho xa uzama ngokwenene ukuphambukisa into eyingozi?.
Utshintsho ekujikelezeni: ukusuka kukulinganisela okuzolileyo ukuya kukujikeleza okunokuphazamiseka
Ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ingozi, iDimorphos yayikwimeko yokulingana okujikelezayo kunye neDidymos efana kakhulu neyeNyanga yethu malunga noMhlaba. Oko kukuthi, yayisoloko ibonisa. ubuso obufanayo nobe-asteroid ephambiliOlu lwakhiwo lwaziwa ngokuba yi-tidal coupling okanye i-synchronous rotation. Le meko izinzile ngamandla kwaye ifikelelwa ngokuhamba kwexesha kwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-binary.
Impembelelo yeDART yaphazamisa olo lungelelwaniso. Ngokweemodeli kunye nohlalutyo lweqela likaRichardson, inyanga ye-asteroid yayiza kungena kwimeko ethile. ayilungelelananga kakuhle kwaye ayiqhelekanga kakhuluEnyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba iDimorphos ayisabonakalisi ubuso obufanayo ngokusisigxina kwiDidymos, kodwa inokushukuma kwaye itshintshe ngokubonakalayo indlela eyiyo.
Abaphandi bade bathi iDimorphos isenokuba "iyawa," oko kukuthi, ifumana uhlobo oluthile lokujikeleza. isiphithiphithi kwaye ayiqikeleleki apho i-axis yayo yokujikeleza itshintsha rhoqo. Olu hlobo lokuziphatha, nangona lunokuvakala lumangalisa kakhulu, luyimiphumo yendalo xa i-angular momentum yomzimba obukwi-equilibrium itshintsha ngequbuliso.
Enye yezinto ezingaziwayo ngoku kukuba kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba inkqubo "iphinde iphumle". Ubunzima obuphakathi kweDimorphos kunye neDidymos bunokuphelisa ezi ntshukumo zingazinzanga de inyanga ifumane imeko yokutshixa efana neyangaphambili, kodwa Akucaci nokuba oko kuya kwenzeka emva kwamashumi eminyaka, iinkulungwane, okanye nangaphezulu..
Le nkcukacha ayisiyonto nje yokufuna ukwazi ngobugcisa. Ukuba kucwangciselwe imisebenzi yexesha elizayo umhlaba kwiDimorphos okanye ukufaka izixhobo zexesha elide kumphezulu wazo, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukwazi ukuba umzimba unika isiseko esizinzileyo okanye ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo, uqhubeka nokujikeleza okunzima okwenza kube nzima na ukusebenza.
Ukungcola, umngxuma kunye notshintsho lwe-orbital kwinkqubo ye-Didymos-Dimorphos
Impembelelo yeDART ayizange ishiye nje kuphela umngxuma omkhulu kwiDimorphos, kodwa ikwakhuphe nelitye elikhulu kunye nothuli esibhakabhakeni. Le nto, eyayihlala injalo kwezinye iimeko. ukujikeleza kwinkqubo ye-binary, idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwiinguqu ezabonwa kamva kwixesha lokujikeleza kwenyanga.
Inkunkuma ebangelwe kukungqubana okwethutyana yatshintsha ibhalansi yomxhuzulane phakathi kwezi asteroid zimbini. Ezinye zezi zinto zasebenza njengendlela eyongezelelweyo yokudlulisa amandla, zifinyeza umjikelezo kaDimorphos ojikeleze iDidymos ngaphezu kokuba bekunokwenzeka kuphela ngobunzima kunye nesantya senqwelo-moya.
Kwangaxeshanye, idatha ibonisa ukuba, nangona iiDimorphos zitshintshe kakhulu, Imo kaDidymos yahlala ifanaOku kubonisa ukuba umzimba oyintloko uqinile kwaye uqinile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungaguquguquki nangona ulahlekelwe bubunzima ngexesha lokwenziwa kwenyanga yawo kwaye ngoku ulungiswa emva kokuchaphazeleka.
Inyaniso yokuba iDidymos igcina isakhiwo sayo inika ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nohlobo lwangaphakathi lwezi asteroids. Yonke into ibonisa ukuba umzimba omkhulu unokuba... incinci kwaye inamathele ngakumbi kunesathelayithi yayo, mhlawumbi esebenza njenge "inqwaba yenkunkuma" ekulula ukuyisasaza kwakhona.
Esinye isiphumo sale ngozi kukuba inkqubo yeDidymos-Dimorphos, iyonke, ibone ukujikeleza iLangaEkubeni zombini ii-asteroids zibotshelelwe ngokomxhuzulane kwaye zijikeleza iziko eliqhelekileyo lobunzima, naluphi na utshintsho kwenye yazo luchaphazela intshukumo iyonke yenkqubo. Olu tshintsho luncinci kodwa lunokulinganiswa, kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba impembelelo ye-kinetic ayinakutshintsha kuphela umjikelezo wendawo kodwa ikwashiya uphawu kwindlela ye-heliocentric.
