Umpayini omnyama, ogama lakhe lenzululwazi ngu UPinus uncinata, luhlobo lwe-conifer efumaneka ezintabeni, ngakumbi kwimozulu apho amaqondo obushushu athobileyo ehlotyeni nasekwindla, ngelixa ubusika buzisa ingqele. Lo mthi ungumfuziselo unendawo yawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo yendalo eSierra de Gúdar, kwiphondo laseTeruel, kumantla eSpain. Nangona kunjalo, ikamva layo lisongelwa yi kutshintsha kwe mozulu, ethanda ukukhula kwezinye iindidi ezifana UPinus sylvestris, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Scots pine okanye i-Scots pine, ephuculwe ngcono kwiimeko ezifudumeleyo.
Ipayina emnyama eSierra de Gúdar
Umpayina omnyama uthathwa njengeyona ntlobo yepayina esemazantsi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Isiphephelo saso sisezintabeni zeSierra de Gúdar, apho yaqala ukuchazwa ngo-1941. Namhlanje, abemi bayo bakwimeko esengozini, kunye nokusabalalisa kwayo kunqunyelwe kwii-nuclei ezimbini: enye yeehektare ezimalunga ne-40 kwicala elinomthunzi wePeñarroya Peak, ephakathi kwe-1900 kunye ne-2028 yeemitha ngaphezu komgangatho wolwandle, kunye ne-200 enye i-altare ye-Conventivello ye-Al.
Iimpawu zala mahlathi zibalasele, ikhaya lehlathi lepine elivuthiweyo elinemizekelo emininzi engaphaya kwekhulu leminyaka ubudala, abanye bade bafikelele kwiminyaka engama-300 ubudala. Ngaphezu koko, uRhulumente waseAragon uye wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweli hlathi lepine njenge "gem biogeographical" emele igcinwe ngenxa yokungafani kwayo kunye nezinto eziphilayo. Ubukho bale nkqubo yezinto eziphilayo bubalulekile, ngokufanayo nezinye iintlobo zamahlathi eSpeyin, nawo ajongene nemingeni ebalulekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, kubalulekile ukwazi iintlobo zamahlathi eSpain ukuqonda iyantlukwano yayo kunye nemfuno yolondolozo lwayo.
Isisongelo sokutshintsha kwemozulu
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kukuchaphazela kakhulu ukusinda kwepayini emnyama eSierra de Gúdar. Njengoko amaqondo obushushu ethamba kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo zitshintsha, i UPinus sylvestris Iluncedo kuba ilungelelaniswe ngcono nemozulu epholileyo, eshushu, ebeka emngciphekweni ubukho bompayina omnyama. Olu khuphiswano lwendawo kunye nezibonelelo kunokukhokelela ekuxutyweni, ukuhlambulula iimpawu zofuzo ze UPinus uncinata kunye nokunciphisa inani lemipayini emnyama esulungekileyo.
Ukuchasana nale mpembelelo, iSebe loPhuhliso lwasemaphandleni kunye noZinzo lukaRhulumente waseAragon liphumeza isicwangciso solondolozo. Baye benza imephu yehlathi lompayina elimnyama besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beGPS, ebavumela ukuba babeke iliso kwimeko yeentlobo kunye nokuvela kwehlathi lepine. Ulawulo lwamahlathi sesinye sezicwangciso ezingundoqo zokuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kolu didi. Ngaphaya koko, ukusukela ngo-1992, le ndawo iye yabandakanywa kwi-European Union yeNatura 2000 Network, ibonelela ngesakhelo esongezelelweyo sokhuseleko. Esi sikhokelo sikwajongana nendlela i.
Amanyathelo olondolozo kunye nezifundo zenzululwazi
Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba amaqondo obushushu ayinto ebalulekileyo kubomi bompayina omnyama. Uphononongo olukhokelwa yiYunivesithi yaseComplutense yaseMadrid kunye neYunivesithi yasePablo de Olavide yaseSeville yahlalutya i-relict yabemi bompayini omnyama ePeñarroya, ityhila ukuba eli nani labemi libonisa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo olufana nolo lwabemi basePyrenees, kodwa lubonisa umngcipheko omkhulu ngenxa yeemeko ezimbi zokusingqongileyo.
Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zagqiba ukuba iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo kwindawo yasePeñarroya, malunga ne-9 degrees, kunye nemvula, efikelela kuphela kwi-680 mm ngonyaka, zizinto ezibangela ukuhla kwamanani. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abantu basePyrenees banandipha amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu kunye nemvula eninzi, nto leyo eyomeleza amathuba abo okusinda. Olu phononongo ngumzekelo wendlela utshintsho lwemozulu oluchaphazela ngayo i-conifers efana ne-black pine, idala impembelelo ehlala ihlala kwindawo yazo. Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda ifuthe le utshintsho lwemozulu kwizityalo nezilwanyana zasekhaya nezehlabathi.
