Uluntu lwezokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala luye lwamangaliswa zizinto ezifunyenwe e-Indonesia. Ngaphambili, ubulumko obudumileyo banxulumanisa iiphiramidi kuphela kwi-Egypt yamandulo okanye impucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian yaseMelika. Noko ke, ukomba lwamva nje luye lwatyhila iphiramidi engaphantsi komhlaba eIndonesia. Eyona nto iphawuleka ngolu bhaqo kukuba eyona piramidi indala ehlabathini eyaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nephiramidi endala yehlabathi ekubhaqweni kwayo.
Ukufunyanwa kwephiramidi endala emhlabeni
Ukufunyanwa kwephiramidi ecaleni kwentaba yase-Indonesia inamandla okuba ibaluleke njengeStonehenge kunye neephiramidi zaseGiza. Esi sakhiwo sangaphambili sinokukhuphisana nemimangaliso ye-megalithic yamawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngelixa abembi bezinto zakudala beqala ukuphanda isiza, bayavuyiswa ziziphumo zokuqala kwaye bayakuvuyela ukuqhubeka nophando lwabo.
Eyona piramidi indala ehlabathini iseIndonesia. EGunung Padang, intaba-mlilo yakudala eyaphelayo, sisakhiwo sephiramidi ekukholelwa ukuba sesona sidala sohlobo lwayo emhlabeni. Esi sakhiwo sakhiwa ngexesha apho impucuko, njengoko sisazi ngoku, yayingekaveli. Iingcali cebisa ukuba iphiramidi ibuyele ekuqaleni kwezolimo, njengoko kuxelwe yiSayensi Alert.
Uhlalutyo lwakutsha nje lucebise ukuba iphiramidi inokuqulatha amagumbi abalulekileyo avulekileyo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sayo. Ubume bezi khamera ayaziwa okwangoku kwaye kuseyimfihlakalo. Ngokuphathelele iminyaka yesi sakhiwo sibalulekileyo, Uqikelelo lokuqala lwe-radiocarbon ukuthandana lubonisa ukuba yakhiwa phakathi kwe-16.000 kunye ne-27.000 yeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuthandana kunye nomgangatho wesakhiwo, kuyacaca ukuba yeyona piramidi indala kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-megalithic olwaziwayo luluntu. Okwangoku, esi sihloko sibalelwa kwisakhiwo esikhulu saseGöbekli Tepe, esikwiTurkey yanamhlanje, eyaqala emva kweminyaka eyi-11.000. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuqinisekiswa okungaphezulu, iGunung Padang inokuthi idlule njengeyona nto indala emhlabeni. Ngovavanyo kunye nohlalutyo olucokisekileyo, ukukrokrelana kokuqala kuya kuqinisekiswa.
Uhambo lwabavubukuli kunye neengcali zokwakheka komhlaba ukuze kufunyanwe
Olu hambo, lukhokelwa liqela labembi bezinto zakudala neengcali ngokwakheka komhlaba, luye lwafumanisa ubungqina bokuba esi siza sakhiwe ngokwezigaba ezintsonkothileyo nezintsonkothileyo. Eyona ndawo inzulu yesakhiwo ifikelela kubunzulu obunomtsalane obuziimitha ezingama-30. Ngokufunda indawo, kuye kwamiselwa ukuba le nxalenye yeyona indala, ukusukela oko yakhiwa phakathi kwe 25.000 kunye ne 14.000 BC
Izakhiwo zangaphambili eGunung Padang ziguqule ukuqonda kwangaphambili kwesi siza. Emva kokuhlalutya iintsalela, abaphandi ngoku bazama ukukhanyisa ngakumbi abantu abakha le ndawo kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. Utyalo-mali lwexesha kunye nezibonelelo kulindeleke ukuba zivelise iziphumo ezichanekileyo nezicacileyo malunga nesiza kwixesha elizayo.
Umxholo weyona piramidi indala ehlabathini
Kangangeenkulungwane, imozulu yommandla weTropiki ichazwa ngamaxesha emvula enkulu, ukwanda kwezityalo ezixineneyo kunye nokudilizwa komhlaba. Nje ngeziphumo, Inani lezinto zakudala kunye nezenkcubeko ziye zangcwatywa phantsi komhlaba kwaye zahlala zifihliwe kude kube namhlanje.
