Kokokuqala ukufunyanwa ungcoliseko lwe-nanoplastic kwiipali zomhlaba. Ungcoliseko lwenanoplastic lwenziwe ngamasuntswana amancinane, abizwa ngokuba yi<em>nanoplastics, aquka uthuli lwamatayara. Kuyamangalisa ukuba ungcoliseko lweplastiki yehlabathi lufunyenwe kwiisampulu ezingundoqo zomkhenkce ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nokungcoliswa kwe-nanoplastic, imvelaphi yayo, iziphumo zempilo kunye nophando olwenziwayo, sichaza ngezantsi.
Ungcoliseko lwe-nanoplastic lufunyenwe kwimimandla yomibini ye-polar
Yisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba ukungcoliswa kwe-nanoplastics kufunyenwe kwimimandla ye-polar. Oku kuthetha ukuba la masuntswana mancinci ngoku afumaneka kulo lonke ihlabathi. I-Nanoparticles incinci kakhulu ngobukhulu kune-microplastics. Nangona kunjalo, ubuthi bayo buphezulu kakhulu, ngokubanzi. Nangona imiphumo kwimpilo yabantu, zombini i-nanoplastics kunye ne-microplastics, ayicaci.
Uhlalutyo olungundoqo lwe-ice sheet yaseGreenland lubonisa ukuba Ungcoliseko lwenanoplastic lungcolise iindawo ezikude ubuncinci iminyaka engama-50. Abaphandi baphinda bamangala xa befumanisa ukuba ikota yamasuntswana avela kumavili emoto. I-nanoparticles inobuninzi obuphantsi kakhulu, ngoko ke kukholelwa ukuba yaziswa eGreenland yimimoya evela kwizixeko zaseMntla Melika naseAsia. Iinanoplastics ezifunyenwe kumkhenkce wolwandle kwiMcMurdo Sound yase-Antarctica kusenokwenzeka ukuba zithuthelwa kumazwekazi akude ngemisinga yolwandle.
Izazinzulu zabika ngoJan. 18 ukuba iplastiki yinxalenye yomxube wongcoliseko lweekhemikhali eziye zangena kwiplanethi ngaphaya kwemida ekhuselekileyo ebantwini. Ungcoliseko lweplastiki lufunyenwe ukusuka encotsheni yeNtaba i-Everest ukuya kutsho kubunzulu bolwandle. Abantu baziwa ngokutya kunye nokuphefumula i-microplastics ngaphandle kokuqaphela, kwaye olunye uphando lwakutsha nje lufumene ukuba la masuntswana anokubangela umonakalo kwiiseli zabantu. UDušan Materić weYunivesithi yaseUtrecht eNetherlands, owayekhokele olu phando lutsha, wathi baye bafumanisa iinanoplastics kwezona mbombo zikude zesijikelezi-langa, kuquka iAntarctica neArctic. I-Nanoplastics xa kuthelekiswa ne-microplastics iyasebenza kakhulu, ngoko ke oku kufanelekileyo.
Ungcoliseko lweNanoplastic: akukho nto intsha kule nkulungwane
Imikhenkce yaseGreenland inakho Iimitha ezi-14 ubunzulu kwaye imele iminqwazi yekhephu ukusuka kunyaka ukuya kunyaka 1965. UMaterić uthi eyona nto yamothusayo yayingekuko ukuba bafumene i-nanoplastics apho, kodwa inyani yokuba zafunyanwa kuwo wonke umbindi womkhenkce. Nangona i-nanoplastics ithathwa njengento entsha engcolisayo, sele ikhona amashumi eminyaka. I-Microplastics sele ifunyenwe kwiqhwa le-Arctic, kodwa iqela likaMaterić kwafuneka liphuhlise iindlela ezintsha zokufumanisa ukuhlalutya ii-nanoparticles ezincinci. Umsebenzi wangaphambili uphinde wacebisa ukuba uthuli olunxitywa ngamatayara lunokuba ngumthombo omkhulu we-microplastics elwandle, kwaye uphononongo olutsha lubonelela ngobungqina bokuba oku kuyenzeka kwihlabathi liphela.
