Los u mosquito Zigqalwa njengezona zinambuzane zicaphukisayo neziyingozi ezikhoyo kwindalo. Inani leentlobo ezikhoyo liqikelelwa ukuba lijikeleze i-3200, apho i-200 idla igazi lezinye izilwanyana. Phakathi kwezi, kukho iindidi ezininzi, ezifana IAedes albopictus (eyaziwa ngokuba yingcongconi yengwe yaseAsia) kunye ne Anopheles gambiae, ezikwaziyo ukusasaza izifo ezibulalayo ezifana nedengue, isifo seengcongconi kunye nentsholongwane kaZika.
Njengoko amaqondo obushushu ehlabathi eqhubeka enyuka, ezi zinambuzane zinjalo ukwenza amathanga, kude kube ngoku, kujongwe ukubanda kakhulu kubo. Oku kuxhalabisa ngakumbi kuba iimeko ezifudumeleyo zivumela iingcongconi ukuba zizale ngokukhawuleza kwaye zisasazeke kwiindawo ezintsha zejografi. Ukuqonda impembelelo ye ukufudumala kwehlabathi ekusasazeni izifo, kunye nemingcipheko kunye nezicwangciso zabo zokulawula, kufuneka siqwalasele iziphumo zabo kula ma-vectors.
Ukuze iingcongconi zikhule, zifuna kuphela amanzi, ukufudumala kunye nendlela yokuthutha. Ngokunyuka kohambo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi, kunye nokuhambela phambili kwezothutho, ezi zinambuzane zifumana imiqobo embalwa ekwandeni kwazo. Kuxwebhu olubanjwe nguBill Gates olunesihloko esithi »Ingcongconi», esasazwa kwiDiscovery Channel ngoJulayi 6, 2017, kukhankanyiwe ukuba Izifo ezinjenge<em>dengue ne<em>yellow fever ziye zathabatha iinkulungwane ukuba zisasazeke kulo lonke iplanethi, ngelixa iChikungunya, i-West Nile virus kunye neZika ziye zakwazi ukusasazeka kwiminyaka eyi-16 nje.
Okwangoku, Phantse i-2500 yezigidigidi zabantu baphila emngciphekweni wokuqhambuka kweZika., intsholongwane eyaqala ukubonwa kwihlathi laseUganda ngowe-1947. Nangona sele kudlule ixesha elide emva kokufunyanwa kwayo, iseyingxaki enkulu kumazwe anjengeBrazil, iPuerto Rico neUnited States, apho kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokwanda kwezifo ezinxulumene noko. Le yimizekelo ecacileyo yeziphumo ze utshintsho lwemozulu kwimpilo yoluntu.
Ngokwesiko, Amaqanda eengcongconi nemibungu yafa ebusika xa kukhenkceza, ngakumbi kwimimandla yommandla osemantla wehemisphere. Nangona kunjalo, ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, la maqanda kunye nezibungu ziqala ukuphila kuzo zonke iinyanga zasebusika, ezibangela ukuba abantu bawo bande ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo. Oku kwenza ukuba kungxamiseke ngakumbi ukujongana neziphumo zempilo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Umlo ochasene nezi zinambuzane ubonakala usekude ukuba uphele. Ukuxhathisa okukhulayo kweengcongconi kwizibulali-zinambuzane kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ezinye iinkampani, ezifana ne-Oxitec, ziphuhlise iindlela ezintsha. Ngokomzekelo, baye baqala ukufaka "imfuza ebulalayo" kwiinkunzi zeentlobo. I-Aedes aegypti, okubangela ukufa kwenzala yabo emva kokudibana nabasetyhini, abajongene nokudluliselwa kwezifo. Ngokutsho kwe-CEO yenkampani, uHadyn Parry, kuvavanyo olwenziweyo, inani leengcongconi I-Aedes aegypti yehle ngama-82%, ezithembisayo nezinokukhokelela kwizicombululo ezisebenza ngakumbi zokulawula ukwanda kwazo.
