Ukuba ufunda i-geology ngokuqinisekileyo uvile ngayo umqolo wolwandle. Ingcamango yayo icaciswa kwimeko ethile entsonkothileyo. Yeyokuba ithiyori yokwakheka komhlaba njenge Amacwecwe eTectonic. Ezi ziinkcazo-bungcali ezixhasa imvelaphi yeenduli eziphakathi kolwandle.
Kwaye ukuba ulwandle lwaselwandle aluyonto ingaphaya kodaba lwentaba olungaphantsi kwamanzi olwenziwe kukususwa kwamacwecwe eteknoloji. Ngaba ufuna ukwazi imvelaphi, iimpawu kunye neendidi zolwandle olukhoyo kwiplanethi yethu?
Iimpawu kunye nemvelaphi yomqolo wolwandle
Xa iindawo ezininzi eziphakathi kolwandle zisenziwa phantsi kweelwandle, iinkqubo zeentaba eziyinyani zenziwa phantsi kolwandle. Ezona ntaba zinkulu ziphantsi kwamanzi ehlabathini ubude beekhilomitha ezingama-60.000. Iindonga zolwandle zahlulwe zizitya zolwandle.
Imvelaphi yayo inikwe ukuhamba kweetectonic plates ezenza i Uqweqwe lomhlaba. Intlenga eqokelelana kwiintaba eziphantsi kwamanzi ubuncinane ingqindilili ngokuphindwe kalishumi kunezo zelizwekazi. Oku kuvelisa ithiyori ye-geosynclinal. Le yithiyori echaza ukuba i-continental crust ikhula ngokubulela kwinkqubela phambili kunye nokuqokelelana okukhulu okuvela kwi-geosynclines yakudala kunye nokugoba. Ngokuhamba kwexesha baye baqina kwaye badibanisa kwiiplate zangoku.
Uphononongo lwe iinduli ezisembindini wolwandle Kubalulekile ukuqonda impembelelo yayo kwisiqabu soMhlaba.
Ulwakhiwo lwedorsal
Uninzi lwezi ntaba zingaphantsi kwamanzi zinokufikelela ulinganise phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-3000 yeemitha ukuphakama. Ngokubanzi banoncedo oluxineneyo, olunamathambeka abanzi kunye neencam ezibhengeziweyo. Xa ezi miqolo zinomsele onzulu kuthiwa ukucanda intlambo okanye isiqwenga. Kwiintanda ezininzi ziveliswa iinyikima zomhlaba ezingenzulu kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo apho kuphuma izixa ezikhulu zebasalt.
Iziseko zangaphantsi zenza ubume bolwandle lonke. Kumacala omqolo, ubukhulu be-volcanic crust kunye nobukhulu bezinto ezinyukayo ziyanda. Kukwakho neentaba-mlilo eziphantsi kwamanzi, kodwa zithe saa kwaye zililolo. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ubekhona.
Imijelo yemiqolo inokufuduswa ngamanye amaxesha ecaleni kwamacandelo abanzi ahambelana nendawo eziqhekekileyo. Xa sidibana nomda phakathi kwamacwecwe amabini, udaka olushushu nolunyibilikileyo lunyukela phezulu. Nje ukuba ifike, iyaphola kwaye yomelele ngelixa elona qhekeza lidala lizahlula kumacala omabini omqolo.
Oku kuhlala kuskrola. Ubungqina boku kukuba ukuhamba kweentaba zolwandle kuye kwalinganiswa kwezinye iindawo zeAtlantic. Ukufuduswa ukuya kuthi ga kwiisentimitha ezimbini ngonyaka kuye kwarekhodwa. Kwelinye icala, kwimpuma yePacific, imilinganiselo yokufuduka kunye idatha ye-14 cm ngonyaka ifunyenwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinqaba eziphakathi kolwandle azihambi ndawo ngesantya esifanayo. Utshintsho kumthamo ofakwe emanzini weerges ubangela utshintsho oluncinci kwinqanaba lolwandle kwisikali sejoloji. Xa sibhekisa kwisikali sejoloji, sithetha ngamawakawaka eminyaka.
