Ukususela oko uluntu lwaqalayo ukujonga esibhakabhakeni, luye lwaziva luyimfuneko ukuzisa ucwangco kolo lwandle lweendawo eziqaqambileyoOkokuqala kwakukho amabali kunye namakroza, emva koko uluhlu lweenkwenkwezi, kunye nogcino-lwazi olukhulu olunezigidi zezinto. Namhlanje zonke ezi khathalogu sizibiza ngokuba ziikhathalogu zenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, kwaye zingumqolo wenzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi yanamhlanje, nangona zavela kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo ngeendlela ezindilisekileyo.
Xa usiva malunga iikhathalogu zakudala zeenkwenkwezi Unokucinga kuphela ngeetafile ezinothuli ezinamanani, kodwa emva kwazo kukho ukubonwa, ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji, kunye neembaleki zokwenene zokufumanisa. Kule migca ilandelayo, siza kuphonononga, inyathelo ngenyathelo, ukuba sihambe njani ukusuka ekuphawuleni iinkwenkwezi ezimbalwa ukuya kuluhlu lokulawula olunamawaka okanye izigidi zamangenelo, kwaye zingaphi ezo khathalogu ezihlala zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo kubo bobabini abachwephesha kunye nabangabasafundanga ngeteleskopu nje elula.
Yintoni ikhathalogu yeenkwenkwezi kwaye isetyenziselwa ntoni?
Un Ikhathalogu yeenkwenkwezi, eneneni, luluhlu olucwangcisiweyo lwezinto zasezulwini. apho, ubuncinci, amagama abo okanye izichazi kunye nendawo yazo esibhakabhakeni zirekhodwa, ziluncedo ukuchonga iinkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeniNgokuxhomekeke kwixesha kunye nenjongo, zikwabandakanya idatha enjengokukhanya okubonakalayo, uhlobo lwento (inkwenkwezi, umnyele, iqoqo, i-nebula…), i-spectrum okanye ulwazi malunga nokuhamba kwayo okufanelekileyo.
Ngokungafaniyo neatlasi, ebonisa isibhakabhaka kwi-a ebonakalayo usebenzisa iimephu kunye neetshathi zeenkwenkweziIkhathalogu isebenza njengovimba weenkcukacha olungelelanisiweyo. Iindawo zokujonga izinto, iiteleskopu zerobhothi, kunye nemishini yasesibhakabhakeni zixhomekeke kolu luhlu ukuze zikhombe ngokuchanekileyo izixhobo zazo, zilungelelanise, zilinganise iinguqu ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye zithelekise imigqaliselo eyenziwe amashumi eminyaka okanye iinkulungwane ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ngaphaya koko, iikhathalogu zeenkwenkwezi zivumela amaqela ophando ahlukeneyo ukuba athethe ulwimi olufanayo: xa umntu ekhankanya M31, NGC 224 okanye PGC 2557Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ubhekisela kwi-Andromeda Galaxy, nangona ngalinye lala magama livela kwikhathalogu eyahlukileyo.
Iikhathalogu zokuqala zeenkwenkwezi ze-Antiquity
Kwakudala ngaphambi kweeteleskopu, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zamandulo zazisele zenzekile izintlu zeenkwenkwezi ezibonakalayo kwiliso lenyamaAbazange baquke iminyele okanye i<em>nebula yesibhakabhaka enzulu njengaleyo siyinxulumanisa noluhlu olukhulu namhlanje, kodwa babeka isiseko somsebenzi wamva.
Ngenkulungwane ye-2 BC, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi samaGrike IHipparchus yaseNicaea Waqulunqa uluhlu lokuqala lobungakanani beenkwenkwezi ezaziwayo. Ukongezelela ekurekhodeni izikhundla zabo ezisondeleyo, wazisa isikali sobukhulu, ukwahlula ukukhanya kwe-stellar ukusuka kubukhulu be-1 (eyona nto iqaqambileyo) ukuya kubukhulu be-6 (eyona nto inqabileyo ibonakala kwiso lenyama). Lo mbono wokulinganisa ukukhanya, ngendlela esulungekileyo, uhlala uphila kwi-astronomy yanamhlanje.
Kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa kamva, kwinkulungwane yesi-2 AD. UClaudius Ptolemy yapapasha edumileyo AlmagestLe khathalogu, equka malunga newaka leenkwenkwezi ezilungelelaniswe ngamakroza, yaba yeyona mbekiselo iphambili yenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi yaseNtshona kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi kwaye yakhutshelwa, yachazwa, yaza yandiswa amaxesha ngamaxesha.