Uphononongo olutshanje, apho iingcali ze-Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC) zithathe inxaxheba, zibonise ukuba iimiyane zitshintsha ukuziphatha kwazo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kuya kuxhaphaka ngakumbi ukujonga ubukho beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcongconi, ezomthonyama kunye nezihlaselayo, kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Olu tshintsho alunanjongo, njengoko luqhutywa yindibaniselwano yezinto ezisingqongileyo, ezinjengobukho bamanzi amileyo, imithombo engenankqubo yokujikeleza kwakhona, kunye nobushushu obuphakathi obuthanda ukwanda kwazo. Oku kuhambelana nenyaniso yokuba Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kukwachaphazela nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo.
Impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiingcongconi
Enye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kukuba ayichaphazeli nje imozulu kuphela, kodwa nayo impilo yoluntu. Iingcongconi zezona zithwala izifo eziye zasasazeka kulo lonke ihlabathi. Xa ingcongconi iluma umntu, ayifumani igazi nje kuphela, kodwa inokutya iintsholongwane okanye izifunxi-gazi ezikhoyo kwelo gazi, ezichaphazela umntu olandelayo emlumayo ngamathe. Ezinye zezifo ezisasazwa ziingcongconi ziquka i<em>dengue, isifo seengcongconi, neWest Nile fever, phakathi kwezinye, kwaye ziyanda ngenxa yezinto ezinjengokufudumala komhlaba.
Ngokomzekelo, eSpain, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeengcongconi, ezifana nezo zeCulex kunye ne-Aedes genera, ezikhoyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Nangona ezi zifo bezingasasazeki kulo mmandla kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lehlabathi, ukuqaliswa kwezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga kuya kuba nokwenzeka, njengoko kubonisiwe kwizihlandlo ezininzi. Ukubonakala kweemeko ze-autochthonous ze-dengue eSpain kwiminyaka yakutshanje sele iqalile ukuxhalabisa abasemagunyeni, okwenza kube yimfuneko ukubeka iliso iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu eSpain.
Amaqumrhu ehlabathi, afana noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO), i-UN, kunye noMbutho weHlabathi weMpilo yeZilwanyana (i-WHO), sele eqalisile ukusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo kwihlabathi jikelele ukuphendula le mingcipheko evelayo. Ezi ntsebenziswano zijolise ekulawuleni nasekubekeni iliso kwizifo ezidluliselwa ebantwini nakwizilwanyana zasekhaya, kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-vector, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, kunye noqikelelo lwemozulu olunxulumene nezi zifo. Ezi nzame zibalulekile ekujonganeni noku Iziphumo zobushushu bomhlaba.
Amanyathelo omntu ngamnye kunye neqela lokuthintela
UMphathiswa wezeMpilo waseSpain unikeze iingcebiso malunga nendlela yokuthintela ukulunywa yingcongconi, egxininisa ukuba sonke sinokuthatha amanyathelo okukhusela impilo yethu:
- Nciphisa iindawo ezibonakalayo zomzimba ngokunxiba imikhono emide kunye neebhulukhwe ezinde, izihlangu ezivaliweyo, kunye neekawusi eziphakamileyo. Ngaphandle koko, Ukunxiba iimpahla ezikhanyayo akuthandeki kangako kwiingcongconi..
- Sebenzisa i-air conditioning, njengoko ibonakaliswe ukuba iyasebenza ekugcineni iingcongconi ngaphandle kwamagumbi. Lo mba unxulumene ngokukodwa ukuba i Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunokubangela ukusetyenziswa.
- Faka iminatha yokuthintela iingcongconi ezifestileni nakwiingcango zamakhaya ukuze uthintele ukungena kweengcongconi. Ukuba oku akunakwenzeka, iminatha yokulala iluncedo ukuthintela ukulunywa ebusuku.
- Ukusebenzisa i-insecticide yindlela efanelekileyo yokuthintela ukudibana neengcongconi, kwaye namhlanje, izitshizi ezigxothayo ziyafumaneka kwii-pharmacy ezinamavumba amnandi kunye nezinye ezingenavumba.
