Intaba-mlilo IKilauea, kwiSiqithi Esikhulu saseHawaiiIdlula kwesinye seziganeko ezibalaseleyo zesigaba sayo sokugqabhuka kwangoku, kunye imithombo yodaka eziphakamayo ziye kuthi ga kwiimitha ezingama-300 malunga nengaphakathi le-crater yayo. Umfanekiso wasebusuku weejethi ezikhanyayo zidubula esibhakabhakeni uye wasasazeka kwaye unika abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni ithuba lokulumkisa.
Nangona lo msebenzi wenzeka ngaphakathi Ipaki yeSizwe yeeVolcano zaseHawaii Njengoko i-lava ihlala ikwincopho, ukuqhuma kwayo kuye kwanyanzelisa ukwakhiwa kwe- ukuvalwa okwethutyana kwepaki kunye necandelo leHighway 11 ngenxa yokuwa kothuthu, iziqwenga zamatye entaba-mlilo (i-tephra) kunye nemicu emincinci yeglasi yentaba-mlilo eyaziwa ngokuba ziinwele zikaPele.
Imithombo yelava efikelela kwiimitha ezingama-300 ukuphakama kunye nesiqendu esingunombolo 43
Iingcali ze I-Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) Baqinisekisile ukuba iKilauea isekwimeko yokuqhuma okwaqala ngo- UDisemba 2024 kwaye esele yongeza kwi Isiqendu 43Kule nqanaba, imithombo yamanzi e-lava ifikelele ukuphakama phakathi kwe-1.000 kunye ne-1.300 iinyawoOko kukuthi, malunga neemitha ezingama-300 ukuya kwezingama-400, kunye neejethi ezinamandla kakhulu emlonyeni okwindawo esemazantsi e-crater.
Kwiiyure ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, oku kulandelayo kuye kwabonwa iijethi ezimbini ezinkulu ze-lava ubomvu obukhanyayo buqhubeka bunyukaihamba nomphunga wegesi nomphunga obonakala ngokucacileyo kwiikhilomitha ezininzi ukusuka apho. Ukukhutshwa komoya kuyahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha: ezinye iziqendu zihlala iiyure ezimbalwa kuphela, ngelixa ezinye ziqhubeka iintsuku ezininzi, ngoko ke ubude boku kuqhuma komoya akukacaci.
Iziko lemisebenzi likwi umngxuma ophezulu weKilauea, kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yiHalemaʻumaʻuIlitye elinyibilikisiweyo liyaqokelelana lize liphuphume ngaphakathi koxinzelelo, kodwa lingachitheki kwiinduli ezihlala abantu, nto leyo enciphisa umngcipheko othe ngqo kumakhaya nakwiziseko ezibalulekileyo kwiBig Island.
Nangona i-magma ihlala incinci, umthamo okhutshwa ngamaxesha athile uphezulu kakhulu. Ubungakanani bubonisa ukuba intaba-mlilo isenokuba ikhupha izigidi zee-cubic metres ze-lava kwixesha elifutshane kakhuluukubumba ngokutsha umgangatho we-crater nokudala iindawo ezintsha ze-slag kunye nokuhamba kwe-lava eqinileyo.
Ezi zinto zinxulumene nezi zinto zikhutshwayo zirekhodwa ukungcangcazela komhlaba kunye nokuguquguquka komhlaba okuncinci kwindawo ejikeleze intaba-mlilo. Olu tshintsho lujongwe ngokusondeleyo yi unayo inethiwekhi ye-seismometer kunye nezixhobo ze-geodetic ezivumela izazinzulu ukuba zichaze ukuguquka kwe-magma ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Imvula ye-tephra, uthuthu kunye neenwele zikaPele phezu kweendawo ezikufutshane
Nangona i-lava ingekafikeleli kwiindawo zokuhlala, ingxaki ephambili kwesi siqendu yi- ukuwa kwe-tephra kunye nothuthu lwentaba-mlilo kwiindawo ezikufutshane. Abasemagunyeni baxele ukuba kukho uthuthu olucolekileyo kunye neenwele zikaPele ezifikelele emantla nasempuma yeBig Island, apho iingxelo zivela khona IHilo kunye neHawaiian Paradise Park, phakathi kwezinye iindawo.
