Kuzo zonke iindawo ezinemozulu yeMeditera kwenzeka into enomdla kakhulu: kwezona nyanga zishushu, imvula yimeko yemozulu engaqhelekanga ukwenzeka. Enyanisweni, kwezinye iindawo imbalela inokuthabatha iinyanga, nto leyo eyenza imeko ibe mbi nangakumbi. Ukuqonda ngcono i ukuba sesichengeni kweMeditera kutshintsho lwemozulu, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ezi ndlela zembalela. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo oku kukwabonakala nakwiimeko zembalela egqithisileyo echaphazela imimandla eyahlukeneyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwimeko Imbalela eMauritania.
Phezu kwako nje oku, ezi nkqubo zezinto eziphilayo zityebe kakhulu kuzo zombini iintlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo, ezifumana indawo apho zinokuhlala khona ngaphandle kokunyamezela ingqele egqithisileyo, njengakwimimandla ekwincam yomhlaba, okanye ubushushu obuninzi, njengakwiintlango ezishushu. Kodwa zonke zisengozini ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nesenzo somntu, njengoko kubhaliwe kwizifundo iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwizityalo zeMeditera.
Njengoko echaza Efe UFrancisco Lloret, umongameli woMbutho waseSpain we-Terrestrial Ecology (AEET) kunye noprofesa we-Ecology kwi-Autonomous University yaseBarcelona, Iindidi zezilwanyana nezityalo azihlali kuphela kwingingqi yeMeditera, eCalifornia, embindini weChile, kumazantsi-ntshona eOstreliya nakumazantsi oMzantsi Afrika, kodwa nabantu abaninzi. Olu tshintsho lubhalwe ngokunxulumene ne ukuba sesichengeni kwabemi.
Kwaye konke oku ngelixa umndilili wobushushu behlabathi unyuka. Ke iintlobo ezihlala ezintabeni ngokuthe ngcembe zifudukela kwindawo ephezulu. Ngokutsho kweNjingalwazi ye-AEET, sele sisemva kwexesha ukukhusela utshintsho lwemozulu; ngoku ngumcimbi "wokungabikho emva kwexesha." Oku kukwabalulekile ngokunxulumene ukulungelelaniswa kweentlobo kwiimeko ezintsha zemozulu kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuhlala kwindawo eguqukayo.
La ukuba sesichengeni kweMeditera kutshintsho lwemozulu iqaqambisa imfuneko yovavanyo oluqhubekayo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwezicwangciso-qhinga ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa iziphumo zalo, ingakumbi kwimimandla yasezidolophini enokujongana nemingeni ebalulekileyo.
Impembelelo yoTshintsho lweMozulu kwiMeditera
Unxweme lweMeditera lujongene nenyaniso ekhathazayo njengoko iya kuba yenye yemimandla echatshazelwa kakhulu yiziganeko zemozulu ezimbi ezibangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Kulindeleke imbalela, ngokunjalo amaza obushushu obugqithisileyo, qinisa, wonakalisa zombini izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. I IKhomishini yaseYurophu iye yabongoza amazwe angamalungu alishumi elinesine, kuquka iSpain, ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zabo zokunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya kunye nokulungiselela ngokwaneleyo imingeni yexesha elizayo. Ukongezelela, umntu kufuneka acinge ukuba ezi meko zemozulu ziya kuchaphazela njani amanye amazwe aseYurophu, apho utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwimozulu nalo lurekhodwa.
Ulwandle lweMeditera luyinto ephambili echaza ukuba kutheni lo mmandla uya kubethelwa ngakumbi. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iMeditera iyafudumala ngokukhawuleza kabini okanye kathathu kunezinye iilwandlekazi, nto leyo ebangela ukwakheka kwamandla athi akhutshwe ngeziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu njengezandyondyo zemvula zasekuhlaleni ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu. Le meko ifuna ulungiselelo olungxamisekileyo lokujongana neempembelelo zexesha elizayo, ezifana nemingeni eqatshelweyo izixeko ezinokunyamalala ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iingozi zemozulu ziye zachongwa ezibandakanya lo mmandla weMeditera, ugxininisa imfuneko yokuqwalaselwa ngokukodwa kunye namanyathelo asebenzayo. Ulawulo lwamanzi luba ngumba obalulekileyo, ngakumbi kumxholo we umahluko phakathi kokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi, ezidla ngokubhideka, kodwa zineentsingiselo ezahluke kakhulu.
Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Umba obalulekileyo kukwahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kwi-ecosystem yeMeditera. Izifundo ezininzi ziye zabonisa ukuba Indibaniselwano yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokuncipha kwemvula kukhokelele kwilahleko emandla yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Esi siganeko sixhalabisa ngokukodwa kummandla osezantsi weMeditera, apho iimeko zemozulu ziye zaqala ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ezichaphazela impilo yendalo yaselwandle kunye neyomhlaba. Oku kukwaqaqambisa ukubaluleka koku ukuziqhelanisa nezityalo kutshintsho lwemozulu, esiba sisicwangciso esisisiseko sokuqinisekisa ukusinda kwayo.