Kwi-Golden Age ye-astronomy yamaSilamsi, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi sasePersi Al-Sufi (kwinkulungwane ye-10) wahlaziya waza walungisa uninzi lwezikhundla nobuchule buka-Almagest kumsebenzi wakhe. Incwadi Yeenkwenkwezi EzizinzileyoLo msebenzi wongezelela inkcazo eneenkcukacha kunye nemizobo yeenkwekwezi, ukuphucula kakhulu ukuchaneka kweekhathalogu zangaphambili.
Lonke olu luhlu ludala lugxile iinkwenkwezi ezikhomba ngeso lenyamaIzinto "ezisasazwayo" esizaziyo ngoku njenge-nebulae okanye igalaksi zikhankanyiwe, ngokugqibeleleyo, ngokungaqhelekanga, ngaphandle kokudala iikhathalogu ezithile zazo.
Ukusuka kwiiteleskopu ukuya kwiikhathalogu ezinzulu zesibhakabhaka
Ngokuyilwa kunye nokuphuculwa kweteleskopu ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-17 ukuya phambili, uthotho lwezinto zasezulwini zaqala ukubonakala esibhakabhakeni. iindawo eziluzizi kunye namafu amnyama oko kwakungabonakali njengeenkwenkwezi eziqhelekileyo. Ezinye yayiziiinkwenkwezi eziziinkwenkwezi, ezinye iinebula ezinegesi, ukanti ezinye yayiziigalaksi ezithe qelele ezaziza kuqondwa ubunyani bawo kwiinkulungwane kamva.
Njengoko ezi zinto zifunyenweyo zazisanda, kwaba yimfuneko cwangcisa kwaye unike amagama ezo zinto zinzuluUkusuka kuloo mfuno kwazalwa ezinye zeekhathalogu ezidumileyo phakathi kwabanomdla: Messier, NGC, IC kunye, ngenkulungwane yama-20, uCaldwell.
Ezi khathalogu azidwelisi nje kuphela iindawo zeminyele, izigaba kunye neenebula, kodwa zikwachaza nembonakalo yazo, ubukhulu be-angular esibhakabhakeni kunye nokukhanya kwabo. Ndiyabulela oku, baye baba sisikhokelo esisebenzayo kubabukeli kunye nesalathiso sobugcisa kwiingcali.
Abantu abaninzi abanomdla baqala kwi-astronomy yesibhakabhaka ngokuchanekileyo ngezi khathalogu zakudala, besebenzisa iiteleskopu ezithobekileyo okanye iibinotyhulasiKamva, xa besenza umtsi kwi-astrophotography okanye izixhobo ezihambele phambili ngakumbi, baqhubeka besebenzisa amagama afanayo, ngoku adityaniswe nezinye iikhathalogu zobugcisa.
Ikhathalogu kaMesiya: “Uluhlu lokungafiki” olutshintshe yonke into
El ikhathalogu messier Inokuba yeyona khathalogu idumileyo yesibhakabhaka phakathi kwezazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezifunda ngeenkwenkwezi. Imvelaphi yayo, nangona kunjalo, yayiluncedo kakhulu: isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseFransi UCharles MessierNgokukhethekileyo kukhangelo lwee-comets, wadibana ngokuphindaphindiweyo neepatches ezinqabileyo ezinokuthi, xa uqala ukuzibona, zinokuthi ziphazame njenge-comet, kodwa emva kokuba zihlolisisiwe, ziye zalungiswa ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuphepha ukuwela emgibeni kwakhona, uMessier waqala ukuphuhlisa a uluhlu lwezinto ezingezizo iicometsOko kukuthi, ukusuka kwimithombo engapheliyo. Injongo yakhe yayikukuphepha ii-alamu zobuxoki ekuzingeleni kwakhe i-comet, kodwa wagqiba ngokudala olunye lolona luhlu lunempembelelo kwimbali ye-astronomy yokuqaphela.
Inguqulelo yokuqala yekhathalogu yavela kwi-1770s. uhlelo olwapapashwa ngowe-1774 yiRoyal Academy of Sciences Iquka amangenelo angama-45 aneenkcazo kunye nezikhundla. Emva koko, olu luhlu lwakhula: uhlelo lowe-1783 lwafikelela kwizinto ezingama-68, yaye uhlelo lowe-1784, olwalugqalwa njengolona lupheleleyo lukaMesiya, lwafikelela ezili-103. Ukushicilelwa kwakhona kamva kwi-1787 kwazisa uhlengahlengiso oluncinci kuphela.
