Uninzi lwethu luthatha lula loo nto amandla axhuzulayo eMhlabeni ahlala efana...njengohlobo lwamandla angaguqukiyo asigcina sinamathele emhlabeni. Kodwa kwangoko nje xa uqala ukukrwela umphezulu, ufumanisa ukuba umxholo unzima ngakumbi: ubunzulu bomhlaba womxhuzulane buyatshintsha ngokwe... uphi emhlabeni kwaye unzulu kangakananiAyitshintshi nje kuphela ukuba ukhwela inqwelo moya okanye iSikhululo seeNdawo zaMazwe ngaMazwe, ikwatshintsha nokuba ucinga ngokuhamba uye ngaphakathi eMhlabeni.
Emva kwale ngcamango ilula kusekho ifiziksi yakudala, ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lweplanethi kunye nedatha yesathelayithiUkususela kumthetho kaNewton odumileyo womxhuzulane wendalo yonke ukuya kwiimodeli ze-geophysical ezineenkcukacha ezifana ne-Dziewonski's Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM), yonke into iyahambelana ukuphendula umbuzo omnye ocacileyo: Iphi i-gravity enamandla kakhulu eMhlabeni? Kwaye, khumbula, impendulo ayikho "ngaphandle" okanye "ngaphakathi" njengoko umntu enokucinga ekuqaleni.
Indlela amandla omxhuzulane asebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni engafani yonke indawo
Ukuze izinto zibe ngendlela eyiyo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba amandla angaphantsi komhlaba amandla okutsalana phakathi kwemizimba enobunzima okanye amandlaYiyo ebangela ukuba iinyawo zethu zingahambi, uMhlaba ujikeleza iLanga, kunye neNyanga esijikeleza. U-Isaac Newton waqulunqa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ezintathu eyadlulayo ukuba amandla axhuzulayo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ayancipha xa umgama phakathi kwazo usanda. isikwere somgama oko kubahlula.
Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba usiya kumgama ophindwe kabini ukusuka emzimbeni omkhulu, amandla omxhuzulane ancitshiswe abe yikotaLulwalamano olufanayo ngqo namandla ombane phakathi kweetshaja ezimbini: ukuba uphinda kabini umgama, ubunzulu bonxibelelwano buyehla bube yikota. Olu lwalamano lulula lwezibalo lusenza sikwazi ukubala, umzekelo, ukuba umntu uziva kangakanani umxhuzulane. INyanga ijikeleza umjikelo wayo okanye amandla angakanani afunyanwa yiSikhululo seeNdawo saMazwe ngaMazwe njengoko sijikeleza uMhlaba.
Kwimeko ye-ISS, engekho kude kakhulu nomphezulu njengoko abantu abaninzi bekholelwa, amandla angaphantsi komhlaba asemalunga ne-1 I-89% yoko sikuvayo emhlabeniIi-astronauts zindiza hayi kuba amandla adonsela phantsi enyamalele, kodwa kuba zikwi- ukuwa okukhululekileyo okuqhubekayo okuchaza ukujikelezaIsantya sazo esithe tye silungisa ukutsalana kwazo eMhlabeni, ngoko ke zihlala zijikeleza ngaphandle "kokuwa" emhlabeni.
Okwangoku, yonke into ibonakala ifanelekile: siyasuka eMhlabeni kwaye amandla omxhuzulane ayancipha. Umbuzo onomdla uphakama xa sicinga ngokuchaseneyo: Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba, endaweni yokusuka, singena nzulu? Xa sijonga kuqala, singakholelwa ukuba okukhona sisondela embindini, kokukhona umtsalane uya kuba namandla ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ifiziksi kunye nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lweplanethi zixela ibali elahlukileyo.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo esikuyo phezu komhlaba, amandla esiwavayo awafani ncam. Isikali esilula singasebenza njengovavanyo lwasekhaya: Ubunzima bethu bunokwahluka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0,7 yeekhilogram phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi. Asikuko ukuba ubunzima bethu buyatshintsha, ngokucacileyo, kodwa kukukhawuleziswa komxhuzulane osebenza kuthi. Ingongoma kukuba uMhlaba awungomntu i-sphere egqibeleleyo nefanayoInokukhululeka, iileya zobuninzi obahlukeneyo, kunye nokusasazwa kobunzima obungaqhelekanga.