I-Tephra iquka yonke into ukusuka kwiinkozo ezincinci zothuthu ukuya kwiingceba ezincinci zeglasi yentaba-mlilo, ezinokuthi xa ziwa, zikwazi ukucaphukisa amehlo, ulusu kunye nendlela yokuphefumlaAbantu abaneengxaki zokuphefumla esele zikhona, ezifana ne-asthma, bathathwa njengabasengozini kakhulu kwezi ziganeko, ngoko ke kuyacetyiswa ukuba banciphise ukuvezwa ngaphandle xa ukuwa kusanda.
Ukongeza kwimiphumo yempilo, uthuthu lwentaba-mlilo kunye neziqwenga zibangela umngeni kwiziseko zophuhliso. KwiSiqithi Esikhulu, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuxhaphakile. iinkqubo zokuqokelela amanzi emvulaezinokuthi zivaleleke zezi zinto. Abasemagunyeni balumkisile ngemfuneko yokujonga nokucoca izihluzi kunye neegutter ukuthintela umonakalo nokuqinisekisa umgangatho wamanzi.
Kwiziqendu zangaphambili, ukuqokelelwa kothuthu bekukhulu kangangokuba Amaqela okhuselo lwabemi kwafuneka ancede ezinye iindawo ukuba zisuse ezo zinto ukusuka eluphahleni nakwiipatio. Olu hlobo lomsebenzi luyalungiselelwa kwakhona ukuba ukuqhuma kuyaqhubeka nokuvelisa uthuthu ngesantya esiphezulu.
Ukuphucula ukujonga imeko, abemi baceliwe ukuba Thumela iingxelo zokuwa kothuthu kunye ne-tephra ngokusebenzisa amaqonga esayensi yabemi azinikeleyo alawulwa ziingcali zesayensi zaseHawaii. Olu lwazi lunceda ekudwebeni ngokuchanekileyo ukusasazeka kwezinto ezibangelwe yintaba-mlilo kulo lonke isiqithi.
Ukuvalwa kwiPaki yeSizwe nakwiHighway 11
Ukudityaniswa kothuthu oluxhonyiweyo, ukuwa kwe-tephra, kunye nokubonakala okunciphileyo kuye kwanyanzelisa ukuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo aqatha. Inkonzo yeMozulu yeSizwe yaseMelika ukhuphe a Isilumkiso esisemthethweni sokuwa kothuthu kwindawo yencopho yaseKilaueakunye nezilumkiso kwiindawo ezisempuma, apho umoya uthwala lula khona amaqhekeza akhanyayo.
Ngenxa yoko, i Ipaki yeSizwe yeeVolcano zaseHawaii hayi applicado Ukuvalwa okwethutyana kwezinye iindlela zokungena kunye neendlela ezikufutshane nomngxumaInjongo kukuthintela iindwendwe kunye nabemi ukuba bangasondeli kakhulu kwiindawo ezisengozini enkulu yokuwa kwenkunkuma okanye ubuninzi beegesi zentaba-mlilo.
Ngokuhambelanayo, i uhola wendlela 11Enye yeendlela eziphambili ezijikeleze ipaki ichatshazelwe kukuwa kothuthu kunye ne-tephra, kunye nokungabonakali kakuhle. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abasemagunyeni beSithili saseHawaii bayalele ukuba ukuvalwa okuncinci kwamacandelo aliqela, ingakumbi phakathi kweendawo ezithile zeekhilomitha kumacala omabini endawo yepaki.
Ukunceda abo bathe bashiywa okanye bachaphazeleka zezi ngxaki, isithili siye Kuye kwasekwa indawo yokuzikhusela kwijimnasium yasekuhlaleni. Le ndawo yenzelwe abahlali kunye nabakhenkethi, kodwa ayikhange ibone misebenzi ingako kwiiyure zokuqala emva kokuvulwa, kodwa iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ukuba imeko iyaqhubeka okanye iya isiba mandundu.
Ukuvalwa kweendlela kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa yinxalenye yesicwangciso sokuthintela esifuna ukuphepha iingozi ezibangelwa kukubonakala okuncinci, ukuphefumla uthuthu okanye ukuchaphazeleka kweziqwenga zentaba-mliloAbasemagunyeni bagxininisa ekulandeleni imiyalelo esemthethweni kwaye bangazami ukujika iindlela zokulawula ukuze basondele kwiindawo eziqhumayo.
I-lava, iigesi kunye ne-vog: iingozi kwimpilo nakwindalo esingqongileyo
Ukongeza kuthuthu olubonakalayo kunye ne-tephra, iKilauea ikhupha inani elikhulu le- sulfur dioxide (SOâ‚‚) kunye nezinye iigesi. Xa le gesi ixubana nokufuma emoyeni kunye namasuntswana axhonyiweyo, yenza inkungu ephawulekayo eyaziwa eHawaii njenge vog (umsi wentaba-mlilo), onokunwenwa ukuya kutsho kumashumi eekhilomitha ukusuka apho.