Ukuntsokotha komqolo wolwandle
Kwii-ridges ze-ridges sinokufumana ukuqhekeka kwe-hydrothermal. Umphunga onomxholo ophezulu wezimbiwa uphuma kuwo kwaye uyenze kubushushu bama-350 degrees. Xa kufakwa iiminerali, benza njalo ngokwenza izakhiwo ezinje ngeekholamu ezinomxholo osisiseko yimixube yesinyithi yesulfide. Ezi sulfide ziyakwazi ukuxhasa iikholoni zezilwanyana eziqhelekileyo. Ezi zinto ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwendalo yaselwandle. Ndiyabulela kule nto, ukwakhiwa kwamanzi kuzinze ngakumbi.
Uqweqwe olutsha lwaselwandle oluveliswa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nenxalenye yengubo ephezulu kunye noqweqwe olungaphezulu lwenza lithosphere. Onke amaziko olwandle anda kunxweme olusembindini wolwandle. Ke ngoko, uninzi lweempawu ezifumaneka kwezi ndawo zahlukile.
Zingumxholo wezifundo ezininzi. Ukufumana ukuqonda okunzulu kokubunjwa kunye nokuguquguquka kweenduli, i-basaltic lavas ifundwa. Ngaba uthando Ziye zingcwatywe ngokuthe ngcembe yintlenga ebekwe phezu komhlaba wonke. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuhamba kobushushu kunamandla ngaphakathi kweenduli kunezinye ihlabathi.
Kuxhaphake kakhulu ukuba iinyikima zenzeke ecaleni kweenduli kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, kwi iimpazamo zenguqu. Ezi ziphoso zidibanisa amacandelo e-offset ridge. Iinyikima ezenzeka kwezi ndawo ziphononongwa nzulu ukuze kufumaneke ukuqonda ngaphakathi koMhlaba.
Ukusasazeka kweDorsal
Kwelinye icala, kukho ubudlelwane obomeleleyo phakathi kobunzulu obunomqolo wolwandle kunye nobudala bayo. Ngokubanzi, kubonisiwe ukuba ubunzulu bolwandle bulingana nengcambu yesikwere sexesha lobudala. Le ithiyori isekwe kubudlelwane phakathi kobudala kunye nokuncipha kobushushu kwi-oceanic crust.
Uninzi lokupholisa ukwenziwa kwamadolo olwandle kwenzeka malunga nezigidi ezingama-80 zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha, ubunzulu bolwandle yayingu-5 km kuphela. Okwangoku, yaziwa ngaphezulu kwe-10.000 yeemitha ubunzulu. Kungenxa yokuba oku kupholisa kungumsebenzi wobudala, ukusasazeka okucothayo kwemijelo, enje nge Mid Midtlantic Ridge, zincinci kunokwanda okukhawulezayo kweerges, ezinje nge East Pacific Ridge.
Ububanzi be-ridge bunokubalwa ngokusekelwe kwisantya sokusasazeka. Ngokuqhelekileyo banda malunga ne-160 mm ngonyaka, nto leyo engabalulekanga kwisikali somntu. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-geological scale iyabonakala. Ezona dorsal zicothayo zezo Zisasazeka kancinci njenge-50 mm ngonyaka kwaye ezona zikhawulezayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-160 mm.
Ezona zanda kade zinomngxuma, ngoxa ezona zikhawulezayo zingenawo. Iinduli ezisasaza kancinci zinendawo engaqhelekanga yokwakheka kweendawo ezisecaleni, ngelixa iinduli ezisasazeka ngokukhawuleza zineecala ezigudileyo.
Njengoko ubona, umqolo ophakathi kolwandle unzima kakhulu kunokuba ubonakala. I-dynamics yayo ichazwa yi umsebenzi womhlaba ehlala ishukuma.
Phole kakhulu!