Funda iJoloji: Amanqaku, izinto ezinomdla kunye neengcaciso ezineenkcukacha

Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nemozulu

Sichaza ngokweenkcukacha ukuba yintoni imozulu, zeziphi iindidi ezikhoyo kunye nendlela eziyiphembelela ngayo imodeli yokuncedwa komhlaba.

Ixesha leNeogene

Kule posi siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, ijiology, imozulu, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zexesha leNeogene. Funda ngakumbi malunga neli nqanaba lejoloji.

Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-Oligocene

Kule posi siza kukuxelela ngokweenkcukacha zonke iimpawu, ijiology, imozulu, intyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana ezazikho ngexesha le-Oligocene. Sukuphoswa yiyo!

Paleocene

Kule posi sichaza yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nePaleocene. Ngena apha ukuze ufunde okungakumbi malunga neli xesha lobume bomhlaba.

Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-asthenosphere

Sikufundisa yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga ne-asthenosphere. Ngomnye wamacandelo angaphakathi oMhlaba. Funda yonke into apha.

Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-biotite

Sikuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-biotite. Funda ngakumbi malunga nale minerali apha, esetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeshishini.

Yintoni ihydrogeology kwaye ifunda ntoni

Kule nqaku siza kukufundisa ukuba yintoni i-hydrogeology njengenzululwazi kunye nento eyenziwa yi-hydrogeologist. Ngena apha ukuze ufunde okungakumbi.

Ipleistocene

IPleistocene lulwahlulo lwejoloji kwisithuba sexesha loqeqesho. Ngena apha ukwazi lonke ulwazi malunga nalo.

Yintoni stratigraphy

Siza kukuxelela ukuba yeyiphi i-stratigraphy njengesebe le-geology. Ngenisa le posi ukuze wazi ukuba iluncedo kangakanani le sayensi.

Geomagnetism

Kule posi sikuxelela ngokweenkcukacha ukuba yintoni i-geomagnetism kunye nento eyenzayo. Ngena apha ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngayo.

Ubungowokuma komhlaba

Kule nqaku sikufundisa yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neendawo ze-geological. Ngena apha ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngayo.

Umzekelo weGlacier

Kule posi sikuxelela ukuba yeyiphi imodeli yomkhenkce kunye nokuba yeyiphi imiphumo enayo ekuguqulweni kwembonakalo yomhlaba. Funda ngakumbi ngayo apha.

Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-limonite

Kule nqaku sikufundisa yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-limonite. Ngena apha ukuze ufunde okungakumbi malunga neempawu zembiwa.

Konke malunga ne-mineral galena

Kule posi sikuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga ne-galena yezimbiwa. Funda malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo, iimpawu kunye nemvelaphi apha.

Yintoni indlwane

Sikufundisa ukuba yeyiphi indawo yokuhlala kuyo i-geology. Ngale posi unokufumana ulwazi malunga nale datha inika le datha.

Inqwelomoya yeBenioff

Funda kweli nqaku ukuba yintoni inqwelomoya yeBenioff kwaye kubaluleke kangakanani ukuqonda imisebenzi yenyikima.

Iintaba zeAndes

Kweli nqaku sichaza ezona mpawu ziphambili zoluhlu lweentaba zeAndes, kunye nemvelaphi yazo, izityalo nezilwanyana.

Induli yamaNgqina

Sikufundisa ukuba yintoni induli yengqina kwijoloji. Funda malunga nokwakheka kwejografi okunomdla kwiplanethi yethu.

Umlambo iTigris

Kule posi siza kukuxelela iimpawu zoMlambo iTigris. Funda apha ngokubaluleka kwalo mlambo, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana. Sukuphoswa yiyo!

Yintoni ipoljé

Sikuxelela ukuba yintoni ipoljé kwaye ibaluleke kangakanani ebantwini nakwindawo yomhlaba. Funda ngayo apha.

Yintoni ikapa

Kweli nqaku sikuxelela ukuba yintoni ikapa kwaye ibaluleke kangakanani ngokubhekiselele kwimisinga yolwandle kunye nokuhamba. Funda ngayo apha.

Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nokukhululeka kwekarst

Sikunika lonke ulwazi malunga noncedo lwekarst kunye nokubaluleka kwayo. Ngena kwaye wazi yonke into malunga nokuma komhlaba.

Yintoni unikelo

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nento eyiyo kwaye kubaluleke kangakanani. Funda ngayo apha.

Iindidi zeefolda: i-anticline kunye ne-syncline

Kule nqaku sikubonisa iimpawu kunye neentlobo zeefoloji zejoloji. I-anticline ethandwayo kunye ne-syncline folds.