Sele kule nkulungwane yama-20, abaphandi kunye nabo banomdla baphonononga amanqaku kaMessier neqela lakhe. Pierre Méchain kwaye ndafumana ubungqina bemigqaliselo eyongezelelweyo engazange ipapashwe kwifom yekhathalogu. Kweso siseko, ezinye izinto ezisixhenxe zongezwa: i-M104 (1921), i-M105, i-M106, ne-M107 (1947), i-M108 ne-M109 (1953), kunye ne-M110 (1966), isenza inani elipheleleyo kwinani elijikelezayo. 110 Messier izinto esiyisebenzisayo namhlanje.
Uluhlu lukaMesiya lubandakanya zonke iintlobo izinto eziqaqambileyo ezinzuluEzi ziquka iminyele (enjengeM31, iAndromeda), iiglobular clusters (M13, in Hercules), amaqela avulekileyo (M45, iPleiades), i-emission nebulae (M42, iOrion Nebula), kunye neeplanethi ezinebulae (M57, iRing Nebula), phakathi kwezinye. Udumo lwabo lusuka kwinto yokuba uninzi lunokujongwa ngeeteleskopu ezincinci ezivela esibhakabhakeni esimnyama.
Njengoko uMesiya ebonile eParis, zonke izinto ezikwikhathalogu yakhe zihambelana ne isibhakabhaka sifikeleleka kwihemisphere esemantlaZisasazeke ukusuka kwi-M1, i-Crab Nebula, ukuya kwi-M110, igalaksi yesathelayithi yeAndromeda. Lo mda wejografi uchaza ukungabikho kwamatye anqabileyo esibhakabhakeni esisemazantsi, njengeMagellanic Clouds okanye i-Omega Centauri cluster.
Nanamhla oku, ikhathalogu kaMesiya ihleli i Isango eligqwesileyo kwi-astronomy ye-amateurAbabukeli abaninzi baba nenxaxheba koko kubizwa ngokuba yiMessier Marathon, indibano enzulu abazama kuyo ukukhangela izinto ezi-M ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngeteleskopu enye ngobusuku obukufuphi nentlakohlaza.
Ikhathalogu ye-NGC: I-New General Catalogue ye-Nebulae kunye namaQela
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iiteleskopu zaba nkulu kwaye zinovakalelo ngakumbi, zivumela ukufunyanwa amawaka ezinto ezibuthathaka yesibhakabhaka esinzulu. Umsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo kaWilliam Herschel kunye nonyana wakhe uJohn, ochithe amashumi eminyaka ehlola izulu ngezibonisi ezinkulu, uvelise umthamo omkhulu wedatha ekhalela ulungelelwaniso olucacileyo.
Ngokusekelwe kwi Ikhathalogu ngokubanzi nguJohn Herschel, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseDanish-Irish UJohn LE Dreyer yaqulunqwa kwi-1880s i Ikhathalogu eNtsha ngokubanzi, eyaziwa jikelele njenge NGCLe khathalogu ibandakanya 7,840 izinto zesibhakabhaka ezinzulu, ukusuka kwi-NGC 1, i-spiral galaxy e-Pegasus, ukuya kwi-NGC 7840, enye i-galaxy kwi-constellation ye-Pisces.
Enye yeenzuzo ze-NGC kukuba iyabandakanya izinto ezinqumla esibhakabhakeni, ukusuka kumantla nakumazantsi ehemisphereOku kwenze ukuba ibe sisalathiso esisisiseko senzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kwaye, ekuhambeni kwexesha, nakubafundi abangafundanga abaphambili abafuna imiceli mngeni engaphaya kwezinto eziqaqambileyo zikaMesiya.
Uninzi lwezinto esele zikhona kwikhathalogu ye-Messier zaye zabandakanywa kwi-NGC kunye ne ukutyunjwa kabiniUmzekelo, iqoqo leglobula i-M13 lihambelana ne-NGC 6205, i-nebula yeplanethi i-M27 yi-NGC 6853, i-Andromeda Galaxy M31 yi-NGC 224, kunye ne-Orion Nebula M42 edumileyo ichongiwe kwi-NGC njenge-NGC 1976.
Ikhathalogu ye-IC: uncediso kwi-NGC
Ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezinzulu-zesibhakabhaka akuzange kume emva kokupapashwa kwe-NGC. Uqwalaselo olutsha, uninzi lwazo lubulela kuphuculo lokufota ngeenkwenkwezi, lwaziswa ekukhanyeni amawaka ee-nebulae ezongezelelweyo, amaqela, kunye neminyele ebezingafakwanga kwikhathalogu kaDreyer.
