IGreat Barrier Reef, ekude kufuphi nonxweme lwaseQueensland, eOstreliya, yindawo enomtsalane neyohlukeneyo yaselwandle ehlala umgama ongaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-2.300. Lo qaqa, ongoyena mkhulu ehlabathini, ulikhaya kumawakawaka eentlobo zentlanzi, iimollusk, neekorale, kwaye yaziwa ngobuhle bayo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uye wajongana nemingeni ebalulekileyo ngenxa kutshintsha kwe mozulu nezinto ezenziwa ngabantu ezibeka esichengeni ubukho balo.
I-Coral bleaching yenye yezona zinto zothusayo ezichaphazela iGreat Barrier Reef. Le nkqubo yenzeka xa iikorale, zixhatshazwa luxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo, zigxotha ulwelwe olubizwa ngokuba yi-symbiotic algae zooxanthellae, eziyimfuneko kwisondlo sayo kunye nombala oqaqambileyo. Ngaphandle kwezi algae, iikorale zijika zibe mhlophe kwaye zisengozini yezifo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, ziyafa ukuba iimeko aziphucuki. Le ngxaki yinxalenye yengxaki enkulu ebandakanya ukulahleka kweekorale kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ingxaki yokuBopha kweCoral
Ngokutsho kohlolisiso lwakutshanje, olufana nolo lwenziwa sisazinzulu esaziwayo Jon Brodie, kukho ubungqina obuxhalabisayo obubonisa oko Amakhulu eekhilomitha zekorale kwiGreat Barrier Reef aziyi kukwazi ukuchacha. Le nto iye yandiswa yi ukufudumala kwehlabathi, okubangele ukwanda kobushushu bamanzi olwandle. Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu olwandle ngeqondo elinye nje kukhokelele ekutshatyalalisweni kwemimandla emikhulu yeingqaqa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nto leyo ebeka esichengeni le ndawo yeLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. Ingxaki yokonakala kwekorale iye yabhalwa kwenye indawo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe kwinqaku iingqaqa zekorale eJapan.
Iinkcukacha-manani ziyothusa; Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kude kube Iikhilomitha ezili-1.500 zekorale sele zifakwe iblitshi kwaye kumbindi wolwandle, ukufa malunga ne-50% yeekorale kuye kwarekhodwa. La manani akachaphazeli nje kuphela intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalapha kodwa aneempembelelo ezinzulu kuqoqosho lwale ngingqi, oluxhomekeke kakhulu kukhenketho nokuloba. Ukuqonda ngakumbi malunga nefuthe lezi ziganeko kwi-ikhosistim, ungajonga ulwazi malunga iingqaqa nokubaluleka kwazo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ilahleko yeingqaqa inegalelo kule meko.
Impembelelo yoTshintsho lweMozulu
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngoyena nobangela we-coral bleaching. Iziganeko ze-bleaching mass zirekhodwe kwi-1998, 2002, 2016, kunye ne-2017, kwaye ukuphindaphinda kwezi ziganeko kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yamuva. Uphando lubonisa ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa namashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, Iikorali ngoku zinexesha elincinci lokubuyisela phakathi kweziganeko ezigqithisileyo. Imijikelo yokucoca rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezili-12 nangaphantsi iyonakaliseka kwaye ishiya ulwalwa kwindawo yesiphelo, ngokweengcali ezifana UJames Kerry, isazi ngebhayoloji yaselwandle kwiYunivesithi yaseJames Cook. Ngaphezu koko, asinakulibala ukuba isiganeko sesibini esilandelelanayo sokwenziwa kobumhlophe kwekorale Yinyaniso eyothusayo kule ngxaki.
Ngaphaya koko, indibaniselwano yoxinzelelo lobushushu, ukungcoliseka kwamanzi, kunye nokuloba ngokugqithisileyo kubangela ukwehla okukhulu kwimpilo ye-coral. Umgangatho wamanzi ichongiwe njengesoyikiso esibalulekileyo ukususela ngo-1989. Ukutsalwa kwamanzi kwimilambo ekufutshane, izikhukhula, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezichumisi zezolimo zonakalisa i-ecosystem, igalelo ekunciphiseni kweentlobo ze-coral kunye nokubangela iziganeko ze-bleaching. Ukuqonda okunzulu malunga nendlela utshintsho lwemozulu oluchaphazela ngayo iikorale, unokufunda malunga ukuchuma kweekorale.
Iziganeko zeMbali zokuThuthukiswa kweMali
IGreat Barrier Reef iye yajamelana neentlekele ezininzi ezikhokelele ekubulaweni kweekorale ezinkulu. Ngo-2016, isiganeko esibuhlungu sibangele ilahleko ye-29% ye-coral ye-barrier reef, kwaye ngo-2017, enye i-15%. Ezi ziganeko ziye zathelekiseka ngokuqatha nezo zabhalwa ngo-1998 nango-2002. Le lahleko ibhalwe ngokubanzi kwaye inxulumene nengxaki yehlabathi echaphazela iilwandle, njengoko kuxoxiwe kwinqaku elithi. Ubuncwane behlabathi busemngciphekweni wokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu olwandle kunye nokukhanya kwe-coral kuye kwaxhaswa luphando, olufana nolo lwenziwa ngu Terry Hughes, ophawula ukuba amaqondo obushushu olwandle ngexesha le-bleaching episodes yamva nje awona aphezulu arekhodiweyo kwiminyaka engama-400. Ukuphonononga indlela eminye imimandla ehlangabezana ngayo nokufudumala kwehlabathi, ungajonga inqaku utshintsho lwemozulu eSpain kunye nefuthe elinokubakho kwi-ikhosistim.