Imodeli efanelekileyo: Umhlaba ofanayo nongqukuva ngokugqibeleleyo
Ukuze siqonde ngokupheleleyo ukuba kutheni inyani iphambuka, kuyanceda ukuqala ngetyala lencwadi. Umhlaba oqinileyo ngokupheleleyo, ongqukuva, onoxinano olungaguqukiyoLo ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo othandwa zizazinzulu xa zifuna ukuchaza iingcamango ngaphandle kweengxaki ezininzi ezongezelelweyo. Kweli hlabathi lifanelekileyo, ukusasazwa kobunzima kuya kuba kumgangatho ofanayo ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye kulula ukukuphatha ngokwezibalo.
Kuloo modeli ilula, ukuba siqale phezu komhlaba size sihambe siye embindini ngokugqobhoza iplanethi, Ubukhulu bomxhuzulane abuyi kwanda njengoko sisondela, kodwa kuya kuhamba iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe ide ifikelele kwi-zero ngqo embindini wejiyometri yoMhlaba. Ewe, ekuqaleni ivakala ngathi ayivisisani, kodwa inengqiqo ecacileyo.
Isizathu kukuba, njengoko sisihla, ngalo lonke ixesha sinobunzima obuncinci ngaphantsi kwethu inegalelo ekutsaleni. Zonke izinto ezingentla "zihlawulelwa" yileyo ikwelinye icala leplanethi kubunzulu obufanayo, ukuze isiphumo sayo sithambekele ekurhoxiseni omnye komnye. Ngokwethiyori eboniswe ngu UCarl Friedrich GaussKwisangqa esifanayo, amandla adonsela phantsi kwindawo yangaphakathi axhomekeke kuphela kubunzima obukwisangqa esicingelwayo esinerediyasi elingana nomgama ukusuka embindini ukuya kuloo ndawo.
Oko kuthetha ukuba yonke inqwaba ibekwe kwindawo irediyasi enkulu ukuba indawo okuyo ayifaki sandla kumandla atsalayo kuwe. Ngalo lonke imitha ohla ngayo, "i-effective sphere" ekutsalayo iba ncinci, ngoko ke amandla atsalayo ayancipha. Ukuba iplanethi ibifana ngolu hlobo ngokwenene, ijika lokwahluka kwamandla atsalayo ngaphakathi beliya kuba phantse libe lifutshane. umgca othe tye ojonge ezantsi ide ifikelele kwixabiso elingu-zero embindini.
Esi siphumo sihle ngokwembono yethiyori kwaye sihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nokufundisa iingcamango zentsimi yomxhuzulane kunye nokulingana, kodwa indalo yokwenyani, ingakumbi uMhlaba, ayihambelani ncam nolo lula. Ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lweplanethi luzisa iingcaciso ezibalulekileyo ezenza ubunzima bangaphakathi abuziphathi ngendlela ethe tye.
Umhlaba wokwenyani: iileya, uxinano, kunye nengaphakathi elintsonkothileyo kakhulu
Kwihlabathi lokwenyani, uMhlaba wenziwe iileya ezineenxalenye ezahlukeneyo kunye noxinanoKwaye oko kutshintsha yonke into. Asilobhola yelitye efanayo, kodwa ngumzimba ohlukeneyo apho uxinano lukhula ngokubanzi ngobunzulu, kodwa lungaguquguqukiyo okanye rhoqo. Kukho utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, iindawo apho lutshintsha kancinci, kunye neendawo ezinezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.