Zivela phi iinanoplastics?
EGreenland, isiqingatha se-nanoplastics i-polyethylene (PE), esetyenziswa kwiingxowa zeplastiki kunye nokupakishwa okwenzelwe ukusetyenziswa okukodwa. Ikota zi ivili granules kwaye eyesihlanu yi-polyethylene terephthalate (PET), esetyenziswa kwi iibhotile zesiselo kunye nempahla.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kukho umbono wexabiso elingenakubalwa leeplastiki elwandle. Ngokophononongo olwenziwayo, owona mthombo uphambili weeplastiki zi izinto zosula ezilahlwayo, ukutya neziselo ezipakishwayo. Isiqingatha se-nanoplastics kwi-Antarctic ice nayo i-PE, kodwa i-polypropylene yeyesibini ixhaphake kakhulu, isetyenziswe kwizitya zokutya kunye nemibhobho. Akukho masuntswana amatayara afunyenweyo e-Antarctica, kude neendawo ezihlala abantu. Abaphandi bathatha iisampulu kuphela kumbindi we-ice core ukuphepha ukungcoliseka, kwaye bavavanya inkqubo yabo ngesampulu yolawulo lwamanzi acocekileyo.
Uphando lwangaphambili lufumene i-nanoparticles yeplastiki kwimilambo yase-UK, amanzi olwandle aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic kunye namachibi aseSiberia, kunye nekhephu kwiiAlps zase-Austrian. UMattridge uphawula ukuba, ngelo xesha, ii-hotspots zazicingelwa ukuba ngamazwekazi apho abantu bahlala khona.
Imiphumo emibi yempilo
I-Nanoplastics ibonisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezimbi kwizinto eziphilayo. Ukubonakaliswa komntu kwi-nanoplastics kunokubangela ukuphefumla kunye ne-intestinal cytotoxicity kunye nokuvuvukala. Okwangoku iqela likaMattridge likwisabelo sophando apho kufuneka baqale bavavanye ngokuchanekileyo inqanaba losulelo kwaye emva koko bavavanye imeko esizifumana sikuyo. Nangona kusekho imibuzo emininzi ekufuneka iphendulwe.
Uphando kwimiphumo yempilo yongcoliseko lweplastiki luqala kwaye uDkt Fay Couceiro ukhokela iqela elitsha kwi-microplastics kwiYunivesithi yasePortsmouth, e-UK. Iprojekthi yabo yokuqala, ngokubambisana neSibhedlele se-NHS seYunivesithi yasePortsmouth, iya kuphanda ubukho be-microplastics kwimiphunga yezigulane ezinezifo ezingapheliyo ze-pulmonary (COPD) kunye ne-asthma. Uphononongo olukhokelwa nguDkt Fay Couceiro luya kuphanda ukuba ngaba amagumbi asandul 'ikhaphethi okanye amagumbi ahlambulukileyo, anokuba namanqanaba aphezulu eefayili emoyeni, angabangela imeko kwizigulane. Oko kwaqala njengovavanyo lomonakalo wokusingqongileyo obangelwa yiplastiki kuye kwabangela inkxalabo ekhulayo malunga nemiphumo yokuba ukuphefumla kunye nokufaka i-microplastics kunokuvelisa emizimbeni yethu.
Uphando lwakhe lwakutsha nje lucebisa ukuba abantu banokuphefumla phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-7000 ye-microplastics kumakhaya abo yonke imihla. Unjingalwazi uAnoop Jivan Chauhan, iNgcali yokuphefumla ye-NHS kwiKholeji yeSibhedlele sasePortsmouth, ucebisa ukuba la manani ayothusa ngokwenene. Ngamnye wethu sinokuphefumla okanye siginye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,8 yezigidi ze-microplastics minyaka le, kwaye kanye emzimbeni, kunzima ukucinga ukuba abenzi umonakalo ongenakuguqulwa.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokungcoliswa kwe-nanoplastic.