Utshintsho lwemozulu lwangoku lumele omnye weyona mingeni ibalulekileyo kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo kwiplanethi yethu. Nangona ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zinokuzuza kutshintsho lwemekobume, kuqikelelwa ukuba uninzi lwazo luya kujongana nokuphela, nto leyo ebangela umsantsa kwizinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuzo. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje, olwenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseQueensland (Australia) kwaye yapapashwa kwijenali yesayensi 'Ukutshintsha kweMozulu yeNdalo', ityhila ukuba Impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizilwanyana inzima kakhulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili.
Izilwanyana eziyingozi
Phakathi kwezilwanyana ezinokunyamalala kwikamva elingekude kukho iiprimate neendlovu. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iindlela zabo zokusinda, eziye zabavumela ukuba baphile ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengokukhathalela omnye okanye ababini abaselula, baba lityala. Kumxholo wehlabathi apho utshintsho lwenzeka ngesantya esikhawulezileyo, Abo banokuba nenzala eninzi baya kuba nethuba elingcono lokusinda kwaye kubalulekile ukuqwalasela indlela ifuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizilwanyana zasendle zinokuchaphazela ukusinda kwazo, kunye nendlela IJamani ifumana iziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuba sihlolisise indlela Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunempembelelo kwizilwanyana zasendle ezembali kunye nezangoku.
Abaphandi abenze olu phononongo, apho bahlalutya idatha evela kuphando lwe-136 kwiintlobo ezili-120 zezilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye neentlobo ezingama-569 zeentaka, baphetha ngokuba Iintlobo ezingama-414 kwezingama-873 zezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezivavanyiweyo zinobunzima bokuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.. Kwimeko yeentaka, imeko iyafana, kuba i-23.4% (iintlobo ezingama-298) nazo zisemngciphekweni. Le mpembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizilwanyana yinto ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ngokukhawuleza, kuqwalaselwe iziphumo zokutsha kwehlathi kwaye njani izixeko ezinokunyamalala ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi bonisa ubunzulu bale meko.
Ukungena nzulu kulo mbandela, kuyanika umdla ukujonga indlela uphononongo ngefuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizityalo nezilwanyana zaseYurophu igqibezela iziphumo zolu phononongo olutsha. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqwalasela indlela ukufudumala kwehlabathi ichaphazela i-biodiversity ngokubanzi.
Imiba yokutshintsha kwemozulu
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, okuye kwandiswa yimisebenzi yabantu, kunokukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwenani elibalulekileyo leentlobo zezilwanyana emhlabeni jikelele. Nangona injongo kukugcina ubushushu behlabathi jikelele ngaphantsi kwe-2 ° C xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba e-Industrial Revolution, izazinzulu zilumkisa ukuba ukuhlangabezana nale njongo kuya kuba ngumsebenzi onzima. Ukuguquguquka kobushushu, ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yendalo, kunye nezehlo zemozulu ezigqithisileyo zezinye zeziphumo esijongene nazo. Ngokomzekelo, isifundo esinxulumeneyo sinokunika umxholo ongaphezulu kulo mbandela.
Ingxelo ye-IPCC (Iqela Lolawulo Lolawulo Lotshintsho Lwemozulu) ibalaselisa ukuba phantse isiqingatha sabemi behlabathi “sisengozini enkulu” yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Noko ke, izilwanyana azikhululwa ekubandezelekeni yimiphumo yale ngxaki yemozulu. Ngezantsi zezinye zezona mpembelelo zibalulekileyo ezithi utshintsho lwemozulu lube nazo kubo:
1) Imbalela ezigqithisileyo
Kwiindawo ezinje ngophondo lweAfrika (i-Ethiopia neSomalia), Imbalela egqithisileyo ziye zanda ngenxa yokwahluka kwemozulu. Ukususela ngowe-1970, imvula iye yahla, ngoxa amaqondo obushushu eqhubeka enyuka. Oku kunempembelelo ngqo kwizityalo kunye nezilwanyana: njengoko imvula iyancipha, ukufumaneka kwamanzi kunye nokutya kuncipha. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2017, amawakawaka ezilwanyana aphulukana nobomi bawo eBolivia, yaye eziyi-30,000 2016 zahlangulwa ngamaqela anikela uncedo. Ngo-40,000, ngexesha lembalela enzima kakhulu kwimbali yaseThailand, uncedo lwanikezelwa kwiinyathi kunye neenkomo ezingaphezu kwe-XNUMX, umzekelo ocacileyo wendlela utshintsho lwemozulu luchaphazela izilwanyana zasendle kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi, kubandakanywa abantwana baseMauritania abathi nabo bafumane imiphumo yako.