Izikhokelo ezintsha malunga nendlela ii-asteroids ezibumba kwaye ziphuhlisa ngayo
Zonke ezi ziphumo zinefuthe elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ngcono Ukwakheka kunye nokuguquka kwee-asteroids kunye nezinye izidalwa ezincinci yeNkqubo yeLanga. Ngokujonga indlela iDimorphos esabela ngayo kwimpembelelo enjalo ephawulekayo, izazinzulu zinokucokisa iimodeli ezazisekelwe ngaphambili kwiimodeli zethiyori.
Inyani yokuba inyanga iguqukile kakhulu ngelixa iDidymos ingatshintshanga kangako ibonisa iimeko apho umzimba oyintloko uqinile ngakumbi kwaye inyanga isiphumo izinto ezikhutshiweyo neziqokelelwe kwakhonaOku kuhambelana nengcamango yokuba ezinye iisathelayithi zenzeka kwinkunkuma ekhutshwa kukujikeleza okukhawulezileyo okanye ukungqubana kwangaphambili, ezithi emva koko zihlangane ndawonye zijikeleze umzimba owazisungulayo.
Ngaphezu koko, ubuchule bukaDimorphos bokungena kwinkqubo yokujikeleza enzima ngakumbi emva kwempembelelo bubonelela ngefestile eyahlukileyo yendlela amandla olwandle, ukusasazwa kobuninzi, kunye nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi oluchaphazela ngayo uzinzo lokujikeleza kwexesha elide. Okukhona ezi nkqubo ziqondwa ngcono, Okukhona izibikezelo zithembeke ngakumbi malunga nendlela i-asteroid ethile eya kusabela ngayo xa ityhalwa ngabom.
Uphando olufana nolo lupapashwe kwiPlanetary Science Journal ekugqibeleni lusinceda ukuba sisuke kwiingcamango nje kuphela siye kwimeko apho ifiziksi yomxhuzulane, indlela izinto ezisebenza ngayo, kunye neendlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo ze-binary zinokuvavanywa ngedatha yokwenyani. Njengoko uRichardson ngokwakhe egxininisile, iziphumo ezingalindelekanga zinceda ekupeyinteni umfanekiso. umfanekiso otyebileyo nonobunono ngakumbi ngendlela la mazwe mancinci akhiwa kwaye atshintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Kukwanikwa ingqwalasela enkulu kwisantya apho inkunkuma ekhutshwe yiDART iya kunyamalala ngaso. Ukwazi ukuba imeko-bume yenkqubo yeDidymos iya kucaca nini ngokupheleleyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni. indlela yokucoca nokubuyisela ukulinganisela inkqubo ye-binary emva kwempembelelo enkulu, kunye nokuceba imisebenzi yexesha elizayo eza kusondela kuloo ndawo ngaphandle kokudibana namafu enkunkuma anokuba yingozi.
Umsebenzi we-ESA kaHera: "uhlaselo lwesibini" kwinkqubo yeDidymos
Ibali le-DART alipheli ngempembelelo. I-European Space Agency ilungiselela umsebenzi wayo, obizwa ngokuba yi- zekhompyuthaeya kusebenza njengolandelelwano oluneenkcukacha kuvavanyo lweNASA. Ingcinga ilula: ngoku ekubeni "siyithathile," lixesha lokuba siye kuyibukela ngokusondeleyo size sithathe amanyathelo achanekileyo ukuze siqonde zonke iziphumo.
Ukuba ishedyuli iyaphumelela, uHera ucwangciselwe ukuqalisa ngo-Okthobha aze aqalise uhambo oluya kumsa kwinkqubo yeDidymos-Dimorphos eya ngasekupheleni kuka-2026Xa sele ifikile apho, inqwelo-moya iza kufunda isakhiwo sangaphakathi kunye neempawu zomzimba zee-asteroids zombini, igxile ngakumbi kwi-impact crater, ukuguquka kwe-Dimorphos, kunye nemeko yangoku yokujikeleza kwayo kunye nokujikeleza kwayo.
UHera akayi kubukela ekude kuphela, kodwa yenzelwe ukubonelela ngohlalutyo olupheleleyo oluzalisa ulwazi olufunyenwe eMhlabeni. Uya kulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu. ubunzima, uxinano, ukuvuleka, kunye nokubumbana ii-asteroids, kunye nokusasazwa kweebhloko kunye namatye ajikeleze umngxuma kunye nomphezulu okhubazekileyo weDimorphos.
Iinkokheli zomsebenzi zibonisa ukuba olu lwazi luya kuba luncedo kakhulu ekuphuculeni iimodeli zempembelelo ye-kinetic. Luza kubavumela ukuba baqinisekise ukuba izibikezelo zangaphambili zihambelana kangakanani noko kwenzekileyo ngokwenene, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukulinganisa ngcono naluphi na uthumo lwexesha elizayo yenzelwe ukukhusela into ebeka umngcipheko wokwenene kuMhlaba.