Ukwandisa umsebenzi we-NGC, uDreyer ngokwakhe uqulunqe izihlomelo ezibini ezaziwa ngokuba Index Catalogue o ICZiye zapapashwa kwi-1895 kunye ne-1908, kwaye ngoku zibizwa ngokuba yi-IC I kunye ne-IC II. Xa zizonke ziphelele 5,386 izinto ezintsha isibhakabhaka esinzulu, ezichongwe ngoonobumba bokuqala be-IC elandelwa linani.
Imizekelo eyaziwayo yile Elidangazelayo Star Nebula, ebhalwe njenge-IC 405, okanye i-Pelican Nebula, ebhaliswe njenge-IC 5070. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezininzi zanamhlanje zinikezela ixesha elide kulolu hlobo lwe-nebula kunye ne-IC identifiers, njengoko zithanda ukuba zincinci kwaye zibanzi kune-classic Messier nebulae.
Kuthathwe kunye, iikhathalogu I-NGC kunye ne-IC zenza enye yezona nkcukacha zipheleleyo yezinto ezinzulu zesibhakabhaka ukusuka kwixesha langaphambili ledijithali. Nangona iimpazamo kunye nokuphindaphinda ziye zalungiswa ngokuhamba kwexesha, isakhiwo sayo esiphambili sihlala kwaye siqhubeka sisemgangathweni kwiitshathi zeenkwenkwezi kunye neenkqubo zeplanethi.
Ikhathalogu yaseCaldwell: uncediso lwangoku lukaMessier
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, abantu abaninzi ababenenzondelelo baqonda ukuba incwadi kaMesiya, nangona yayiluncedo kakhulu, yayishiywe ngaphandle. inani elihle lezinto ezintlengakumbi kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi. Ukuvala eso sikhewu, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseBritani esiphum’ izandla UPatrick Moore Ngo-1995 wenze isindululo soluhlu olutsha oluza kusebenza njengomncedisi wale mihla.
Isindululo sakhe, esapapashwa kwiphephancwadi Isibhakabhaka kunye neTelescope, ibinguye Caldwell ikhathaloguIgama livela kuCaldwell, igama likamama wakhe oyintombi, kuba igama elithi "M" eMoore ngokucacileyo lathathwa. Izinto zityunjwe C1, C2, C3… ukuya kuthi ga kwiC109.
Ikhathalogu yeCaldwell ibandakanya Izinto ezili-109 zeSibhakabhaka esiBunzulu obuNzulu zisasazeke esibhakabhakeni, ingqwalaselo ekhethekileyo kwabo uMesiya wayengenako ukubabona ngokwenkululeko yakhe. Sifumana kuyo amaqela avulekileyo, amaqela e-globular, i-nebulae ephumayo, i-nebulae yeplanethi kunye neenkwenkwezi, ezininzi zazo sele zibandakanyiwe kwi-NGC okanye kwi-IC, kodwa ezigxininiswe apha ngenxa yomdla wazo obonakalayo.
Umzekelo, i-Flaming Star Nebula, edweliswe kwi-IC njenge I-IC 405Kwakhona yiCaldwell into C31; indawo esempuma yeVeil Nebula, NGC 6992, ivela njenge C33, kwaye eyaziwayo North America Nebula, NGC 7000, ichongiwe Caldwell njengoko C20. Ke, ikhathalogu yeCaldwell isebenza njengohlobo lwe uluhlu olucetyiswayo lwabakhi-mkhanyo, ukukhetha eyona miba inomtsalane kwezinye, uluhlu olubanzi.
Nangona ingakhange ifikelele kwindalo yonke yekhathalogu ye-Messier okanye i-NGC, ukuthandwa kukaCaldwell kuye kwanda ngokuthe ngcembe kule minyaka idlulileyo, ngakumbi phakathi kwezazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezisele zizibonile zonke izinto zikaMesiya kwaye zijonge ngaphezulu. amagqabantshintshi amatsha ngaphandle kokulahleka kuluhlu olungapheliyo.
Ezinye iikhathalogu zakudala nezikhethekileyo ezinzulu
Ukongeza kuMesiya, i-NGC, i-IC kunye neCaldwell, ezinye ezininzi ziye zavela kwi-20th kunye ne-21st inkulungwane. iikhathalogu ezikhethekileyo ezigxininisa kwiintlobo ezithile zezinto ezinzulu-esibhakabhakeni: i-nebulae emnyama, i-reflection nebulae, iqoqo elivulekileyo, iminyele ekhethekileyo, njl njl. Uninzi lwazo lwaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhi-mkhanyo abaphambili.
