Ubushushu bukazwe lonke iye yabangela utshintsho olukhulu kwindawo yokuhlala yeentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana, ebanyanzela ukuba baziqhelanise neendlela ezingalindelekanga ukuze baphile. Into eyothusayo eye yavela ngenxa yolu tshintsho lwemozulu kukuxutywa, apho iintlobo zezilwanyana ebezingayi kuqhelana ngokuqhelekileyo ziqalisa ukwenza oko. Le yimeko yamaxoxo emfanekisweni; isele yaseYurophu, IBufo bufo, efumaneka phantse kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kunye nesele yeBalearic, Bufotes balearicus, elinganiselwe kwiiBalearic Islands, eCorsica nakumazantsi eItali.
Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba iintlobo ezimbini zemfuza ezahlukeneyo ziyazalana njengoko amaqondo obushushu ehlabathi enyuka. Le nkqubo, nangona yendalo kwezinye iimeko, iqhutywa kukungenelela kwabantu kwi-ikhosistim. Oku kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nendlela i Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuchaphazela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kwaye inokusongela abanye abanjengompayini omnyama eTeruel.
Ukuxutywa Ngokuqhelekileyo yinkqubo yendalo, kodwa impembelelo yomntu kwimo engqongileyo iye yatshintsha amaxesha amaninzi kunye neempawu zayo. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukunyibilika komkhenkce, ukwanda kweedolophu, kunye nokuqaliswa kweentlobo zezityalo ezihlaselayo zezinye zezinto eziye zaququzelela oku kuxutywa. Uphando malunga nendlela ukuguqulwa kofuzo lweentlobo ikwabalulekile kulo mongo.
Xa uhlobo oluthile lwezilwanyana ezihlaselayo luhlala kummandla othile, uhlobo lwendalo lwalapho luhlala lunyanzeliswa lungisa umjikelo wakho wokuzala ukuhambelana naleyo yomhlaseli. Le meko kulindeleke ukuba ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kwixesha elizayo, ngokutsho kwezifundo zeSebe le-Ecology kwiYunivesithi yaseTuscia e-Italy, egxininisa inkxalabo malunga nokuxutywa kweentlobo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Iintlobo ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo ngokwemfuza zidla ngokutshintshiselana ngenxalenye yegenome yazo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuxutywa. Oku kunqumla kunokubangela imixube esebenzayo ngokuyinxenye kwaye ichume, nangona kwimeko yeentlobo ezinxulumene kude, ezinje ngamaxoxo akhankanyiweyo, ukuwela kungakhokelela ekubeni malformations okanye kukungasebenzi kakuhle kwemixube. Oku kubonisa indlela utshintsho lwemozulu olunyanzelisa ngayo iintlobo zezilwanyana ukusebenzisana ngeendlela ezingalindelekanga.
Ukuxutywa kwamaxoxo aseYurophu kunye ne-Balearic yimeko ekhethekileyo, njengoko ezi ntlobo zohlulwe malunga nezigidi ezingama-30 zeminyaka yokuzivelela. Eli xesha lokwahlula lide kakhulu, kwaye le meko ibangele amathandabuzo malunga nekamva lezi ntlobo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iintlobo ezabelana ngendaleko esondele kwixesha elidlulileyo zidla ngokuhlanganisana rhoqo kunezo zahlulwe ixesha elide.
Uphononongo lwefuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwi-hybridization lubonakalise zombini iingenelo kunye nokungalunganga. Nangona ukuxubana kunokunyusa ukuxhathisa kwezinye iintlobo kwiimeko ezimbi, kunokukhokelela ekuphelisweni kweentlobo zendalo ukuba zihlanjululwe kwi-hybrid labantu. Umzekelo, ukuxubana kuvelise iziphumo ezincumisayo kwezinye iintlobo ngokuzivumela ukuba ziqhelane nemo engqongileyo entsha kunye nemozulu. Umzekelo woku yimpuku yendlu yaseYurophu, eyasinda kwityhefu yempuku ngenxa yemfuza ezuzwe sisihlobo esisondeleyo.
Apha ngezantsi kukho imizekelo yophando malunga nokuxutywa kunye nobudlelwane bayo nobushushu behlabathi:
- Grolar: isiphumo sokuwela ibhere emdaka kunye nebhere elimhlophe.