Olu phando luye lwasebenzisa ubuchule obuphambili be-genotyping ukuchonga imibutho phakathi kweempawu zofuzo kunye ne-phenotypic yeempawu ezahlukeneyo zepine ezimnyama. Oku kuya kubonelela ngolwazi olungcono malunga nendlela eziziqhelanisa ngayo nokuguquguquka kwemozulu, okubalulekileyo ekusekweni kweenkqubo zolondolozo olusebenzayo.
Indima kaRhulumente waseAragon
Urhulumente wasekhaya uthathe amanyathelo asebenzayo ukukhusela i-black pine kunye ne-ecosystem yayo. Phakathi kwezinto ezenziwayo zezi:
- Imephu eneenkcukacha yehlathi kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe beGPS.
- Uhlalutyo olubanzi lweentlobo zeflora ezinxulumene nepine emnyama.
- Izifundo malunga nokuvela kwehlathi lepine.
- Ukuphuhliswa kwezicwangciso zolawulo lwamahlathi ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwamahlathi.
URhulumente waseAragon uye wachaza ukuba ipine emnyama ngumthombo obalulekileyo omele ukhuselwe. Ukuzinikela ekulondolozeni kubandakanya ukusekwa kweendawo zogcino kunye nokuphucula imiqondiso ukuze kukhuthazwe ukhenketho lwendalo kwindawo leyo, nto leyo enokwazisa ngokubaluleka kwesi silwanyana kunye nendawo ehlala kuyo. Ukongeza, izicwangciso ziyaphunyezwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba Ukulondolozwa kwepine emnyama eSierra de Gúdar ayixhamli nje kuphela intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalapha, kodwa nokusingqongileyo ngokubanzi.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo yepine emnyama
Umthi wompayina omnyama awuxabisekanga nje kuphela ngenxa yokwahluka kwawo ngokwendalo, kodwa ukwayinxalenye yenkqubo ebanzi yendalo exhasa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana. Lo mthi ubonelela:
- Indawo yokuhlala ebalulekileyo yeentaka nezinye izilwanyana.
- Igalelo elibalulekileyo ekugcinweni kwekhabhoni.
- Ukukhuselwa komhlaba kukhukuliseko.
Kwimbono ebanzi, Ukugcinwa kwalo mthi kuneempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kungekuphela nje kwizinto eziphilayo zasekuhlaleni, kodwa nakwinguquko yemozulu yehlabathi. Izenzo zokukhusela umthi omnyama zibalulekile, hayi eSpain kuphela, kodwa nakwimeko yolondolozo lwemithi kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kuqaqambisa ukubaluleka kocwangciso nolondolozo olusebenzayo kwindawo etshintshayo, njengoko kuxoxiwe kuphononongo lwe.
Amabali asekuhlaleni kunye nenkcubeko ejikeleze ipine emnyama
Kwingingqi yeTeruel, ipine emnyama, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Moorish pine," ibiyinxalenye yenkcubeko yendawo amashumi eminyaka. Kuye kwaba ngumqondiso wedabi loluntu lwasekuhlaleni ukukhusela indawo yabo yendalo. Abahlali baye benza uxhulumaniso olunzulu kunye nehlathi laseSierra de Gúdar., ukubona kwipineyini emnyama kungekhona nje isibonelelo, kodwa inxalenye yesazisi sabo kunye nelifa lenkcubeko.
Ibali lepineyini emnyama kunye nokulwa kwayo nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nezinye izisongelo zibonisa i-microcosm yeziphi iintlobo ezininzi ezijongene nazo kwiplanethi. Amanyathelo olondolozo akazami nje kuphela ukugcina ipine emnyama, kodwa nokufundisa izizukulwana ezizayo ngokubaluleka kokukhathalela nokukhusela indalo. Olu nxulumano lwenkcubeko lugxininisa imfuneko yokuqonda ukubaluleka kweentlobo zendalo kunye nobudlelwane bazo kunye ne-ecosystem yendawo, efana nezinye iindawo ezifana idolophu ephezulu eSpain.
Ikamva lompayini omnyama eSierra de Gúdar
Ngemizamo yolondolozo eqhubekayo kunye nomdla okhulayo ekukhuselweni kwendalo, ikamva le-black pine lisenokuba liqaqambile. Ukongeza kumanyathelo kaRhulumente waseAragon, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiiyunivesithi kunye nemibutho yenzululwazi kuphando kunye nokugcinwa kwemvelo kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yexesha elide. Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabadlali abahlukeneyo ivumela ulawulo olusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunokuqhubeka.
Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ezi zilwanyana zibalaseleyo. Njengoko ulwazi lokusingqongileyo kunye nenkxaso yolondolozo lukhula, amathuba okhenketho lwendalo kunye nemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo anokuba negalelo kuqoqosho lwendawo kunye nokukhuselwa kwepine emnyama.
Kubalulekile ukuba siqhubeke sixhasa amanyathelo okukhusela i-black pine, uhlobo olufanekisela ubutyebi bendalo baseSierra de Gúdar kwaye lusengozini kwimingeni yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