I-UNESCO kunye neMpendulo yooRhulumente
Nangona ubunzima bemeko, i-UNESCO inqume ukuba ingabhengezi i-Great Barrier Reef indawo esengozini, iphikisa ukuba urhulumente wase-Australia uthatha amanyathelo okukhusela i-reef. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ezininzi zicinga ukuba la manyathelo ayanelanga kwaye oko IGreat Barrier Reef isengozini ngokupheleleyo. Ezinye izenzo zezopolitiko zibonakala ngathi azidityaniswanga kwinyani yangoku, njengempendulo yoorhulumente kwintlekele, ehlala ingahambelani nokungxamiseka kwengxaki, njengoko inxulumene ukuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemozulu eYurophu.
Iingxoxo zezopolitiko malunga nokukhuselwa kolwandle ziye zantsonkotha, kwaye kaninzi azihambelani nobungqina obukhoyo bezenzululwazi. Amanyathelo athathiweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, afana ne Isicwangciso seReef 2050, abazange bavelise iziphumo ezilindelekileyo ngokubhekiselele ekubuyiselweni kwe-ecosystem, ngokutsho kwabaphandi abaninzi abaye babonisa ukungabikho kwesenzo esicacileyo malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iGreat Barrier Reef ayisiyondawo yabakhenkethi entle kuphela, kodwa ikwayindawo ebalulekileyo yendalo efuna ukukhuselwa.
Amanyathelo ayimfuneko oLondolozo
Iingcaphephe zilumkisa ngemfuneko yokungenelela ngokungxamisekileyo nangokukhawuleza. Ukugcina iGreat Barrier Reef, kubalulekile kungekuphela nje ukuphucula umgangatho wamanzi ngokunciphisa izondlo kunye nezingcolisi, kodwa kwakhona ukujongana ne ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iikorale zinethuba lokuziqhelanisa kwaye ziphile. Ngokubhekiselele koku, amanyathelo amkelweyo ayenganelanga ukulwa le ntlekele ikhoyo ngoku.
Ixabiso leEkholoji neloQoqosho leGreat Barrier Reef
IGreat Barrier Reef ayiyondawo yokusabela yezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingenakubalwa kuphela, kodwa ikwasebenza njengomqobo wendalo ngokuchasene nezaqhwithi nokhukuliseko, ikhusela unxweme lwaseQueensland. Ngaphaya koko, ngumthombo obalulekileyo wengeniso yezoqoqosho ngokhenketho, utsala izigidi zabatyeleli nyaka ngamnye. Ukulahleka kwalo mqobo kuya kuthetha kungekuphela nje intlekele yendalo kodwa kwanezoqoqosho, ezichaphazela ukuphila kwabantu abaninzi basekuhlaleni abaxhomekeke kule nkqubo yezinto eziphilayo. Ingxaki yokuphuma kokukhanya kwekorale ayichaphazeli nje kuphela intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa kwanoqoqosho lwehlabathi, njengoko kukhankanyiwe kwinqaku elithi uLwandle lweCoral.
Le ecosystem yaselwandle inika indawo yokuhlala a 25% yeentlobo zeentlanzi zehlabathi, kwakunye nokuba zibalulekile kwikhonkco lokutya kwaselwandle. Ke ngoko, ulondolozo lweGreat Barrier Reef lubalulekile hayi eOstreliya kuphela, kodwa kukulungelelana kokusingqongileyo kwehlabathi. Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nefuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kokusingqongileyo, kuyanceda ukuphonononga inqaku umahluko phakathi kokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nobushushu behlabathi.
Nangona kukho imingeni, kukho ithemba kuluntu lwenzululwazi, njengoko ezinye iikorale zibonisa ukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa. Ukuphumeza amanyathelo afanelekileyo olondolozo kunokukhokelela kwikamva elinethemba ngakumbi leGreat Barrier Reef, ngaphandle kokuba izigqibo ezinolwazi zenziwe kwaye kuthathwe amanyathelo abambekayo nasebenzayo.
Ikamva leGreat Barrier Reef
Ngoxa iGreat Barrier Reef iye yajamelana nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo, kukho isizathu sokuba nethemba. Ukwandisa ulwazi ngokubaluleka kwale nkqubo yendalo ikhokelele kwinkxaso enkulu yolondolozo lwayo. Imibutho kunye noorhulumente baphumeza iinkqubo zokubeka iliso kunye nokubuyisela ukuze kuncedwe iikorale. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ingxaki ye-coral bleaching ayiyedwanga kwaye ifuna ingqalelo yehlabathi.
Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu zilumkisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa kwenyathelo lehlabathi ukulungisa ingxaki yemozulu, iGreat Barrier Reef inokujongana nekamva elibi. Uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe kufuneka lumanyane ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokukhusela iilwandle zethu, ukugcina le nkqubo imangalisayo yendalo ibalulekileyo kwimpilo yesijikelezi-langa.