Uxinano oluqhelekileyo lweplanethi lujikeleze Iikhilogram eziyi-5,500 nge-cubic meter nganyeKodwa uqweqwe, inxalenye engaphandle, aluxinene kangako kunesiseko. Umoya wenza irhasi ejikeleze umphezulu wamatye; emva koko sifumana i-hydrosphere, equka zonke iilwandle, imizimba yamanzi, kunye amadama amanzi, nabanye Ubunzulu obuphakathi ziikhilomitha ezi-4 elwandle. Ngaphantsi kwezo lwandle namazwekazi kukho uqweqwe oluqinileyo, apho sihlala khona.
La Uqweqwe lomhlabaKokubini ikwilizwekazi neyolwandle, inobukhulu obungamashumi ambalwa eekhilomitha, kwaye uxinano lwayo oluqhelekileyo lumalunga 2 500 kg / m³Apha ngezantsi kubonakala inguboI-mantle ingamaleko amalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2,900 ubukhulu, yenziwe ngamatye e-siliceous aphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu. Phezulu kwe-mantle, uxinano lumalunga ne-3,400 kg/m³, kodwa kancinci kancinci luya kufikelela kwi- 5 600 kg / m³ kufutshane nomda wayo osezantsi.
Ingxaki enkulu ifika xa singena kwi Isiseko somhlabaOkokuqala sidibana nombindi ongaphandle, umaleko wolwelo (ngokuyintloko intsimbi kunye ne-nickel) onobunzima obuphakathi 10,000 kunye ne-12,000 kg/m³Oko kukuthi, ngaphezulu ngokuphindwe kane okanye kahlanu kune-crust. Okunzulu ngakumbi, i-core eqinileyo, yesinyithi ifikelela kuxinano olujikeleze 13 000 kg / m³, iba yindawo encinci nenzima kakhulu kwiplanethi yonke.
Olu lwakhiwo olunezigaba lubonisa ukuba amandla angaphantsi Ayinakuncipha ngendlela elula nethe ngqo. njengakwimodeli efanayo. Ukwanda koxinano kubunzulu obuthile kubangela ukuba ubungakanani bobunzima "obusitsalayo" butshintshe ngendlela engeyonto ilula. Ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo le ndlela yokuziphatha, iimodeli ezifana Imodeli Yokuqala Yesalathiso Somhlaba (i-PREM) nguDziewonski (1981), oquka idatha ye-seismic kunye ne-physical ukuqikelela indlela uxinano oluhluka ngayo ngokwe-radius.
Ngokwale mizekelo, ukukhawuleziswa okubangelwa ngumxhuzulane kuhlala phantse aziguquguquki kwiikhilomitha zokuqala ezingama-2,000 zobunzulu Kwaye, ngokumangalisayo, ifumana ukunyuka okuncinci njengoko sisondela ezantsi kwe-mantle. Kwelo nqanaba, asithethi ngotshintsho olukhulu, kodwa ngotshintsho olubaluleke kakhulu ngokwembono ye-geophysical kwaye olusivumela ukuba siphendule ngokungqongqo umbuzo wokuba umxhuzulane uphi kwiqondo eliphezulu.
Apho amandla omxhuzulane anamandla khona ngaphakathi eMhlabeni
Indlela eneenkcukacha yokuziphatha komxhuzulane njengomsebenzi wobunzulu, ngokutsho kwe-PREM kunye nezinye izifundo zefiziksi yoMhlaba, ibonisa igophe elicacileyo elingelulo ulayini. Njengoko uhla ukusuka kumphezulu, ukukhawulezisa amandla okutsala umbane u-g akawi ngequbulisokodwa ihlala izinzile kangangeekhilomitha ezimbalwa zokuqala. Enyanisweni, kwindawo enzulu idlula kancinci ixabiso lomphezulu.
Ngokukodwa, kukho uluhlu lobunzulu apho uxinano lunyuke ngokwaneleyo ukuba ubunzima obungaphantsi kwethu buvelise umtsalane omkhulu kancinci kunokuba besinokukubona xa siphezulu. Ubuninzi bufikelelwa malunga Ubunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-3,000, malunga nommandla okufutshane notshintsho phakathi kwe-mantle esezantsi kunye nombindi ongaphandle weplanethi.