2) Ukunyibilika, imvula kunye nezikhukula
Iziphumo ze ukufudumala kwehlabathi zibonakala ngokunyibilika komkhenkce okwipolar, nto leyo enyusa amaqondo olwandle. Oku kusongela izixeko eziselunxwemeni emhlabeni jikelele ngezikhukula kunye nezivunguvungu, eziye zanoxanduva malunga ne-80% yazo zonke iintlekele zendalo kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Kwingingqi yaseArgentina echatshazelwe zizikhukula ngo-2016, phantse izilwanyana ezingama-24,000, eziquka izinja, amahashe kunye neenkomo, kuxelwe ukuba ziye zachaphazeleka. Oku kuziphatha kuyinxalenye yempembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizilwanyana ezinokubonwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye kuqaqambisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda indlela utshintsho lwemozulu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela iziganeko ezigqithisileyo.
Imfuneko yokujongana ne impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu eSpain Kuyothusa kananjalo, xa kujongwa ukuba iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kulo mmandla zijongene nemingeni enzima. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nako kunefuthe elibanzi kwizityalo, njengoko sibona ukuziqhelanisa nezityalo kutshintsho lwemozulu.
3) I-Zud Phenomenon
Into eyaziwa ngokuba yi zud ibe nefuthe elibi kwiindawo ezithile, ngakumbi eMongolia. Ebudeni besiganeko sika-2015, ingqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo yabangela ukufa kweealpaca eziyi-170,000 2016. Imbalela yasehlotyeni eqatha eMongolia ilandelwa bubusika obuqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo, nto leyo ebangela iimeko ezingentle kwizilwanyana zasendle. Ngo-160,000, izilwanyana ezingaphezu kwe-350,000 zafumana uncedo ngexesha lentlekele, kwaye inani lenyuka laya kwi-XNUMX ngexesha lobunzima obufanayo ngaloo nyaka. Le ngxaki inxulunyaniswe nendlela i utshintsho lwemozulu luchaphazela izilwanyana zasendle kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.
4) Iimvula ezinkulu
Njengoko imozulu iqhubeka ukutshintsha, izaqhwithi ezinamandla njengoko izaqhwithi nezitshingitshane zisiya zisanda. Ezi zaqhwithi, ziphenjelelwa kukujika kwamanzi abe ngumphunga ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu olwandle, zidala intshabalalo enkulu ekuvukeni kwazo. Ngokomzekelo, iNkanyamba uMatthew yachaphazela izilwanyana ezingaphezu kwe-670,000 XNUMX eHaiti, yaza yabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizilwanyana zasendle nakwindawo ezihlala kuyo. Esi siganeko ngumzekelo ocacileyo wendlela impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizilwanyana inokutshabalalisa kwaye inxulumene ukuqina kweenkanyamba.
Ngapha koko, imimandla eyintlango zikwasemngciphekweni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekeni okukhulu kweendawo ezihlala izilwanyana.
5) Izifo
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nako kunegalelo ukusasazeka kwezifo. Uphando olwenziwe ehlabathini lonke luye lwanxulumanisa ukwanda kwezifo ezifana ne-Ebola, idengue, isifo seengcongconi, nesifo seLyme nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngexesha leentlekele zemvelo, izilwanyana zisengozini yokufumana izifo ezinzulu. Umzekelo, ngexesha lezaqhwithi kunye nezikhukhula, i-anthrax kunye nosulelo lwesifo saseNewcastle kuye kwabikwa. Ukuchanabeka kwiimeko zemozulu ezimandundu kunokubangela iingxaki zokuphefumla, ukungondleki, nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ukuphila kwabo. Ngaphaya koko, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela indlela, kuqukwa nezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezichatshazelwa kakhulu lolu tshintsho.
Kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba iyichaphazela njani na izilwanyana zasemanzini, ezivakalelwa kukuguquguquka kobushushu kunye nokufuma.
6) Amaza obushushu obugqithisileyo
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, amaza obushushu avele njengenye ye oonobangela abaphambili bokubhubha phakathi kwezilwanyana. Ngo-2010, amaza obushushu abulala isiqingatha se-cockatoo emnyama enamaxabiso amafutshane eOstreliya. Ukususela ngowe-1994, angaphezu kwama-45,000 21 awona amalulwane makhulu ehlabathini aye afa ebudeni bezihlandlo ezingama-XNUMX zobushushu obugqithiseleyo. Esi siganeko sibonisa impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizilwanyana, ezibonakalisa ekufeni kwabantu abaninzi, kwaye inxulumene ukufudumala kwehlabathi nemiphumo yayo eyonakalisayo.
7) Ukufuduka
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuyaphazamisa iipateni zokufuduka ngeentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana. Ukutshintsha kweqondo lobushushu kunyanzelisa izilwanyana ukuba ziguqule iindlela zazo zokufuduka kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ziyeke ukufuduka ngokupheleleyo. Oku kunefuthe le-domino kwi-ecosystem yonke; Ngokomzekelo, ukufudumala kwi-Arctic kuyingozi kwi-salmon yaseAlaska, kuchaphazela ukutya kweebhere ezixhomekeke kuzo. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba imozulu iyayitshintsha indlela yokufuduka kweentaka, amabhabhathane neentlanzi, njenge<em>tit enkulu eYurophu kunye nebhabhathane i<em>monarch, imeko ebonisa ukufuduka kweentaka, amabhabhathane neentlanzi. ifuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizilwanyana zasendle.
Ukukhusela Izilwanyana kwiNgxaki
Ubungqina benzululwazi bubonisa ukuba abantu ngoyena nobangela wokutshintsha kwemozulu. Imveliso yemizi-mveliso kunye nezolimo azibangeli nje ukubandezeleka kwizigidi zezilwanyana zasefama, kodwa zikwayinto ebalulekileyo ekufudumaleni kwehlabathi. Kubalulekile ukuthatha inyathelo lokuguqula inkqubo yethu yokutya, eyophukileyo ngoku kwaye ingazinzanga. Ukuqinisekisa ubukho beentlobo zezityalo ezisesichengeni, kunyanzelekile ukuba kupheliswe ukulima ngokumandla kwimizi-mveliso. Kufuneka sizingise ngakuye izidlo ezisekelwe kwizityalo kunye nokuseka imigangatho ephezulu yentlalontle yezilwanyana kwimveliso eseleyo, njengoko kuxoxiwe kuyo ukutyala imali kwiziseko ezingundoqo zohlaza.
Izenzo esinokuzithatha ngoku
Ukuthatha kwakho inxaxheba kubalulekile ekuguquleni inkqubo yethu yokutya yehlabathi kunye nokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nanga amanye amanyathelo onokuwathatha:
- Nciphisa ukutya kwakho kwenyama kunye neemveliso zobisi.
- Khetha ukhetho oluninzi Iprotheni esekwe kwizityalo.
- Ukuba usebenzisa iimveliso zezilwanyana, khetha ezo zivela kwizenzo zentlalontle ephezulu.
- Cela abameli bakho bezopolitiko ukuba bayeke naziphi na izicwangciso zokwandisa iifama zasefektri.
- Funa imigaqo engqongqo yentlalontle yezilwanyana kwimveliso.
- Yabelana kwaye ukhuphe ilizwi kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuthetha.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubeka izilwanyana kwihlabathi liphela emngciphekweni omkhulu. Ngenkxaso, sinokufikelela ekukhuseleni indawo yokuhlala kunye nokukhuthaza izisombululo ezizinzileyo nezisebenzayo.
Njengoko siqhubeka nokujongana nale ngxaki, kubalulekile ukwandisa ulwazi kunye nesenzo, kungekuphela nje ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwezilwanyana ezisengozini, kodwa nokukhusela ubutyebi bezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo esixhomekeke kuzo sonke. Yonke into ibalulekile, kwaye kunye singenza umahluko.