I-vog can inokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa kwamehlo, ukukhohlela, ukungonwabi ekuphefumleni, kunye nentloko ebuhlunguOku kuyinyani ngakumbi kubantu abasengozini, abantwana, abantu abadala, kunye nabo baneengxaki zokuphefumla esele zikhona. Abasemagunyeni bacebisa ukuba uhlale ngaphakathi endlwini, unxibe iimaski zobuso ezifanelekileyo, kwaye ugcine iingcango kunye neefestile zivaliwe kwiindawo ezichaphazelekileyo kakhulu.
Ngokuphathelele imeko-bume yendalo, ukukhutshwa kwegesi kunye nokuwa okuqhubekayo kwamasuntswana kunokwenza tshintsha umgangatho womoya, amanzi kunye nomhlaba kwiindawo ezikufutshane nentaba-mlilo. Nangona iindawo eziphilayo zaseHawaii ziqhelene nokuhlala kunye nemisebenzi yentaba-mlilo, ubukhali kunye nobude bexesha lesiganeko ngasinye buchaphazela impembelelo yokugqibela kwizityalo nezilwanyana zasekuhlaleni.
Amaqela esayensi ajonga amazinga e-sulfur dioxide kunye nezinye izinto ukuze chonga iincopho ezinokubakho kungcoliseko lomoyaOlu lwazi lwabelwana ngalo neenkonzo zokhuseleko loluntu kunye nezempilo yoluntu, ezithi zilungelelanise iingcebiso zazo kuluntu njengoko ukuqhuma kuqhubeka.
Kwangaxeshanye, iziphumo ezinokubakho kwiziseko ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nezityalo zamandla, iindawo zokugcina amanzi okanye izibonelelo zonxibelelwano, ziyajongwa, njengoko zinokuchaphazeleka ziintsalela zothuthu okanye ngumhlwa onxulunyaniswa neegesi ezithile zentaba-mlilo.
Ilebhu yendalo ye-volcanoology yehlabathi
IKilauea ithathwa njenge enye yezona ntaba-mlilo zisebenzayo kwiplanethi kunye nelebhu evulekileyo yokwenene yoluntu lwezenzululwazi lwamazwe ngamazwe. Iyinxalenye yenkqubo yentaba-mlilo yaseHawaii, evela kwi- indawo eshushu kakhulu kwisambatho soMhlaba eqhuba i-magma kumphezulu ongaphantsi kwePacific Plate.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo ezikwiPacific Ring of Fire, iKilauea idla ngokuphawuleka kakhulu Ezi nkqubo zibonakaliswa kukuhamba kwe-lava okumanzi kunye nemithombo emangalisayo, kodwa zimbalwa iziganeko zokuqhuma okukhulu. Oku kwenza kube lula ukujonga ngokusondeleyo iinkqubo zentaba-mlilo ngaphandle komngcipheko omkhulu okhoyo kwezinye iinkqubo.
El Indawo yokujonga intaba-mlilo yaseHawaii Igcina inethiwekhi ebanzi yee-sensors ze-seismic, ii-tiltmeters, kunye nezikhululo ze-GPS ezivumela bona intshukumo ye-magma ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sentaba-mlilorhoqo ngaphambi kokuba kubekho uqhushumbo olutsha. Olu lwazi lwabelwana ngalo namaziko ezenzululwazi kwihlabathi liphela, kuquka iiyunivesithi zaseYurophu kunye namaziko ophando.
Kuluntu lwezenzululwazi eYurophu naseSpain, indlela eziphatha ngayo iKilauea inomdla kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nezinye iintaba-mlilo zakutshanje, ezifana ne- ILa Palma kwiZiqithi zaseCanaryNangona ezi ziimeko ezahlukeneyo zejografi, ukufunda indlela iigesi ezihamba ngayo, indlela umhlaba oguquka ngayo, okanye indlela i-lava esasazwa ngayo kunceda ukuphucula iimodeli zokuqikelela kunye nolawulo lwengxakeko.
Ulwazi oluveliswe eHawaii lukwabandakanywa kwiinkqubo zokufikelela kwimfundo nakwisayensi kumazwe amaninzi, nto leyo enegalelo kwi ukwandisa ulwazi ngomngcipheko weentaba-mlilo kunye nokubaluleka kokubeka esweni rhoqo kwezi zakhiwo zejoloji.