Ikamva lemeko yeengcongconi kunye nezifo ezizidluliselayo ziya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwindlela inzululwazi yenzululwazi eyiqonda ngayo kwaye ijongane nokulungelelaniswa kwezi zidalwa kwimeko eguquguqukayo rhoqo ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi. Ngohlalutyo oluqhubekayo kunye nophando, ulwazi olutsha malunga nokuziphatha kwezi zixhobo eziyingozi ziya kuvulwa, kwaye iindlela zokunciphisa iziphumo zabo ezimbi kwimpilo yoluntu ziya kufunwa. Oku kuquka nokuqwalasela ukubaluleka .
Uphando lwakutsha nje kwiingcongconi
Uhlolisiso olwenziwa zizazinzulu ezisuka kwiiyunivesithi ezidumileyo njengeStanford neHarvard luye lwabalaselisa ukwanda kwezifo ze<em>dengue nokukwazi kweengcongconi ukuqhelana nokutshintsha kwamaqondo obushushu. Kulo nyaka, ngaphezulu I-12 yezigidi zeemeko zedengue kumazwe aseMelika, igxininisa umthwalo okhulayo wesi sifo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngokophononongo, ubudlelwane phakathi kobushushu behlabathi kunye neengcongconi busondele kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili.
Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunegalelo ekwandiseni indawo yeengcongconi, ukwandisa iziganeko zezifo ezosulelayo ezifana ne-dengue. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu enza kube lula I-Aedes aegypti, abona bantu basasaza idengue, bayasinda baze bavelise inzala kwiindawo ababengenako ukuzinza ngaphambili, kwanakwimimandla eyayifudula ibanda kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuphanda le meko xa kujongwa ifuthe layo elinokubakho kwimpilo yoluntu.
Kwicandelo lezempilo lengxelo yabo, izazinzulu zilumkisa ukuba nangona kuncitshiswe kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, imiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu iya kuqhubeka, ngokuyinhloko ichaphazela iindawo ezichanekileyo kumda weqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo lokusasazwa kwezi zifo, ezibonisa inkxalabo ekhulayo phakathi kwabasemagunyeni bezempilo.
Izicwangciso ezintsha zolawulo
Ukongeza kuphando, amanyathelo okuqalisa aphunyezwa kumazwe aliqela. Enye eyona nto ibangela umdla kukusetyenziswa kweengcongconi ezosulelwe yintsholongwane wolbachia, ephazamisa ukukwazi kweengcongconi ukusasaza izifo ezifana nedengue, Zika, kunye ne-chikungunya. Le ndlela ivelisa imiphumo emihle kwimimandla efana neNiterói, eBrazil, apho iimeko zedengue ziye zehla ngokuphawulekayo emva kokukhululwa kweengcongconi ezithwala i<em>dengue. wolbachia. Ezi zinto zintsha zingumzekelo wemizamo yokulawula iingcongconi kwimeko yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Uphando lubonise ukuba le ndlela ayisebenzi nje kuphela kodwa ikhuselekile kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. Ngokuvelisa ngobuninzi bezi ngcongconi, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kulindeleke ukuba kwandiswe ngakumbi ukulawula inani lengcongconi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kuncitshiswe usulelo lwentsholongwane. Oku kubonisa ithemba kulawulo lwezifo ezithwala izifo.
Intsebenziswano phakathi kokutshintsha kwemozulu, iingcongconi, kunye nempilo yoluntu inzima. Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu, izicwangciso zokunciphisa ezidibanisa impilo yoluntu kunye nokulawulwa kwe-vector kunye nokugcinwa kwendalo, ngokulandela indlela "yeMpilo enye", iyadingeka.
Ngoko ke, indlela yokulawula izifo ezithwalwa yingcongconi ihlala ingaqinisekanga, kodwa ngokusebenzisana kwehlabathi jikelele, uphando, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha, imingeni ekhulayo ekhoyo ingaqwalaselwa.