Barnard Ikhathalogu ye-Dark Nebulae
El Barnard ikhathalogu Yaphuhliswa sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseMelika uEdward Emerson Barnard yaza yapapashwa ngowe-1927 kumsebenzi wakhe Iatlasi yeefoto zeeNgingqi ezikhethiweyo zeMilky WayIqale yaqokelela 349 iinebula ezimnyama ukuya kuthi ga kwi-declination −35 °, nangona ekuhambeni kwexesha uluhlu luye lwandiswa kwaye lwalungiswa.
Amangeno kule khathalogu aziwa njenge Barnard izinto Zichongwe ngonobumba B zilandelwa linani. Omnye weyona mizekelo idumileyo yiHorsehead Nebula ekwiqela leenkwenkwezi iOrion, echongwe ngeB33. Ezi nebula zimnyama ziingingqi zothuli ezithintela ukukhanya okungasemva kweMilky Way kwaye zenze imifanekiso eqaqambileyo kwiifoto ezibonisa ixesha elide.
Iatlasi yeArp yeeGalaksi ezingaqhelekanga
El Iatlasi yeMinyele engaqhelekanga, eyaziwa ngcono njenge Iatlasi yeArp yeeGalaksi ezingaqhelekangaYapapashwa ngo-1966 sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseMelika uHalton Arp. Ibandakanya ngaphezu Iminyele engama-300 enezakhiwo ezingaqhelekanga, uninzi lwazo luyanxulumana okanye lungqubane neminye iminyele.
Izinto ezikule atlasi zichongwe njenge Uhadi ilandelwa yinombolo yekhathalogu. Ngokomzekelo, i-Whirlpool Galaxy, i-M51, ibonakala njenge-Arp 85, ngelixa i-trio ye-galaxies NGC 5560, i-NGC 5566, kunye ne-NGC 5569 e-Virgo ifakwe kwikhathalogu njenge-Arp 286. Le atlasi isalathiso esiphambili sokufunda deformations kunye nemisila uveliswa lunxibelelwano lomxhuzulane phakathi kweminyele.
Sharpless Catalogue of H Imimandla II
El Ikhathalogu ebukhali Ibandakanya imimandla ye-313 H II, oko kukuthi, amafu amakhulu egesi ye-ionized apho iinkwenkwezi ezinkulu zenza. Umbhali wayo, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseMelika uStewart Sharpless, wapapasha inguqulelo yokuqala enezinto ezili-142 ngo-1953 (eyayichazwa njenge-Sh1) kunye nenguqulelo yesibini neyokugqibela ngo-1959 ngamangenelo angama-313 (Sh2).
Njengezinye iikhathalogu, izinto ezininzi eziSharpless ziyadibana ne-Messier, NGC, okanye IC amangeno. Umzekelo, i-Omega Nebula, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-M17, ikwavela njenge I-Sh2-45Ummandla ofakwe kwikhathalogu njenge-IC 1284 ichongiwe njenge-Sh2-37. Le khathalogu ixabiswa ngokukhethekileyo ngabadlali beenkwenkwezi abafunayo iindawo ezinkulu zokukhupha i-hydrogen ukufota ngezihluzo ezimxinwa.
Ikhathalogu yePGC yeminyele ephambili
El Ikhathalogu yeeMlalala eziPhambili (PGC) luluhlu olubanzi lweegalaksi ezipapashwe kwi-1989 nguG. Paturel, L. Bottinelli, kunye noL. Gouguenheim, phakathi kwabanye, kumaziko aseLyon naseParis. Inguqulelo yokuqala ifakiwe Iminyele engama-73,197, nangona ngowama-2003 iye yandiswa yaza yahlaziywa ukuze idlule kumda weminyele engama-900,000.
Le khathalogu ikwabandakanya ukutyunjwa kolunye uluhlu. Ngokomzekelo, i-Andromeda Galaxy, i-M31, ibonakala njenge PGC 2557, kunye ne-Whale Galaxy, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-NGC 4631 kunye ne-Caldwell C32, ibhalwe njenge-PGC 42637. I-PGC isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuncwadi lwesayensi xa isebenzisana neesampuli ezinkulu zezibalo zeminyele.
vdB Ikhathalogu yeReflection Nebulae
El ikhathalogu ye-vdBUluhlu, oluqulunqwe sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseKhanada uSidney van den Bergh lwaza lwapapashwa ngo-1966, luquka i-158 reflection nebulae ebekwe emantla e +33° declination. Injongo kaVan den Bergh yayikukuqokelela iinebulae ezibonisayo. ezingazange zivele kwezinye iikhathalogu eziphambili njenge Messier, NGC okanye IC.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko zokugqithelana: i-nebula NGC 2023 ikwadweliswe njenge-vdB 52, kunye ne-Iris Nebula, i-NGC 7023, ikhethwe kule khathalogu njenge-vdB 139. Kulabo banandipha iinkcukacha zokubamba. uthuli olukhanyiswa ziinkwenkwezi ezikufutshaneIkhathalogu ye-vdB inikezela ngerepertoire ecebisa kakhulu.