Ukwakheka kweJografi kunamagama ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwi-morphology kunye nemvelaphi yabo. Namhlanje siza kuthetha malunga nendawo yemvelaphi esecaleni eyaziwa njengeyombolo. Yindawo ebonakalayo eyenza ukudibana komhlaba phakathi kwesiqithi nomhlaba, ilitye kude nomhlaba, phakathi kweziqithi ezibini, okanye phakathi kwamatye amabini amakhulu. Siyayazi eminye imizekelo yeombolo ezifana ne-sandy isthmus ejoyina iDwala laseGibraltar kunye nomhlaba omkhulu. Kule nqaku siza kuthetha malunga neempawu zedombolo kunye nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Ngokubanzi Olu lwakhiwo lwejoloji lwenzeka kuba iziqithi zivelisa ukuphazamiseka ekuhambeni kwamaza. Ngokwesiqhelo, la mqobo wamaza ubeka isanti kunye namatye kwindawo apho aqhekeza khona. Njengokuba umphakamo wolwandle unyuka, inegalelo kwintlenga yomhlaba yazo zonke izinto ezifakwe ngamaza. Ezi zixhobo ziye zatyhalwa phezulu zenza umendo ofana nalowo siwubona kwimeko yeChesil Beach. Le tombolo iqhagamshela i-Isle yasePortland kunye ne-Dorset inika ingxelo ngamatye athe tyaba kunxweme. Makhe sihlalutye ingcwaba leLiwa laseGibraltar. Eli litye likho kumzantsi-ntshona weYurophu kwi-Iberia Peninsula. Ayikho enye into ngaphandle kwepremontle yelitye lekalika enobude obuziimitha ezingama-426. Eli litye liyaziwa ngokusingathwa macaque ezingama-250, iinkawu zokugqibela endle eYurophu. Inayo inethiwekhi ye-labyrinthine yeetonela, kunye nee-macaque, ezenza ukuba ibe ngumtsalane kubakhenkethi unyaka wonke. Eli liwa lithathwa njengendawo yokugcina indawo. Amangcwaba akwabizwa ngokuba ziziqithi ezibotshiweyo kuba kubonakala ngathi khange zahlulwe ngokupheleleyo kunxweme. Olu lwakhiwo lunokubonakala ngathi lodwa okanye lufunyenwe ngokwamaqela. Xa siyifumana ingamaqela, iintonga zesanti zenza indawo ebiyelweyo ngokungathi yichweba elikufutshane nonxweme. Ezi lagons zezokwexeshana kuba ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kugcwalisa intlenga ngokuhamba kwexesha. Yenzeka njani i-tombolo? Le drift littoral yenzeka njani xa amaza etyhala intlenge. Le ntlenga inokwenziwa sisanti, intlenga kunye nodongwe. Le ntlenga iqokeleleka phakathi kolwandle kunye nesiqithi, idala indawo yokuqokelelana enokubonakala njengoko isiqithi sibotshelelwe kwilizwekazi. Ukukhukula kweLittoral kuxhomekeke kwicala lomoya. Ukuze umoya uqhubeke ngokuqhubekayo, ulwalathiso lomoya kufuneka lubhekise kwicala elibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphandle koko, awuyi kuba nakho ukuqokelela intlenge kwicala elinye. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba ezi fomati zenzeka ngenxa yokuhamba konxweme, ayithathwa njengeyinyani. I-tombolo eyinyani yile yenziwe ngamaza okuza ngamaza kunye namaqhezu aqhekezayo. Imisebenzi ilandela amandla ashukumisayo alawulwa ngamandla nolwalathiso lomoya. Le misila isiya ngaselunxwemeni kwaye iyacotha xa ihamba emanzini amancinci. Oku kuncipha kungenxa yokukhuphana kwamaza kunye nomhlaba. Amandla okuxubana anciphisa isantya ahamba ngaso amaza ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba aphule. Ewe, xa ifikelela kwiziqithi zikufutshane nonxweme, kuba amaza ahamba kancinci kunokuba aqhelekile, ajikeleza isiqithi endaweni yokugqitha kuso. Njengokuba amanzi esihla kancinane esiqithini, aqokelela intlenge endleleni. Izidumbu zibekiwe kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokuqokelelana kude kube kudala ibar yesanti edibanisa isiqithi nesicwangciso. Ngokucacileyo, le okanye yinkqubo ende kakhulu ngexesha. Oko kukuthi, oku kunxulumene nesikali sexesha sejoloji (ikhonkco). Olona phawu ludumileyo emhlabeni Okulandelayo, siza kuchaza ezona mpawu ziphambili zeempawu eziphambili kwihlabathi. Siqale ngaleyo ise Chesil Beach. Ime eDorset, emazantsi eNgilani. Lubonakala ngokuba ziimitha ezili-115 ukuphakama ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle kwaye unolwandle oluziikhilomitha ezingama-29 ubude ne-200 yeemitha ububanzi. Kukubaluleka kwale tomboy kangangokuba kwathiwa yiNdawo yeLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. Enye idombolo edumileyo yile yeTrafalgar. Olu lwakhiwo lungena elwandle kwaye lulunika imbonakalo entle yeeperile yesanti entle. Yenza indawo entle enonxweme oluninzi kwindawo enamatye enika umbono omangalisayo we-panoramic. Umdla kolu lwakhiwo ubangelwa kukuba kuphela komzekelo e-Andalusia yedombolo ephindwe kabini. Kule ngozi yokwakheka komhlaba sifumanisa ukuba umgubo uhlanjiwe ngamaza kwaye wenze ii-tombolos ezimbini ezidibene nesiqithi kunye nonxweme. Le manyano ivale ngaphakathi ngaphakathi uxinzelelo oluncinci olukhukula xa imvula iphakame kuneqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, olu xinzelelo lunemihla yalo yokubala kuba izinto ziya kungcwaba kwaye zinciphise ubunzulu. Xa ulwandle lwayeka, umoya wenza inkqubo yeendunduma kumanxweme asezantsi kwesi siqithi. Ixesha elingaphezulu, ukhukuliseko lomhlaba lubenegalelo ekuphelisweni kwala mathandabuzo. Namhlanje yonke le nkqubo yeendunduma igutyungelwe zizityalo ezinje ngejunipha kunye nemastic. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba utyani luyasebenza ukulungisa isanti. Umzekelo, sifumana iintyatyambo ze-wallflower yaselwandle, imithwalo yolwandle kunye neenyibiba zaselwandle ezinceda ukulungisa isanti kunye nokwenza ingubo enemibala. Kwiindawo ezizinzileyo, sinokufumana iimpondo zolwandle, i-sagebrush kunye ne-carnations. Kwelinye icala, kwindawo enezikhukula sifumana iingcongolo ezisebenza njengendawo yokuhlala iindwendwe njengeentaka zaselwandle, intaka yaselwandle eneentaka ezibomvu kunye neenyawo ezimnyama.