Ngelo xesha, izibalo zibonisa ukuba ukukhawulezisa okubangelwa ngumxhuzulane kufikelela malunga I-10,7 m / s², nto leyo ebonisa ukwanda okuqikelelweyo kwe I-9% xa ithelekiswa nexabiso eliqhelekileyo le-9,8 m/s² kumphezulu woMhlaba. Oko kukuthi, kuloo bhanti yangaphakathi yoMhlaba singabona amandla omxhuzulane amakhulu kancinci kunalawo siwavayo xa sihamba naphi na emhlabeni.
Ukususela kuloo nqanaba liphezulu, njengoko uqhubeka uhamba usiya embindini, umxhuzulane uqala nciphisa kwakhonaNangona uxinano lwezinto luhlala luphezulu, umthamo wobunzima "ngaphantsi" kwendawo yethu esebenzayo uyancipha njengoko sisondela kwiziko lejometri. Igalelo lobunzima obukwi-radius enkulu lihlawulelwa yi-spherical symmetry, kwaye amandla apheleleyo esiwavayo ayancipha kancinci kancinci.
Ndifike kwindawo ekufutshane kakhulu embindini woMhlabaUmxhuzulane udla ngokuba yi-zero. Ixabiso elichanekileyo le-radius apho ukukhawulezisa kuba yi-zero kuxhomekeke kwi- usasazo lokwenyani lobunzima embindini kunye nendlela ezihlelwe ngayo "iipokotho" ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezishushu nezingenaxinano ezihamba ngaphakathi. Imisinga yeConvection, utshintsho lobushushu, kunye nomahluko ekubunjweni kwenza ukubala okuneenkcukacha kube nzima, kodwa isiphumo siphela sihlala sifana: amandla adonsela phantsi embindini ofanelekileyo ayi-zero.
Inyani enomdla kukuba ixabiso eliphezulu lomxhuzulane elimalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-3,000 ubunzulu liphezulu kunelo lolwandle. iileya eziphezulu zomoya weSaturn kwaye isondele kakhulu kumxhuzulane esiwufumanayo kumphezulu NeptuneOko kukuthi, "kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba" yeplanethi yethu singafumana amandla angaphantsi komhlaba afana nalawo ee-giants ezikude kwiNkqubo yeLanga, nangona ngokucacileyo uxinzelelo kunye neemeko zobushushu zingenza ukuba nakuphi na ukubakho komntu kungenzeki.
Iingqimba zangaphandle: umoya, amanzi kunye noqweqwe kunye nefuthe lazo kumxhuzulane
Ukuba sibeka ecaleni olo hambo lucingelwayo oluya embindini size sibuyele kwinyani yethu yemihla ngemihla, amandla adonsela phantsi komhlaba akhona nakwiindawo zangaphandle zoMhlaba. iinguqulelo ezibonakalayoUmoya ojikeleze umhlaba, i-hydrosphere, uqweqwe, kunye nomthombo wokukhanya zitshintsha kancinci ubungakanani bobunzima esinabo phantsi kweenyawo zethu, kwaye oko kuthetha umahluko omncinci kwisikali sengingqi.
Ngaphezulu komphezulu oqinileyo sinayo iatmosferaUmaleko weegesi ezibalulekileyo ebomini unika ubunzima obongezelelekileyo, nangona igalelo lawo kwixabiso lomxhuzulane emhlabeni liphantsi kakhulu xa lithelekiswa noomaleko bamatye. Emva koko sifumana hydrosphereequka zonke iindawo zamanzi: iilwandle, iilwandle, amachibi, njl. Ngaphantsi kweelwandle kukho uqweqwe oluncinci noluxineneyo lolwandle; phantsi kwamazwekazi, kukho uqweqwe olutyebileyo noluncinci kancinci.