Imifanekiso esasazekayo kunye nokulandelwa kwehlabathi jikelele kwesi simangalo
Las Imifanekiso emangalisayo yemithombo yelava yaseKilauea Zisasazeke kakhulu kwimidiya yoluntu nakwiindaba zamazwe ngamazwe. Iividiyo, ezirekhodwe ebusuku, zibonisa iikholamu ezikhanyayo ziphakama ngaphakathi kwi-crater zize ziwele phantsi njengohlobo oluthile lwemvula yomlilo, zidala imiboniso ebonakala ngathi iphuma ngqo kwimuvi.
Kwiingxelo ezininzi, kunokubonwa indlela Ukukhanya okubomvu kwelava kukhanyisa amafu asezantsi kunye neendawo ezingqonge amatyeokwenza intaba-mlilo ibonakale kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiSiqithi Esikhulu. Indlela emangalisayo yale nto iphinde yatsala umdla wabafoti, iintatheli kunye nababukeli abanomdla abavela kwihlabathi liphela.
Nangona kunjalo, abasemagunyeni bathi, nangona inomtsalane emehlweni, into enokuba yingozi Kubalulekile ukuhlonipha imiqathango yokufikelela kunye neengcebiso zokhuseleko. Injongo kukuthintela iziganeko ezibangelwa kukungakhathali kwindlela eya kumphetho we-crater okanye kwiindawo ezinegesi eninzi.
Kwabo balandela le nto bavela kwamanye amazwe, kuquka neSpain, ukubekwa esweni kwenziwa ngokuyintloko ngokusebenzisa Usasazo olubukhoma, iingxelo zemihla ngemihla ze-HVO, kunye nohlaziyo oluvela kwiinkonzo zemozulu kunye nokhuseleko loluntuOlu lwazi luvumela ukujongwa kwangoko kokuguquka kwesi siganeko ngaphandle kokuzibeka emngciphekweni okhoyo emhlabeni.
Ukudityaniswa kwedatha yesayensi kunye neevidiyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwenza iKilauea ibe yindawo ephindaphindwayo kwiindaba, nto leyo enceda ukuzisa inyani yemisebenzi yentaba-mlilo kufutshane nabemi baseYurophu, nto leyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ebonakalise umdla ovuselelweyo kwezi zinto emva kweziqendu ezifana neLa Palma.
Ikamva elifutshane lokuqhuma kweKilauea
Iingcali ziyavuma ukuba Umsebenzi kaKilauea ungathatha iintsuku okanye iiveki.amanqanaba atshintshanayo obunzima obukhulu kunye namaxesha okuzola okulinganiselweyo. Le ndlela yokuziphatha ihambelana nepatheni eboniswe yintaba-mlilo kwiziqendu zakutshanje ngaphakathi komjikelo ofanayo wokuqhuma.
Uphuhliso lwexesha elifutshane luya kuxhomekeka kakhulu uxinzelelo lwe-magma kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingaphantsi komhlaba kunye nobungakanani beegesi ezivalelekileyo kwinkqubo. Ukuba uxinzelelo luhlala luphezulu, imithombo enamandla yelava ingaqhubeka; ukuba iyancipha, umsebenzi ungancitshiswa uye ekukhutshweni kwelava kancinci okanye uyeke okwethutyana.
Okwangoku, amaqela ezenzululwazi ayaqhubeka nokuhlalutya idatha yexesha langempela malunga nokunyikima komhlaba, ukuguqulwa komhlaba, kunye nokwakheka kwegesi. Ezi mpawu zibalulekile kwi lindela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kuqhushumbo, njengokwanda kokuhamba kwelava okanye utshintsho kwicala lokusasazeka kothuthu.
Kubemi basekuhlaleni, into ephambili kukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo: Zikhusele eluthuthwini, landela imiyalelo yokuphuma ukuba kuyimfuneko kwaye banike ingqalelo kwizibhengezo ezisemthethweni malunga nemeko yeendlela kunye neenkonzo ezisisiseko.
Isiqendu sangoku saseKilauea siphinda sibonise indlela intaba-mlilo esebenzayo enokudibanisa ngayo umboniso wendalo onempembelelo enkulu ebonakalayo kunye nothotho lweengozi ezifuna ukulawulwa rhoqo. imithombo yelava ephakame ngeemitha ezingama-300 Kwaye ngenxa yesidingo sokugcina ukhuseleko, iHawaii isasoloko iyindawo ebalulekileyo yokuqonda amandla angaphakathi eplanethi yethu.