Yintoni itombolo

Sikubonisa ezona mpawu ziphambili zedombolo kunye nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Funda ngakumbi malunga nokwenziwa kwe-geological apha.

Iimbonakalo zomhlaba kunye neencopho eziphakamileyo

Iintaba zeApennine

Sikufundisa yonke into oyifunayo malunga neeNtaba zeApennine. Yi-cordidella eyenza umqolo we-Italiya.

Yintoni i-scree

Kule nqaku sikuxelela ukuba yintoni i-scree kwaye yenziwa njani. Yazi yonke into malunga nokwakheka komhlaba okwenzeka ezintabeni.

Iiskisi zeGlacier

Kule nqaku sikuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neesekisi zomkhenkce. Funda malunga neempawu kunye nokubaluleka.

Yintoni i-orography

Kule nqaku sikubonisa ukuba yintoni ubume bomhlaba nokuba ubaluleke kangakanani ukufundwa kwawo. Apha unokufumana ulwazi olulungileyo.

Amatye ePlutonic

Kule nqaku sigxile ekukuxeleleni ukuba zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili zamatye e-plutonic kunye neempawu zawo. Funda ngako konke apha.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe kumanqaku athile, ubudala bomhlaba kucingelwa ukuba buphakathi kweminyaka eyi-4.400 kunye ne-5.100 yezigidigidi zeminyaka. Le ithiyori ichazwa ngokusetyenziswa kweendlela zedijometri zokuthandana ngenxa yolwazi kunye nezinto ezinokutsalwa kwi-meteorites. Ubungqina boku buhambelana, kungatsho ukuba le yimvelaphi yoMhlaba. Ukucacisa zonke iziganeko ezithe zenzeka kwiplanethi yethu, ubunyani buyasetyenziswa. Ngumthetho osekwe kwinkolelo yokuba iziganeko ezenzekileyo kwimbali ziyafana nezo zenzeka ngoku. Kweli nqaku siza kwalatha into eyiyo, ziyintoni iimpawu zayo kwaye ibaluleke kangakanani. Ngumgaqo-siseko okhutshwe nguJames Hutton kwaye uphuhliswe nguCharles Lyell (ikhonkco) apho kufunyenwe khona ukuba iinkqubo ezithe zenzeka kwimbali yoMhlaba ziyafana nezo zenzeka ngoku. Yiyo le nto ithiyori ibizwa ngokuba yinyani. Le nyani ikwajongwa njengentlekele. Kukuba abalinganiswa bejoloji banamhlanje ngesiquphe bakheka kumbulelo odlulileyo kutshintsho nakwinguqu. Ezinye zezona zixhobo zibaluleke kakhulu apho ubunyani kunye nokufana kusebenza ukukhipha ulwazi kwizinto zethu zangaphambili kukuphambuka komgaqo, ukulandelelana kwesilwanyana kunye nokulandelelana kweziganeko ngaphambili nakwixesha langoku. Lo mthetho waqinisekiswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwe-XNUMX. Kwakungokwezendalo abakwaziyo ukuqinisekisa ubungqina ngokujonga umphezulu woMhlaba. Ezi zinto zendalo ziyangqina kwaye bazixhasa kwezi nyaniso ukuze baqonde ubume bomhlaba kunye nayo yonke indaleko. Ngokusengqiqweni iyavakala. Kutheni le nto iinkqubo ziza kutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha? Iipateni zotshintsho lweatmosfera, umhlaba, iiarhente zejoloji (ikhonkco), njl. Bayafana nabo benze ekuqaleni kwayo yonke into. Kuya kufuneka uqaphele ukuba ngaphambi kokuba i-atmosfere ibingenakho ukwenziwa okufanayo. Kodwa ke, ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ukwakhiwa kwayo kusaguqulwa. Mhlawumbi lixesha lejoloji (ikhonkco) elenza ukuba sicinge ukuba bekukho ezinye iziganeko zejoloji ngaphambili kunangoku. Umoya, imisinga yolwandle, imvula, izaqhwithi, njl. Zenzekile xa kwavela uMhlaba. Ngesi sizathu, into ekhuselwa yimeko yangoku kukuba ikwayiziganeko ezifanayo eziguqula umhlaba kwaye zibangela ukuba ziguquke, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, zisasebenza kwaye zisebenza. IGenesis Imvelaphi yokuma komhlaba kunye neentsika zachazwa ngale ndlela zizenzo zamanzi, umoya kunye namaza abazijongileyo nabanokuthi balinganise iziphumo zawo yonke imihla. Abo baxhasa intlekele, bachasa umbono wobunyani, kuba bekhusela ukuba iintlambo