Ngoncedo lwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje kunye nolwazi olwandisiweyo malunga nezakhiwo ezinokuthelekiswa, kuye kwenzeka ukuba kuqokelelwe ubutyebi bedatha entsha malunga nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zaseGunung Padang. Olu lwazi lunokuthi luveze imvelaphi yezi zakhiwo ezakhiwe yimpucuko yangaphambili ngexesha lePaleolithic.
Ukukhanyisa kunokubonwa njenge kwincopho ephakamileyo abaninzi abazama ukuyifikelela. Le ntaba yesikweko yokukhanya imela imeko yokuqonda nolwazi umntu afuna ukulufumana. Yincopho yokukhula komntu kunye nophuhliso.
I-Gunung Padang ligama lesi-Indonesian eliguqulela "intaba yokukhanya" ngesiNgesi. Eli gama lichazwa kuluntu oluninzi oluhlala kule ndawo ukutyhubela imbali kwaye lusebenzise intaba njengendawo yokwenza iminyhadala yonqulo.
Amaphononongo amaninzi kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo ziye zenziwa kule ndawo ukusukela kwiminyaka yoo-1890. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kube ngo-1979 apho urhulumente waqala ukugxila ekuhloleni into eyayisaziwa njengengcwaba lakudala.
I-National Archaeological Institute yaqala imizamo yakhe yokubuyisela kwindawo kwiminyaka yoo-1980, eqhutywa yingqwalasela entsha kunye nomdla kwindawo. Iinzame zabo zakhokelela ekufumaneni izakhiwo ze-megalithic ezenza iitesi zamatye ezinyusiweyo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yi-punden berundak. Nangona ezi zakhiwo bezikhe zajongwa ngaphambili, ubukhulu bazo bukhulu ngaphezu kobekulindelwe.
Ngophando lwezinto zakudala ngelo xesha, kwafunyaniswa ukuba iGunung Padang yayiyindawo yangaphambili. Esi siza singqongwe zezinye iisayithi megalithic ezabelana ngeempawu ezifanayo, ezibekwe kummandla wentaba-mlilo ngamatye avela kwiPliocene.
Ziziphi iinkcukacha eziye zatyhilwa ziziphumo zophando lwezinto zakudala?
Akusoloko kuyimfuneko ukuvumbulula izakhiwo ezingcwatyiweyo ukuze uzifunde, kuba ngoku kukho intaphane yeendlela kunye nobuchwepheshe obukhoyo bokukhupha ulwazi malunga nezinto ezingabambekiyo. Umzekelo woku kukusetyenziswa kwe-ultrasound, evumela ukuba sithathe imifanekiso engaphakathi emzimbeni womntu.
Uphononongo ekuthethwa ngalo lusebenzise indlela ebanzi neqhagamsheleneyo, ebandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya imephu enzulu, ijoloji kunye ne-archaeological observations, uhlalutyo lwe-geophysical yomhlaba, i-trenching kunye ne-core drilling. Oku kubhalwe kakuhle ziingcali eziqhube uphando.
Iziphumo zeengcali zibonisa ukuba IGunung Padang iqulathe umbindi welava oye wabunjwa kwaye wavalwa ngoluhlu lwezakhiwo eziphantsi komhlaba, ezibandakanya amagumbi kunye nemingxuma. Oku kubonisa ukuba intaba ayizange yenziwe ngeenkqubo zendalo, kodwa isiphumo sokwakhiwa kwephiramidi engaphantsi komhlaba.
Emva kokusebenzisa i-carbon dating, abaphandi baye bagqiba ekubeni ukwakhiwa kweGunung Padang kwenzeka ngexesha lokugqibela le-glacial yePaleolithic. Ukongeza, yenze uhlengahlengiso zombini ngexesha leHolocene nangexesha leNeolithic. Olu lwazi ityhila uGunung Padang njengomgqatswa wephiramidi endala yehlabathi, ebonisa ubuchule obukhethekileyo bokwakha kunye noyilo lwempucuko yamandulo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nephiramidi endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni kunye nokufumanisa kwayo.