La Uqweqwe lomhlabaUlusu, olunobukhulu obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-30 ukuya kwezili-100 kuxhomekeke ekubeni sithetha ngolusu lwelizwekazi okanye oluselwandle, lusisiseko salo lonke ulwahlulo lweentaba, amathafa, kunye nemisele. Ngaphantsi kwalo, njengoko sele sibonile, kukho i-mantle, eya kufikelela kubunzulu obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2,900, ilandelwa yi-outer and inner core. Ngayinye kwezi layer inegalelo elahlukileyo kumxhuzulane olinganiswa kumphezulu, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bawo, ukwakheka kwawo, kunye noxinano lwawo.
Enye inkcukacha enomdla kukuba xa ziqala ukuhla ukusuka phezuluUmzekelo, kwimigodi enzulu okanye emngxunyeni, sifaka izinto ezixineneyo kancinci kunomphezulu okufutshane, ngoko ke ngexesha lamacandelo okuqala amandla omxhuzulane awanciphi kwaphela, kwaye anokunyuka kancinci ngokuxhomekeke kwijoloji yendawo. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba usondele kumawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka embindini ukuze uqaphele umahluko: kwisikali somntu, nokuba ziikhilomitha ezimbalwa ubunzulu kwilitye elixineneyo bunokuba nempembelelo. tshintsha ngokufihlakeleyo ixabiso le-g.
Kuyo yonke indawo yomhlaba, la mahluko adibaniswa zezinye izinto ezifana ukujikeleza komhlaba (ezisa i-centrifugal component enkulu kwi-equator kunakwii-poles) kunye nemo ye-globe ethe tyaba kancinci. Konke oku kunegalelo ekukhawuleziseni ngenxa yomxhuzulane ohluka ngeshumi le-m/s² kuxhomekeke kububanzi kunye nokuphakama, okuguqulela kutshintsho lobunzima olufikelela kwi-0,7 kg olunokubonwa sisikali sendlu ukuba sifudukela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.
Iingingqi ezinomxhuzulane ophezulu nophantsi kumphezulu woMhlaba
Ngaphaya kobubanzi kunye nokuphakama ngaphezu kolwandle, kukho izinto ezingaqhelekanga zomxhuzulane wendawo inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo noxinzelelo lobunzima phantsi kweenyawo zethu. Ukuze imephu ngokuchanekileyo yale miba, i-NASA isebenzise imisebenzi efana neesathelayithi ezimbini GRACE (Ukubuyiselwa koMbane kunye noVavanyo lweMozulu)ezivumele uphuhliso lwe iimaphu ezineenkcukacha ezininzi yentsimi yomxhuzulane yoMhlaba.
Ezi maphu zibonisa ukuba ezinye zeendawo ezine umxhuzulane omkhulu phezu komhlaba Zifumaneka kwiintaba ezinkulu, ezifana ne- zeHimalayaOku akuyonto ingaqhelekanga: ubungakanani obukhulu bamatye aqokelelene kwezi ntaba buthetha ukuba bunzima kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neendawo ezithe tyaba okanye ezinzulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho intsimi yomxhuzulane enamandla ngakumbi.
Kwelinye icala, sinayo imisele yolwandle, njengabadumileyo Umsele kaMarianaapho umhlaba uwela kubunzulu obungaphezulu kweemitha ezili-10,000 ngaphantsi kolwandle. Kwezi ndawo, kukho ilitye elincinci elithatha loo mthamo xa kuthelekiswa nommandla welizwekazi kwinqanaba elifanayo lokubhekisa, kwaye namanzi nawo axinene kangako kunelitye. Isiphumo sisiphumo intsimi yomxhuzulane ebuthathaka kancinci xa kuthelekiswa neendawo ezinobunzima obukhulu bokuqokelelana.
Olu mahluko alukho mkhulu kakhulu kumlinganiselo womntu, kodwa lubalulekile ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba, ngezixhobo ezibuthathaka, sinokubona umahluko kwi-g kwezimbalwa amashumi eemililithaNgokwendlela engokoqobo, oko kuthetha ukuba unobunzima obungaphezulu kancinci phezulu kwintaba exineneyo kunasezantsi kwidama lolwandle, nangona iimeko zokuphila zahlukile kakhulu.