Iikhathalogu zeqela leenkwenkwezi: Melotte kunye neCollinder
Ngowe-1915, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseBritani uPhillibert Jacques Melotte wapapasha uludwe lwe 245 amaqela eenkwenkwezi, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yikhathalogu yeMelotte. Ibandakanya zombini iqoqo elivulekileyo kunye neglobular, kwaye uninzi lwezinto zayo zihambelana nezinye iikhathalogu zakudala.
Ngokomzekelo, iqela elivulekileyo le-M35 e-Gemini, elikwayi-NGC 2168, livela njenge-Melotte 41, ngelixa i-globular cluster M22 e-Sagittarius, ekwachongwe njenge-NGC 6556, idweliswe njenge-Melotte 208. iimpawu zamaqela kwizintlu ezahlukeneyo.
Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwi Ikhathalogu ye-CollinderIlungiselelwe yisazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseSweden uPer Collinder kwaye yapapashwa ngo-1931 njengesihlomelo kumsebenzi wakhe kwiipropati zesakhiwo kunye nokusabalalisa kwendawo yamaqela avulekileyo egalaksi. Idibanisa Ngama-471 amaqela avuliweyo ezichongwe njenge Cr zilandelwa linani.
Kwakhona, kukho amaqela akhethekileyo kunye nezinye ezivela kwiikhathalogu ezininzi. I-Cr 419, i-cluster evulekileyo kwi-Cygnus yeenkwenkwezi, ifumaneka kuphela e-Collinder, ngelixa i-M21, i-cluster e-Sagittarius ekwayi-NGC 6531 kunye ne-Melotte 188, ifakwe kwikhathalogu njenge-Collinder 363. Ezi ntlobo zekhathalogu ezihambelanayo zinceda uku ukufunda ukuhanjiswa kunye nokwakhiwa kwamaqela kwiGalaxy.
Iikhathalogu zeLynds: i-nebulae emnyama kwaye eqaqambileyo
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseMelika uBeverly Turner Lynds wavelisa iirepertoires ezimbini ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphononongo lwerhasi ephakathi kweenkwenkwezi kunye namafu othuli: Ikhathalogu ye-LDN (Lynds Dark Nebulaekunye Ikhathalogu yeLBN (Lynds Bright Nebulae).
Ikhathalogu yeLDN, eyapapashwa ngowe-1962, iqulethe 1,791 iinebula ezimnyama kunye namanye amaqela apho iindawo zobumnyama kunye nokukhanya zidibene. Igubungela wonke umhlaba osemantla kwaye, emazantsi, idlulela ekunciphiseni kuka-−30 °. Isetyenziselwa, phakathi kwezinye iinjongo, ukuchonga imimandla emnyama engabandakanywa kwizintlu ezifana ne-Barnard's Nebula. Umzekelo yi-LDN 889, i-nebula emnyama eCygnus. I-Horsehead Nebula eyaziwayo, inxalenye yayo, ayibonakali nje njenge-B33, kodwa kunye ne-LDN 1630.
Ikhathalogu ye-LBN, esuka kwi-1965, idibanisa 1,255 iinebula eziqaqambileyo kubonakala kuluhlu olufanayo lokuncipha. Kwakhona, umsebenzi wabo kukubonelela ngokutyunjwa kwee-nebulae ezingadweliswanga kwezinye iikhathalogu okanye ukucacisa imimandla enzima apho ii-nomenclatures ezininzi zidibana. I-emission nebula NGC 6820, eVulpecula, umzekelo, LBN 135.
Ukusuka kuluhlu lweefoto ukuya kwiikhathalogu ezinkulu zeenkwenkwezi zanamhlanje
Ngelixa iikhathalogu ezinzulu zesibhakabhaka zakhula, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi egxile kwiinkwenkwezi nganye nayo iye yatshintsha. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ukuqaliswa kwe ifoto kwiipleyiti zeglasi Kwavumela amawaka eenkwenkwezi ukuba zifiphale kunezo zibonwa ngeliso lenyama ukuba zibhalwe kumfanekiso omnye.