ezinkulu, ukwakheka komhlaba kunye nezitya zolwandle zenzekile ngenxa yeentlekele ezinkulu ezenzeka ngaphambili. Banokufumaneka kwizicatshulwa zenkolo ezinjengeBhayibhile kunye noNogumbe wayo onokuthi uchazwe njengonobangela wezinto ezinkulu ezinentaba ezazikhukulisa intili. Kukho konke oku kukho indawo yokufana. Yinzululwazi yokwakheka komhlaba ethi ithiyori ithi iinkqubo ezikhoyo ngoku zenzekile ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukongeza, zingunobangela weempawu zejoloji anazo iplanethi yethu. Okokukhusela ukufana kukuba ezi nkqubo zigcinwe kude kube namhlanje ngaphandle kotshintsho. Ubunyani bebhayoloji Ngumgaqo oxhasa ubudlelwane phakathi kwezidalwa ezikhoyo namhlanje kunye nezakudala. Ngokusisiseko, yintoni eyenzeka kubuchwephesha bebhayoloji iqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ezenziwa zizinto eziphilayo namhlanje zenziwa ngaphambili. Akukho nanye kuloo nto itshintshileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ukwenza icace kwaye kube lula ukuyiqonda. Ukuba uhlobo luphefumla kwaye luvelise kwakhona, kunokwenzeka ukuba ezi nkqubo bezisenziwa nakwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ke, ukuba sidibanisa oku kunye neenkqubo zejoloji, siyakube siqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ezifanayo bezisoloko zisenzeka kwaye akukho nanye kuzo etshintshileyo namhlanje. Kuyinyani ukuba ezi nkqubo ziye zaneempawu zazo, ngenxa yokuba izinto eziphilayo kuye kwafuneka ukuba ziqhelane neemeko ezintsha kunye neemeko eziguqulwe ziiarhente zejoloji kule minyaka idlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona izinto eziguqukayo ziguquka, isiseko senkqubo siyahlonitshwa, oko kukuthi, kuyaphefumlwa kwaye bayazala. Ubunyani bebhayoloji busebenza kwiinkqubo ezinje ngokuvelisa nokuzala. Izinto sele ziqala ukutshintsha xa sithetha ngokuziphatha kwezinto eziphilayo. Kule meko, iinkqubo zinzima ngakumbi ekusebenziseni ubunyani bebhayoloji. Njengabantu abazivumelanisa neemeko ezintsha, asinakuqinisekisa ukuba kukuziphatha okufanayo abanako ngamaxesha onke. Ngapha koko, akunakwenzeka ukuba uthathe isimilo sokuziphatha kweentlobo ezingasekhoyo kwaye wazi ukuba kuyafana na kwezi zangoku, kwizigidi nakwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Umzekelo, ngaphambi kwexesha lomkhenkce (ikhonkco), izinto eziphilayo kufuneka ziguqule indlela eziziphethe ngayo ukuze zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko kwaye zisinde. Ukufuduka yenye yeendlela zokuziphatha eziye zagcinwa kuyo yonke into ephilayo, kuba sisimo sokusinda ekufumaneni indawo yokuhlala apho banokuvelisa khona kwaye babe neemeko zokuphila ezilungileyo. Ukufumana lonke ulwazi malunga nokwenzekileyo kuyo yonke imbali, ubunyani kunye ne-uniformitarianism ziyasetyenziswa, ezikhuselweyo kulandelelwano lwezinto eziphilayo, ukulandelelana kweziganeko kunye nokuphakanyiswa komtya. Ngokwolwazi olunokufumaneka kulwahlulo lweefosili ezahlukeneyo, sinakho oku kulandelayo: • Indawo ababenayo ngokubhekisele kumgangatho wolwandle • Iqondo lobushushu ababehlala kulo • Iintyatyambo nezilwanyana zazikho ngelo xesha Ukuhamba kwetectonic Njengoko ubona, inzululwazi izama ukucacisa indlela uMhlaba ovele ngayo namhlanje.

Eyona nyani

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nobunyani kunye nokudaleka koMhlaba. Fumanisa yonke le nto apha.

Idama laseLoess

Kule nqaku sikubonisa iimpawu, ukubunjwa kunye nokubaluleka kwetanki yeLoess. Funda ngako konke apha.

Izimbiwa kunye namatye

Kule nqaku sikubonisa iimpawu zezimbiwa kunye namatye, kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo. Ukuba unamathandabuzo ngayo, yile post yakho.