- Ingcukaza: ukuxubana phakathi kweengcuka kunye neengcuka.
- Narluga: ingxubevange phakathi kwe-narwhal kunye ne-beluga whale.
- Amatywina: ukuxutywa phakathi kwetywina elineringi kunye namatywina anemibala.
- Ingcuka: ukuxutywa phakathi komvundla oqhelekileyo kunye nomvundla wasezintabeni.
- Chipmunk: ukuxubana phakathi kwenomatse obhabhayo osemazantsi kunye nonomatse ophaphazelayo osemantla.
La I-Hybridization akufanele ibonwe kuphela njengento embi. Phantsi kweemeko zendalo, inokubonelela ngeenzuzo zokuzivelela kwezinto, ivumela iintlobo ukuba ziqhelane nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye noxinzelelo olutsha lwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukungeniswa kweentlobo ezihlaselayo kunye nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kokusingqongileyo ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu kudala umxholo apho ukuxubana kunokuba yingozi. Kule nkalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba njani izenzo zabantu zinempembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuxubana kungakhokelela ekulahlekeni kweempawu ezizodwa zemfuza eziyimfuneko ukuze kuphile uhlobo oluthile. Imeko ye-common pilot whale kunye ne-tropical pilot whale ngumzekelo obalaseleyo woku; Ezi ntlobo ngoku ziyazalana ngenxa yamanzi ashushu. Le nto ibonakalisa ngokucacileyo ukuxutywa kweentlobo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Kwimeko yokutshintsha kwemozulu, uxinzelelo kwiindawo zokuhlala zendalo lunyukile, ekhokelela kwiintlobo ezininzi zeentlobo ukuba zifudukele kwiindawo ebezingahlali kuzo ngaphambili. Oku akuchaphazeli nje ukuveliswa kwazo kuphela, kodwa kunokutshintsha i-ecosystems apho zifumaneka khona. Intsebenziswano phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxutywa kunokubangela ukuba a utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwendalo.
Namhlanje, ukuxubana kubhalwe kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo, kuquka iintaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, kunye nezityalo. Esi siganeko sinokubonisa indlela izinto eziphilayo ezisabela ngayo komnye weyona mingeni mikhulu eyakha yajamelana nayo uMhlaba: ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Kubaphandi abaninzi, ukuqonda i-dynamics ye-hybridization ebangelwa yile nto ibalulekile kulondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuphononongo ukulahleka kweendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Iimpembelelo zokuxutywa kweentlobo zezilwanyana ezihlaselweyo zingunobangela wokuxhalabisa.. Iintlobo zezityalo zomthonyama zinokoyiswa ngeentlobo zezityalo ezihlaselayo, ezinokuthi zibangele ukuhlanjululwa kwemfuza kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umngcipheko okhulayo wokutshabalala. Ukungeniswa kweentlobo zezityalo ezingaqhelekanga kwiindawo ezintsha zokuhlala kubonakalise ukuba kuyingozi, kubangele ukungalingani kwendalo okuchaphazela uluntu lonke lwebhayoloji.
Uphononongo lwe-hybridization yintsimi ekhulayo, kwaye uphando olutsha ngalunye lunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nendlela iintlobo eziziqhelanisa ngayo nokutshintsha kweemeko zehlabathi. I-Hybridization ayichaphazeli kuphela imfuzo yeentlobo, kodwa ineempembelelo kulondolozo, impilo ye-ecosystem, kunye nekamva lezinto eziphilayo. Kulo mongo, izifundo ezifundwe kwi-Homo neanderthalensis zikwabalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iintlobo eziziqhelanisa ngayo.
Uphando luyaqhubeka nokutyhila ukuntsonkotha kolu nxibelelwano lwebhayoloji kunye neendlela izinto eziphilayo ezinokuziqhelanisa kwaye ziphile kwihlabathi eliguquka ngokukhawuleza. Nangona ukuxubana kunokuzisa imiceli mngeni kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zendalo, ikwabonelela ngamathuba okuveliswa kwemfuza kunye nokomelela, okubalulekileyo kumxholo wokufudumala kwehlabathi.