Enye yeeprojekthi zokuqala zehlabathi kweli xesha litsha yaba yi I-Bonner Durchmusterung (BD)Iphuhliswe eBonn, eJamani, idwelise malunga nama-324,000 eenkwenkwezi ukuhla ukuya kubukhulu be-9-10 kumntla we-hemisphere. Kamva, ulwandiso olunjengeCórdoba Durchmusterung, yaseArgentina, neCape Photographic Durchmusterung, yaseMzantsi Afrika, zagqiba ukugubungela ummandla osemazantsi eikhweyitha.
Xa idityanisiwe, le misebenzi yafikelela kuqikelelo 1,5 billion iinkwenkweziukufezekisa okokuqala ngqa imephu ephantse igqibelele yommandla wesibhakabhaka ngokuchaneka okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili ngelo xesha. Ezi khathalogu zeefoto zabeka isiseko sazo zonke iitshathi eziphambili zeenkwenkwezi zenkulungwane yama-20.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ingqwalasela yatshintsha ukusuka kwindawo elula yeenkwenkwezi ukuya kwiimpawu zazo ezibonakalayo. UHenry Draper Catalog (HD)Uphononongo, oluqhutywe kwi-Harvard College Observatory, lunike iindidi ze-spectral malunga neenkwenkwezi ze-225,300, ukuseka inkqubo yokuhlelwa kwe-OBAFGKM esayisebenzisayo namhlanje.
Ezona nkwenkwezi ziqaqambileyo esibhakabhakeni zadalwa Ikhathalogu yeeNkwenkwezi Eziqaqambileyo (BSC), ehlanganisa ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nezikhundla, ubukhulu, kunye neentlobo ze-spectral zamawaka ambalwa eenkwenkwezi ezibonakala ngeso lenyama. Ihlala iyireferensi esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizifundo ezifunayo iinkwenkwezi eziqaqambileyo, ezichazwe kakuhle.
Imisebenzi yendawo kunye ne-astrometry echanekileyo ephezulu: i-HIP, i-TYC kunye ne-Gaia
Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba usikel’ umda ukuchaneka ekunokulinganiswa ngako ukuma nokushukuma kweenkwenkwezi emhlabeni. Ukuya phambili, amanyathelo okuqala athatyathwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 I-astrometry yendawoukuthumela iiteleskopu ukuya emajukujukwini.
I-European Space Agency yasungula isathelayithi ngo-1989 IiHipparcosUthumo lokuqala olunikezelwe ngokukodwa kolu hlobo lokuqwalaselwa. Phakathi kowe-1989 nowe-1993, yalinganisa ngokuchane okukhulu ukuma, imigama nokushukuma kweenkwenkwezi ezimalunga ne-118 000, ngoku ezichongwa nesimaphambili esithi HIP (ngokomzekelo, iHIP 70890 yenkwenkwezi ethi Alpha Centauri A).
Iikhathalogu zithathwe kwidatha kaHipparcos. TychoYapapashwa ngo-1997 nango-2000, ezi khathalogu zandise isampulu ukuya kutsho malunga nezigidi ezi-2,5 zeenkwenkwezi, namangenelo atyunjwe njenge-TYC elandelwa ngamanani amaninzi. Ezi khathalogu zavula umnyango izitudiyo zefilim ezinkulu kwiMilky Way.
Injongo GaiaIprojekthi ye-ESA, eyasungulwa ngo-2013, ithatha lo mzamo ukuya kwinqanaba elimangalisayo, ukwenza imephu ye-galaxy kwimilinganiselo emithathu eneebhiliyoni zeenkwenkwezi. Ukukhutshwa kwedatha okulandelelanayo kuye kwandisa ubuninzi kunye nomgangatho wolwazi, kwaye namhlanje baphatha idatha malunga ne-1,8 yezigidigidi zeenkwenkwezi, kubandakanywa izikhundla, ukukhanya, iintshukumo ezifanelekileyo, kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, i-spectra kunye neeparameters ezibonakalayo.
Ezi khathalogu zasemajukujukwini ziguqule ukuqonda kwethu ubume kunye nokuvela kweMilky Way, kwaye sele iimbekiselo ezingenakubuyiselwa ze-astrophysics yanamhlanje.
I-SIMBAD: isalathiso sehlabathi jikelele kwiikhathalogu ezibonisa iireferensi
Ekubeni kukho iincwadi ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisasazwayo, le nto inye yasezulwini idla ngokuba nayo izifanisi ezininziUmnyele unokudweliswa njengeNGC, IC, PGC kunye neCaldwell; i-nebula inokuvela eBarnard, LDN kunye neSharpless; Inkwenkwezi eqaqambileyo inokudweliswa kwi-HD, HIP, TYC nakwiikhathalogu zeefotometric zanamhlanje.