Izilwanyana ze-Ediacara

Kule nqaku sithetha ukutyhila iimfihlelo zezilwanyana zase-Ediacara. Ukuba uthanda i-geology kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, apha uya kufunda malunga nayo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo ngamanye amaxesha ebomini bakho ukhe watyelela umqolomba. Imiqolomba mihle, inomdla kwaye ikhethekile imeko yomhlaba apho sinendawo yendalo. Emiqolombeni sinokuxabisa ulwakhiwo lwendalo oluthile olunomtsalane ngobuhle nokungaqhelekanga kwabo. Ezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokuba yi-stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites. Abantu abaninzi bajonga ezi zakhiwo zejoloji njengemisebenzi yokwenene yobugcisa bendalo. Yinto efanelekileyo ukuba uyazi ukuba awukayiboni ngaphambili, ngokuqinisekileyo iyakumangalisa. Kodwa zahluke njani i-stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites? Zenziwa njani? Siza kuyiphendula yonke le mibuzo kweli nqaku. Yintoni ii-stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites, nangona zinamagama afanayo, kodwa kukho umahluko omangalisayo phakathi kwazo. Ubume bayo kunye nobume bayo bohlukile. I-Stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites zinento enye efanayo: zii-speleotomes. Olu luvo lubhekisa kwinto yokuba ziidipozithi ezithi zenziwe emiqolombeni emva kokusekwa kwazo. Ama-speleotomes avela ngenxa yemvula yemvula evelayo ngexesha lokuyilwa kwezinto eziqinileyo ezivela kwisisombululo. Zombini ii-stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites zivela kwiidipozithi ze-calcium carbonate. Ezi zinto zenzeka kwimiqolomba yelitye lekalika. Oko akuthethi ukuba ayisiyiyo imeko apho inokubumba khona kwimingxunya eyenziweyo okanye ye-anthropic evela kwezinye iidipozithi ezahlukeneyo. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini yindawo. Inye nganye inenkqubo eyahlukileyo yokwakheka kunomnye kwaye, ke, indawo yayo ngaphakathi komqolomba iyatshintsha. Siza kukuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha, sichaze ukuba yintoni na nganye. I-Stalactites Siqala ngokwenzeka okuvela eluphahleni. Ukukhula kwayo kuqala encamini yomqolomba kuye ezantsi. Ukuqala kwe-stalactite yithontsi lamanzi amaminerali. Njengoko amathontsi esiwa, ashiya umkhondo we-calcite ngasemva. I-Calcite yiminerali eyakhiwe ngecalcium carbonate, yiyo loo nto isenza ukuba sinxibelelane namanzi. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, emva kokuwa kwamathontsi alandelelanayo, i-calcite engaphezulu nangaphezulu ifakwa kwaye iqokelela. Xa oku kugcwele, siyabona ukuba iya isiba nkulu ngokuba nkulu kwaye ithatha imilo eyahlukeneyo. Ubume obuqhelekileyo bubume bekona. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukubona inani elikhulu lee-calcite cones ezinamanzi aphuma kwisilingi. Ubungakanani bee-cones buxhomekeke kubungakanani bamaconsi amanzi ajikeleze kuloo ndawo kunye nexesha lokuhamba kwamathontsi okurhuqa i-calcite. Kunokuthiwa ukuba ii-stalactites zilwakhiwo lwerwala olwenziwe ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi. Embindini we-stalactite, kukho umjelo apho amanzi amaminerali eqhubeka nokujikeleza. Yile nto yahlulahlula kwezinye iindlela zokwakheka komhlaba ezinembonakalo efanayo. I-Stalagmites Ngoku siqhubeka nokuchaza i-stalagmites. Kwelinye icala, zizinto ezivela emhlabeni kwaye zikhule ziye phezulu. Njengalezi zangaphambili, i-stalagmites iqala ukwenza ngokuthotywa kwemaminerali kunye ne-calcite. La mathontsi awayo aqokelela iidipozithi ze-calcite ngokulandelelana. Ukubunjwa apha kuyahluka ngakumbi kuba abanalo umzila ophakathi njengama-stalactites apho amathontsi amanzi ajikeleza khona ngenxa yamandla omxhuzulane. Umahluko omnye kukuba zikhulu ngakumbi kune-stalactites. Ngenxa yenkqubo yokwakha, ii-stalagmites zinemilo ejikeleze ngakumbi kunesimo sekhoni. Kuqheleke ngakumbi ukubona ezinye zenziwe ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Ezona milo zixhaphakileyo zezi zeemilo ezibhubhu ngqo ezibizwa ngokuba yimacaroni. Olunye ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo zii-conulitos (zinesakhiwo esinjengomngxuma obalwayo), iiperile (ezinemilo ejikeleze ngakumbi) kunye nezinye ezingaphezulu. I-Stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites zihlala zijongana. Kuqhelekile ukubona i-stalactite ngasentla kwaye i-perpendicular to it stalagmite. Kungenxa yokuba amathontsi aqengqelekayo ukusuka kwi-stalactite, aneentsalela ze-calcite ezibekwe emhlabeni ukwenza i-stalagmite. Zenziwa njani ii-stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites Siza kuhlalutya inkqubo yokwenziwa kwazo zombini iidipozithi. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, zenziwa yinkqubo yemvula eyimvula. Ezi zimbiwa zichaphazela amanzi. Ezi zinto zenziwe ngenxa yokuba i-CO2 enyibilikayo emanzini emvula yenza ikhalsiyam carbonate xa idibana nelitye lekalika. Kuxhomekeke kulawulo lwemvula kunye nenqanaba lokungena kwamanzi, ezi zakhiwo ziya kwenzeka kungekudala okanye kamva. Ngamanzi emvula angena emhlabeni aze achithe ilitye lekalika. Ngenxa yoko, la mathontsi enza imilo kwezi dipozithi. I-calcium bicarbonate inyibilika kakhulu emanzini kwaye yiyo eyenziwayo emva koqhakamshelwano ne-CO2 eziswa ngamanzi emvula. Le bicarbonate ivelisa indawo apho i-CO2 ibalekayo ethi, xa isabela, inyibilike ngohlobo lwecalcium carbonate. I-calcium carbonate iqala ukuvela kwimixube ethile ejikeleze indawo apho ukuwa kwehla khona. Oku kwenzeka kuphela kwi-stalactites, njengoko amathontsi esiwa ngenxa yendlela yomxhuzulane ebanyanzela ukuba bawele emhlabeni. Ke ngoko, amathontsi aphela echitheka emhlabeni. Ungalubona phi olu lwakhiwo Ngokuqinisekileyo uyakuchukumiseka ukuba awuzange uzibone ezi zakhiwo ngaphambili (ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu). Nangona kunjalo, siza kukuxelela iindawo apho unokufumana khona eyona stalactite inkulu kunye ne-stalagmite formations. Ukuba luyilo olucothayo, ukuze zikhule kuphela i-2,5 cm ubude, kuthatha malunga ne-4.000 okanye i-5.000 iminyaka. Eyona stalactite inkulu emhlabeni inokufumaneka kwiMiqolomba yeNerja, ebekwe kwiphondo laseMalaga. Ziziimitha ezingama-60 ukuphakama kunye neemitha ezili-18 ubukhulu. Ukuyilwa ngokupheleleyo kuthathe iminyaka engama-450.000. Kwelinye icala, eyona stalagmite inkulu emhlabeni ingama-67 eemitha ukuphakama kwaye inokufumaneka kumqolomba waseMartín Infierno, eCuba.