Iimephu zomxhuzulane ezithathwe kwi-GRACE nakwezinye iimishini nazo zisetyenziselwa ukufunda utshintsho ekugcinweni kwamanzi (umzekelo, ukunyibilika kweqhwa okanye ukuncipha kwe-aquifers kunye ulwandle), kuba njengoko ubungakanani bamanzi buhluka ngokweendawo ezithile, intsimi yomxhuzulane iyahlengahlengiswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, umxhuzulane awusixeleli nje kuphela apho umtsalane unamandla khona, kodwa ukwasixelela... indlela ubunzima obusasazwa ngayo kwakhona kwiplanethi ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ngoko ke, iphi ngokwenene i-gravity ephezulu kakhulu eMhlabeni?
Ngenxa yazo zonke ezi zinto zingentla, ngoku singawuphendula loo mbuzo ngqo ngesiseko esiqinileyo: Umxhuzulane onzima kakhulu emhlabeni awukho ngqo kumphezuluokanye embindini ogqibeleleyo weplanethi. Iimodeli ze-geophysical zibonisa ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu lokukhawulezisa amandla omxhuzulane lifikelelwa malunga Ubunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-3,000, kwindawo yokutshintsha phakathi kwe-mantle esezantsi kunye nombindi ongaphandle.
Kuloo mmandla, indibaniselwano yoxinano oluphezulu kakhulu kunye nobunzima obukhulu obukwi-radius encinci kwenza amandla anomtsalane abe makhulu kancinci kunexabiso esililinganisayo kwi-crust. Sithetha... I-10,7 m / s², xa kuthelekiswa nesantya sokubhekisa se-9,8 m/s² kumphezulu. Oku kukunyuka kwe-1 9%, ayibalulekanga into yokuba sicinga ngobungakanani beplanethi yethu.
Ukuba siqhubeka nokuhla siye enkabeni engaphakathi, amandla adonsela phantsi aya kuqala yehla kancinci kancincikuba inxalenye yobunzima "obutsalayo" kuthi iyancipha njengoko sisondela embindini wejiyometri. Ekugqibeleni, kwindawo ekufutshane kakhulu embindini, amandla adonsela phantsi avela kuzo zonke iindlela ayahlukana, kwaye amandla adonsela phantsi aya kuthanda ukuba phantse amaxabiso angekhoyo, ubuncinane kwimeko efanelekileyo ngaphandle kokungalingani.
Kakade ke, konke oku ngumsebenzi wethiyori oxhaswa yidatha yovavanyo olungangqalanga: asinakugrumba ukuya kutsho kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-3,000 okanye sibeke i-accelerometer embindini. Nangona kunjalo, amaza e-seismic, iimodeli zoxinano ezifana ne-PREM, kunye nemithetho yomxhuzulane Zisivumela ukuba sakhe ngokutsha ngokuzithemba okukhulu indlela u-g ahluka ngayo kwiplanethi. Isigqibo esiphambili kukuba umxhuzulane ophezulu ufumaneka ngaphakathi, kungekhona kumphezulu okanye embindini opheleleyo.
Ekugqibeleni, ingcamango yokuba amandla angaphantsi komhlaba "ahlala efana" ayiphumelelanga kakhulu. Phakathi kotshintsho olunentsingiselo efanayo ukuphakama, ububanzi, ukukhululeka, ukusasazwa kobunzima bomphezulu, kunye nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwemalekoIntsimi yomxhuzulane yoMhlaba ijika ibe yinkqubo eguquguqukayo neneenkcukacha. Indawo yomxhuzulane ophezulu ingaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-3,000, ngelixa phezu komhlaba utshintsho luncinci kodwa lunokulinganiswa, lukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuhambisa inaliti yesikali kwaye luchanekile ngokwaneleyo ukubonisa indlela ubunzima obusasazwa ngayo kwiplanethi yethu.