Uphando olwenziwe yi-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) lubonise ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lusongela ukhuseleko lokutya kwingingqi, ekubeni ukunqongophala kwamanzi kunye nelahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo zinefuthe ngokuthe ngqo kwimveliso yezolimo. Oku akuchaphazeli amafama kuphela kodwa nabemi abaxhomekeke kwezi zixhobo ukuze baphile, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukwamkela izisombululo, ezinjengokuphucula iindlela zolimo ezizinzileyo, ukulwa nezi ziphumo.
Imeko yangoku kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kumxholo we ukuguqulwa kweepateni zemozulu kunye nefuthe lako kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu, abajongene nekamva elingaqinisekanga ukuba iimeko zemozulu ziyaqhubeka nokuwohloka.
Ixesha lembalela: Ingxelo kunye neziphumo
Imbalela yenye yeempembelelo eziphambili zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiMeditera. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwakho ukwanda okubonakalayo kwixesha kunye nobunzulu bamaxesha embalela. Oku kwanda kubangele ukuhla kwamaqondo obushushu kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, kwandise iingxaki zokunqongophala kwamanzi. Ngokwengxelo ye-IPCC, kulindeleke ukuba Imfuno yamanzi iza kunyuka nge-4% ukuya kwi-22% ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezolimo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhula kwabemi.. Oku kuhambelana ne ukhuseleko lokutya kunye namashishini okuloba kwimeko yokutshintsha kwemozulu echaphazela ukulima ngokwemveli kunye nezenzo zokohlutha.
Ngesi sizathu, ucwangciso lolawulo lwamanzi lubalulekile ukujongana nokuba sesichengeni kweMeditera kutshintsho lwemozulu nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zoluntu olubandakanyekayo ziyahlangatyezwa. Imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka iqwalaselwe kwaye ilungelelaniswe nenyani yangoku, ngelixa kuthathelwa ingqalelo uthintelo lwembalela yexesha elizayo.
Ngaloo ndlela, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela impembelelo yentlalo yembalela kunye nokuba inokuchaphazela njani uluntu olusengozini. Indibaniselwano yembalela kunye namaza obushushu agqithisileyo iya kufuna ukuba kuphunyezwe amanyathelo okuziqhelanisa nokuthomalalisa okucutha ukuchanabeka kwabemi kwezi meko zemozulu.
Amanyathelo okuziqhelanisa nokunciphisa
Kulo mxholo, kubalulekile ukwamkela indlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiMeditera. Ulawulo-ndawonye, olubandakanya intsebenziswano yabo bonke abachaphazelekayo kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, yindlela eyimfuneko yokujongana nale mingeni. Izisombululo kufuneka kwabelwane ngazo, kwaye intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko ibalulekile, njengoko izenzo ezifunekayo zidla ngokugqitha kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi kwiindawo apho ziphunyezwa khona iziseko ezingundoqo eziluhlaza ezinceda ekuphuculeni ukomelela kwezixeko kwiintlekele zendalo.
Ukucwangcisa ixesha elide kubalulekile. Ngaloo ndlela, imizekelo emihle efana neBhunga leSixeko saseValencia, elichongiweyo njenge I-European Green Capital ngo-2024, bonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo eziphucula ukomelela kwemozulu. Ukusebenzisana phakathi koomasipala, oorhulumente, kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente kubalulekile ekuphunyezweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo ejongene nemingeni ehambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nesidingo sokulawula amanzi ngokufanelekileyo.
Kwelinye icala, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba amanyathelo olondolozo lwendalo esingqongileyo anokunceda ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zembalela nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwalo mmandla, nakumxholo wembalela. iintlango ezisengozini ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi, nto leyo efuna ngokukhawuleza ingqalelo ukuthintela ukuthotywa kwayo.
Imfundo kunye noKwazisa kweNtlalo
Imfundo nokuqonda zibalulekile ngokulinganayo kumlo ochasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Abemi kufuneka baxelelwe ngeziphumo zotshintsho kwimo engqongileyo kunye nokubaluleka kokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Njengoko u-Elisa Valía, iKhansela ye-Integral Water Cycle yeBhunga leSixeko saseValencia, ubonisa, "Kubalulekile ukuphatha abantu njengabantu abaqolileyo, ukubanika ulwazi oluyinyani ngaphandle kokwenyani.", ebandakanya imfuneko yokwenza ngokuchasene ne ukubakho kwezikhukhula kwixesha elizayo ezinokubakho rhoqo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ummandla weMeditera ujongene nekamva elingaqinisekanga ukuba inyathelo eliqinisekileyo alithathwa ngoku. Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba ngaphandle kwamanyathelo abalulekileyo, amaqondo obushushu kunxweme lweMeditera anokwenyuka ukuya kuthi ga 5.5 ºC ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, nto leyo eyayiza kubangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwindalo nakwindlela yokuphila yezigidi zabantu. Le nto imele ihambelane nayo, ekwabandakanya utshintsho kwi-frequency kunye nokuqina kweemeko ezinzima.
Ejongene nale nyaniso, i nokuzinza iba yeyona njongo iphambili. Ulawulo lobutyebi bamanzi kunye nolondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni imeko-bume esempilweni yezizukulwana ezizayo. Amanyathelo anjengokubuyisela indalo eyonakeleyo kunye nokumisela iindawo ezikhuselweyo zaselwandle ngamanyathelo ayimfuneko okuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukeneyo zeMeditera ziyaqhubeka zikhula.