Stalactites kunye neestalagmites

Kule posi sichaza ngokweenkcukacha ukuba zenziwa njani ii-stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites kwaye ungandwendwela kwelona likhulu emhlabeni.

Ubume bomhlaba

Kule posi ungafumana yonke into enxulumene neempawu kunye nokubaluleka komhlaba. Ngena apha ukwazi ngayo.

IRío Colado

Kule posi sikuxelela yonke into oyifunayo malunga noMlambo iColorado. Ngena apha ukufumana izinto ezinomdla zalo mlambo udumileyo.

Kule planethi kukho iindawo apho ingozi ixhaphake ngakumbi kunabanye kwaye, ke ngoko, le mimandla ifumana amagama ahlabayo onokucinga ukuba abhekisa kwinto eyingozi ngakumbi. Kule meko siza kuthetha ngesangqa somlilo sePasifiki. Abanye bayayazi njengendandatho yomlilo yePacific kunye nabanye njengebhanti le-circum-Pacific. La magama onke abhekisa kwingingqi ejikeleze olu lwandle kwaye apho kukho zombini inyikima ephezulu kakhulu kunye nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni iringi yePacific yomlilo, ziimpawu ezinjani kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwizifundo nakulwazi lomhlaba. Yintoni iringi yePacific yoMlilo? Kule ndawo imile okwehashe kwaye hayi isangqa, kukho isixa esikhulu semisebenzi yenyikima kunye nentaba-mlilo. Oku kwenza ukuba le ndawo ibe yingozi ngakumbi ngenxa yeentlekele ezinokubangelwa. Eli bhanti linwebeka ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-40.000 ukusuka eNew Zealand ukuya kuthi ga kunxweme olusentshona eMzantsi Merika. Ikwawela wonke ummandla wonxweme lwe-Mpuma ye-Asia kunye neAlaska kwaye idlule kumantla mpuma eMntla Melika nakuMbindi Merika. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe kwiiplate tectonics (ikhonkco), eli bhanti liphawula imiphetho ekhoyo kwipleyiti yePasifiki kunye namanye amacwecwe amacwecwe amancinci enza into ebizwa ngokuba ngumhlaba (ikhonkco). Ukuba yindawo enenyikima ephezulu kunye nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, ichazwa njengengozi. Yayilwa njani? Isangqa somlilo sePasifiki senziwa kukuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji. Amacwecwe awalungiswanga, kodwa ahamba ngokuqhubekayo. Oku kungenxa yemisinga ye-convection ekhoyo kwingubo yoMhlaba. Umahluko kubuninzi beemathiriyeli ubangela ukuba zihambe kwaye zikhokelele ekuhambeni kwamacwecwe eteknoloji. Ngale ndlela, ukufuduswa kweesentimitha ezimbalwa ngonyaka kuyafezekiswa. Asiyiqapheli kwinqanaba lomntu, kodwa ibonisa ukuba sivavanya ixesha le-geological (ikhonkco). Ngaphezulu kwesigidi seminyaka, ukuhamba kwala macwecwe kuye kwabangela ukuyilwa komsesane wePacific womlilo. Amacwecwe e-tectonic awamanyananga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kukho umsantsa phakathi kwawo. Zihlala zi malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-80 ubukhulu kwaye zihamba ngomsinga okhankanyiweyo okhankanyiweyo engubeni. Njengoko la macwecwe esihamba, athambekele ekubeni zombini zohlukane kwaye zingqubane enye kwenye. Kuxhomekeke kubuninzi bayo nganye, enye inokuntywila ngaphezulu kwenye. Umzekelo, iipleyiti zolwandlekazi zinexinano ephezulu kunelizwekazi. Ke ngoko, zezi, xa zombini iipleyiti zingqubana, zehlise phambi kwelinye. Oku kuhamba kunye nokungqubana kwamacwecwe kuvelisa umsebenzi omkhulu wejoloji kwimiphetho