Ukuzisa ucwangco kule tangle yamagama, i Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS) igcina idatabase SIMBAD (Iseti yeZaziso, iMilinganiselo, kunye neBhibliyografi yeDatha yeAstronomicalI-SIMBAD isebenza njengesalathiso esikhulu esidibanisa izibizo ezahlukeneyo ezihambelana nento enye.
Ungeno ngalunye kwi-SIMBAD luqulunqa yonke into izichazi ezaziwa kwiikhathalogu ezahlukeneyoUlungelelwaniso oluhlaziyiweyo, idatha ebonakalayo esisiseko (uhlobo lokubonwayo, ubukhulu, isantya seradial, njl.njl.), kunye neembekiselo zebhayibhilografi kumanqaku enzululwazi afanelekileyo nazo zinikiwe. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ufake igama elingaqhelekanga kwi-SIMBAD kwaye ujonge ukuba yintoni na into, ebizwa ngokuba kwezinye iikhathalogu, kwaye yintoni epapashwe ngayo.
Kwiingcali, i-SIMBAD sisixhobo somsebenzi wemihla ngemihla; kwii-hobbyists eziphambili, yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba Amagama amabini awohlukeneyo abhekisa kwinto enye kunye nokuphonononga ubutyebi beekhathalogu ezifihlwe ngasemva kwenqaku ngalinye esibhakabhakeni.
Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi esisafundayo sinokungenelwa njani kwiikhathalogu zenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi?
Nangona uninzi lweekhathalogu esizikhankanyileyo zenzelwe iinjongo zobuchwephesha, nawuphi na umntu othanda izinto zokuzonwabisa unokuzisebenzisa. cwangcisa imigqaliselo yakho kwaye ufunde ngakumbi malunga noko akubonayo ngeteleskopu yakhe okanye ngebhayinotyhulasi.
Isicwangciso esilungileyo kukuqala ngezinto zekhathalogu. Messiereziqaqambileyo kwaye kulula ukuzifumana. Xa olo luhlu lusilela, unokwandisa irepertoire ngezinto ezilungileyo ukusuka Caldwell ikhathalogu, ingakumbi umdla ukuba uqwalasela ukusuka kwizibanzi ezisemazantsi okanye ufuna ukubaleka kuqhelekileyo.
Nje ukuba uMessier kunye noCaldwell bafaniswe, inyathelo elilandelayo lendalo ziikhathalogu. I-NGC kunye ne-ICapho iminyele, amaqela, kunye ne-nebulae zininzi kakhulu, kodwa zincinci kwaye kunzima ukuziqwalasela. Apha, isibhakabhaka esimnyama kunye, kwiimeko ezininzi, iiteleskopu ezinomngxuma ophucukileyo ziphantse zibe yimfuneko.
Ukuba into etsalayo nguwe iimpawu zeenkwenkwezi ngamnyeKufanelekile ukuba uziqhelanise neekhathalogu ezifana ne-HD okanye i-Bright Star Catalog (BSC), ebonelela ngeentlobo ze-spectral kunye nedatha esisiseko yomzimba. Kwaye ngolwazi olunzulu ngakumbi malunga nemigama kunye neentshukumo, iikhathalogu ezivela kwimishini efana Hipparcos, Tycho okanye Gaia Banika ulwazi oluchanekileyo.
Namhlanje, inxalenye enkulu yezi khathalogu idityanisiwe Iiapps zeenkwenkwezi zeeselfowuni kunye neenkqubo zekhompyutha zeplanethirium. Faka ngokulula isazisi (umzekelo, i-M42, i-NGC 869, i-C106, okanye i-HIP 70890) kunye nesofthiwe iya kukubonisa apho into ikhoyo, leliphi ixesha elivela ngaphezu komda, kwaye iya kujongeka njani ngesixhobo sakho.
Ukujonga kulo lonke uhambo, umntu uyayiqonda indlela i iikhathalogu zenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, ukususela kwezona zindala ukuya kwezakutshanjeZiyintambo eqhelekileyo yobudlelwane bethu nesibhakabhaka: zaqala njengoluhlu olulula lweenkwenkwezi ezibonakalayo kwiso, zandiswe ukubandakanya i-nebulae kunye neminyele engaqondakaliyo, kwaye namhlanje ziguqulelwe kwiinkcukacha ezinkulu ezichaza iibhiliyoni zezinto, kodwa zonke zabelana ngeminqweno efanayo esisiseko: ukunika igama, indawo, kunye nomxholo kuko konke ukukhanya esikubona ebusuku.