Ngaphezu koko, iHera iza kunceda ekuphenduleni imibuzo eseleyo: ingakanani into esajikeleza inkqubo emva kwempembelelo, nokuba iDimorphos iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza kwayo okuphazamisayo okanye iqalile ukuzinza, kwaye ingaba inokuphinda ifumane into efana nokulingana kwayo kwangaphambili komxhuzulane neDidymos. Zonke ezi nkcukacha zibalulekile ekuhloleni ukuba, kwixesha elizayo, ingaba Kunokwenzeka ukuba umhlaba ufike phezu komhlaba yenyanga ukuze kufakwe izixhobo okanye kwenziwe imisebenzi yokufunxa izixhobo.
I-DART yindawo yokuvavanya ukhuseleko lweeplanethi
Ngaphaya komdla wesayensi, injongo esisiseko yalo lonke eli phulo icacile: ukuphucula amandla ethu okwenza ukukhusela uMhlaba kwii-asteroids okunokuba yingozi. I-DART inike ithuba elikhethekileyo lokuvavanya kwihlabathi lokwenyani indlela eyayikho kuphela kwiimodeli nakwizifundo zethiyori.
Ukunciphisa ixesha le-orbital likaDimorphos ngemizuzu engama-33 kubonisa ukuba impembelelo ye-kinetic ecwangcisiweyo kakuhle inokuvelisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwindlela ye-asteroid. Nangona kunokubonakala ngathi luhlengahlengiso oluncinci, ngokwe-asteroid mechanics a ukuphambuka okuncinci kusetyenziswe kwangaphambili Ingenza umahluko phakathi kokubetha ngqo nendlela ekhuselekileyo ekumgama wamakhulu amawaka eekhilomitha.
Njengoko uRichardson kunye namanye amalungu eqela besitsho, iDART isinike ithuba lokungena kwi ifiziksi entsonkothileyo yomxhuzulane into engenakwenzeka ukuba iphindaphindwe ngokupheleleyo kwilebhu yomhlaba. Idatha efunyenweyo isebenza ukuqinisekisa iimodeli zamanani eziya kuba sisiseko salo naliphi na icebo lokuphambukisa ihlabathi lokwenyani nxamnye nento ejolise kwiplanethi yethu.
Izazinzulu zicacile kwinqaku elinye: amathuba okuba i-asteroid enkulu okanye i-comet inqumle indlela yethu ize ibe yingozi enkulu aphantsi, kodwa Ayingo-zero.Ukuba "nomgca wokuzikhusela" owongezelelweyo, osekelwe kwindlela esele ivavanyiwe ngempumelelo, kuyitshintsha ngokupheleleyo incoko. Asisathethi ngebali lesayensi, kodwa sithetha ngeenkqubo zokwenyani kunye nobuchule.
Nangona kunjalo, masingazenzisi siphoxo: yonke i-asteroid yahlukile. Impendulo yeDimorphos kwimpembelelo yeDART isenokungafani neyezinye izidalwa ezinesakhiwo esahlukileyo, uxinano, okanye ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi. Yiyo loo nto zombini uhlalutyo lwangoku kunye nomsebenzi weHera ozayo zibaluleke kangaka; ziya kunceda ekumiseleni... zeziphi iingenelo zokhuseleko Yintoni ekufuneka ilawulwe, kwaye zeziphi izinto ezingaqinisekiyo ezisakhoyo kuyo nayiphi na imizamo yokuphambukisa.
Xa sidibanisa, yonke into esiyifundileyo ukusukela ngoSeptemba 2022 icacisa ukuba olu ngquzulwano lubonakala lulula luye lwabangela utshintsho olukhulu kulwazi lwethu malunga nezidalwa ezincinci kwiNkqubo yeLanga kunye noko sikwaziyo ukukwenza ukukhusela iplanethi yethu ukuba, ngenye imini, into eyingozi inqumla indlela yethu.
Ngenxa yempembelelo yeDART, utshintsho olukhulu kwimo kunye nokuhamba kweDimorphos, utshintsho oluncinci lwendlela ejikelezwe ngayo kunye neDidymos ejikeleze iLanga, kunye nokufika okukufutshane komsebenzi weHera, uluntu lwezenzululwazi ngoku lunovavanyo lwehlabathi lokwenyani oludibanisa i-orbital mechanics, i-asteroid geology, kunye nokhuselo lweeplanethi kwimeko enye; yonke into ibonisa ukuba le nkqubo ye-binary iya kuhlala iyeyona ibalulekileyo kwiminyaka ezayo. iilabhoratri zendalo ezixabisekileyo kakhulu ukuqonda indlela ii-asteroids ezisabela ngayo kwimizamo yethu yokuzityhala kunye nendawo esiza kuba nayo yokujika ukuba kufuneka senze njalo ukukhusela uMhlaba.