yamacwecwe. Ke ngoko, ezi ndawo zithathwa njengezisebenza ngokukodwa. Imida yamacwecwe esiyifumanayo: • Imida yokuguqula izinto. Kule mida kulapho iipleyiti zeetekoni zidibana khona. Oku kunokubangela ukuba isitya esisindayo singqubane nesikhanyayo. Ngale ndlela, into eyaziwa ngokuba yindawo yokuthimba yenziwe. Enye ipleyiti ihambisa ngaphaya kwenye. Kwezi ndawo apho oku kusenzeka khona, kukho isixa esikhulu sentaba-mlilo kuba olu thanjiso lubangela ukuba umgqakhwe unyuke uqweqwe. Ngokucacileyo, oku akwenzeki ngomzuzwana. Yinkqubo ethatha amawaka ezigidi eminyaka. Le yindlela ekwakhiwe ngayo iingqameko zentaba-mlilo. • Imida eyahlukileyo. Zizo ezichasene ngokupheleleyo neziguqukayo. Kwezi amacwecwe zikwimeko yokwahlukana. Unyaka ngamnye bayahlula ngakumbi, benza indawo entsha yolwandle. • Imida yenguqu. Kule mida amacwecwe awahlukanga okanye ajoyine, ayasilayida ngendlela efanayo okanye ethe tye. • Iindawo ezishushu. Yeyona mimandla apho ingubo yomhlaba esemazantsi epleyiti inobushushu obungaphezulu kwezinye iindawo. Kule meko, i-magma eshushu iyakwazi ukunyuka ngaphezulu ize ivelise iintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo. Umda wamacwecwe uthathelwa ingqalelo njengemimandla apho zombini izinto zejoloji kunye nentaba-mlilo zigxile khona. Ngesi sizathu, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba iintaba-mlilo ezininzi kunye neenyikima zijolise kumjikelo womlilo wePasifiki. Ingxaki kuxa inyikima isenzeka elwandle kwaye ikhokelela kwitsunami ene tsunami ehambelana nayo. Kule meko, ingozi inyuka ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba inokubangela iintlekele ezinje ngeFukushima ngo-2011. I-Pacific Ring yeMisebenzi yoMlilo Njengoko unokuba uqaphele, iintaba-mlilo azisasazwa ngokulinganayo kwiplanethi yonke. Ngokuchasene noko. Ziyinxalenye yendawo apho umsebenzi wejoloji mkhulu khona. Ukuba lo msebenzi ubungekho, iintaba-mlilo bezingayi kubakho. Iinyikima zibangelwa kukuqokelelana nokukhululwa kwamandla phakathi kwamacwecwe. Ezi nyikima zixhaphake kakhulu kumazwe apho sibekwe ecaleni kwePacific Ring of Fire. Kwaye le ring yomlilo igxila kwiipesenti ezingama-75 zazo zonke iintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo kwiplanethi yonke. Iinyikima ezingama-90% nazo ziyenzeka. Zininzi iziqithi kunye neearchipelagos kunye kunye neentaba-mlilo ezahlukileyo ezinogonyamelo kunye nokuqhushumba. Iingqameko ze-volcanic nazo ziqhelekile. Ziyimixokelelwane yeentaba-mlilo elele phezu kwamacwecwe okuthambisa. Le nyaniso yenza ukuba abantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela babenomdla kunye noloyiko ngeli bhanti lomlilo. Kungenxa yokuba amandla ezisebenza kuwo makhulu kwaye anokukhupha iintlekele zendalo zokwenyani.

I-Pacific Ring yoMlilo

Kweli nqaku siza kukubonisa ezona mpawu ziphambili zeringi yomlilo yePasifiki, imvelaphi nokubaluleka kwayo. Sukuphoswa yiyo!

Isiseko soMhlaba

Kule posi sichaza ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu, ukwakheka kunye nemvelaphi yentsika yoMhlaba. Ngena ukuze wazi yonke into malunga nayo.

Imagnethi yomhlaba

Kule nqaku siza kuchaza ukuba yintoni umhlaba onamandla omhlaba, ungowantoni kwaye uvela njani. Ngena apha ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngomhlaba wethu.

Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi

Kule nqaku sichaza ngokweenkcukacha zonke izinto ekufuneka uzazile malunga ne-Continental crust kunye nokwenziwa kwayo. Sukuphoswa yiyo!

Pegmatite

Ngena apha ukuze ufunde ngokweenkcukacha zonke izinto malunga ne-pegmatite. Unokufunda malunga neempawu zayo, imvelaphi kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphambili.

Iqonga lelizwekazi

Ishelfu yelizwekazi ibaluleke kakhulu koorhulumente njengoko ibonelela ngezixhobo ezininzi zendalo, ngena apha kwaye ufunde ngayo.

I-Aconcagua

Sichaza ngokweenkcukacha zonke izinto ekufuneka uzazile malunga neAconcagua. Ngena apha ukuze wazi ubungangamsha bezi ntaba. Sukuphoswa yiyo!

Ilitye lentlabathi

I-sandstone lelona litye lininzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngena apha ukuze wazi yonke into malunga neli litye. Ukusetyenziswa, uqeqesho kunye nokuhlelwa.

Iintaba zeBasque

Kule posi unokufumana ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neeNtaba zeBasque. Funda ngejografi, utyani kunye nemozulu yezi ntaba.

IMontes de León

Kule posi unokufumana ulwazi olulungileyo malunga neMontes de León. Uya kuba nakho ukwazi iintaba zayo eziphambili kunye neencopho kunye nemozulu ekhoyo.

Iintaba zeMalaga

Kule nqaku ungafumana imbali, iimpawu kunye nobuhle beMontes de Málaga. Ngena apha ukuze uyazi ngokunzulu.

IMontes de Toledo

Kweli nqaku sikubonisa into omawuyibone ezintabeni zaseToledo. Sikunika inkcazo yeendawo eziphambili zokundwendwela. Sukuphoswa yiyo!

Iintaba zeGalicia

Kule nqaku sikubonisa bonke ubutyebi bejoloji yeentaba zaseGalician. Funda malunga neempawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo apha.

IiNtaba zeNdalo iphela

Kule nqaku uza kuba nakho ukufumana iimpawu zejografi zeentaba ze-Universal, ukongeza kokwazi enye yeendlela ezilungileyo.

Iintaba zeUral

Sikuxelela ezona mpawu ziphambili zeentaba zeUral kunye nokwenziwa kwazo, ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho, iintyatyambo nezilwanyana. Sukuphoswa yiyo!

UNicolas Steno

Kule nqaku sichaza i-biology yonke kaNicolas Steno kunye nezona zinto ziphambili azenzileyo. Fumana konke malunga noyise wejoloji.

UJames Hutton

Kule posi sikuxelela ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu i-biografi kunye nokufumanisa ukuba uJames Hutton ufake igalelo kwijoloji. Yazi yonke into ngaye.

Awona machibi makhulu ehlabathini

Ngena apha ukuze wazi amachibi amakhulu emhlabeni kunye neempawu zawo eziphambili. Sikuxelela ngokweenkcukacha.

UCharles Lyell

Kule nqaku, uya kudibana noCharles Lyell, omnye wabaseki be-geology yanamhlanje. Ngena kwaye ufunde ngomsebenzi wakhe kunye nezinto azifumeneyo.

Umlambo iOrinoco

Ngena apha kwaye ufunde yonke into malunga noMlambo iOrinoco. Ngomnye wemilambo emikhulu ehlabathini kwaye ubaluleke kakhulu kuMzantsi Melika wonke.

Orogenesis

Sichaza ngokweenkcukacha yonke into enxulumene ne-orogenesis. Funda ukuba zenziwa njani iintaba. Ngena ngoku!

Amachibi amakhulu eMntla Melika

Amachibi ama-5 amaLwandle oMntla Melika aneempawu ezizodwa kwihlabathi liphela. Ngena apha kwaye wazi zonke iimfihlelo zayo. Sikuxelela yonke into.

Ngubani ububanzi bomhlaba?

Kule nqaku uza kuba nakho ukwazi ukuba yintoni ububanzi bomhlaba kunye nendlela olinganiswe ngayo. Ngena apha kwaye ufunde konke malunga nayo.

Iintaba zeCarpathia

Iintaba zeCarpathia zijolise kwimisebenzi emininzi yabakhenkethi ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezizodwa. Apha ungazi yonke into ekufuneka uyazi kwaye uyibone.

Ulwandle iAegean

Kule posi uya kulwazi uLwandle lweAegean ngokunzulu, ukusuka kunjani kwaye lubekwe phi na kwizinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo kunye nezisongelo. Ngena uze uyazi.

Wadalwa njani uMhlaba

Kule posi ungafunda yonke into malunga noMhlaba owenziwe ngayo. Funda ngakumbi ngeplanethi yethu kunye nendlela eguquke ngayo ukutyhubela iminyaka.

Ulwandle olubomvu

Kule posi uya kufunda ukuba lwenziwa njani uLwandle oluBomvu kwaye yintoni umbala walo ocacileyo. Ngaba uyafuna ukufunda ngayo? Ngena apha.

Iiarhente zejoloji

Iiarhente zeJoloji zijongene nokuguqula imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye noncedo loMhlaba. Funda ukuba ziyintoni kwaye zisebenza njani apha.