Ihlabathi elimangalisayo leentlango: iMozulu, iiFlora kunye neFauna

Xa sicinga Iintlango, iindunduma zeNtlango yeSahara zidla ngokufika engqondweni, okanye indawo ebonwa kwezinye iindawo zaseMexico. Kuzo zombini iindawo, ngokuqinisekileyo kushushu kakhulu emini, kodwa ebusuku iqondo lobushushu lehla kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, okwenzeka entlango intsonkothe ​​ngakumbi kwaye inika umdla kunokuba ubani anokucinga. Ke ngoko, ndikumema ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda eli nqaku apho siza kuphonononga yonke into malunga imozulu yasentlango, iimfihlo zayo, izilwanyana zayo, izityalo zayo nokunye okuninzi.

Kukho iintlango ezibandayo

Ewe, ukuba ucinga ukuba kukho iintlango kuphela apho kwakushushu kakhulu, ubungalunganga. Kwiplanethi yoMhlaba, kukho ezinye iindawo apho kufuneka unxibe iimpahla ezishushu, ngakumbi ukuba unegazi elibandayo njengam, kwaye xa amaqondo obushushu ehla ngaphantsi kwe-10ºC, uqala ukufuna ibhatyi elungileyo. Ezi ntlango zohlulwe zibe zimbini: kuyabanda, njengeeGobi (eMongolia naseTshayina), iTibet, iGreat Snowy Basin kunye neePuna; kwaye i indawo emhlophe, njengoko igama layo libonisa, kwi-Poles. Ubushushu bonyaka obuphakathi bumalunga ne -2.5ºC kwimeko yentlango ebandayo, kunye -20ºC kwintlango yencam.

Ngaba kukho ubomi entlango?

Incinci kakhulu, kodwa ikhona. Nangona kunjalo, aziqhelekanga ukufunyanwa embindini wentlango, kodwa kwiindawo ezikufutshane namanzi. Phakathi kwezilwanyana esizifumanayo yi oonomadudwane, i iinkamela, i isiseko, i icoyote, la inyoka, amaza Ufudo lwasentlango; kunye nezityalo, sineentlobo ezininzi ze Acacia, Njengo A. tortilis, the IBhaobab (Adansonia) okanye Intlango yenyuka (Adenium obesum).

Ukulungelelaniswa kwabo kwiimeko ezinzima, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, enye yeempawu ezinomdla kakhulu kwezi ntlobo.

Ebusuku kuyabanda kakhulu entlango

Oku kungenxa yokuba, xa kungekho zityalo namafu, emini umhlaba ugcina ubushushu ngokukhawuleza; kodwa ebusuku ilahleka ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, amaqondo obushushu anokwehla ngaphantsi kwe-0°C, nto leyo enokubamangalisa abo bacinga kuphela ngomfanekiso wobushushu obugqithiseleyo obunxulunyaniswa ngokubanzi neentlango.

Iimpawu zemozulu yasentlango

Iintlango zineempawu ezininzi ezizahlula kwezinye iintlobo zebhayom:

• Imvula ephantsi: Ngokubanzi, iintlango zifumana ngaphantsi kwe-250 mm yemvula ngonyaka.
• Ukutshintsha kweThermal: Umahluko wamaqondo obushushu phakathi kwemini nobusuku ungagqithisa, ngamaqondo obushushu akholisa ukudlula kuma-40°C emini aze ehle ngaphantsi kwe-0°C ebusuku.
• Umhlaba owomileyo: Umhlaba osentlango udla ngokuba yintlabathi okanye unamatye, kunye nezinto ezincinci eziphilayo kunye nezondlo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubomi bube butshaba.
• Ubushushu obunamandla: Izinga eliphezulu lokumka komphunga ngenxa yobushushu kunye nokufuma okuphantsi kuthetha ukuba imvula enqabileyo ifunxwa ngokukhawuleza.

Oku kwenza ubomi bube nzima kakhulu kuninzi lwezilwanyana ezizama ukuhlala kule mimandla. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ii-arhente ziye zaphuhliswa uhlengahlengiso olumangalisayo ukusinda.

iintlobo zeentlango

Iintlango zinokuhlelwa ngokweendidi ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kwimozulu kunye neempawu zejografi:

• Iintlango ezishushu nezomileyo: Banamaqondo obushushu aphezulu unyaka wonke, njengeNtlango yeSahara kunye neNtlango yaseSonoran.
• Iintlango ezibandayo: Ifumaneka kwiindawo eziphezulu, apho amaqondo obushushu anokwehla kakhulu, njengentlango yaseGobi kunye nePatagonian.
• Iintlango ezibharhileyo: Banemozulu emanzi kancinane kuneentlango eziqhelekileyo, ezinemvula ethe kratya. Imizekelo ibandakanya iNtlango enkulu yeBasin.
• Iintlango zonxweme: Ibekwe elunxwemeni, iphenjelelwa yimisinga yolwandle ebandayo, njengeNtlango yeAtacama.

Uhlobo ngalunye lwentlango lune-ecosystem ngokwahlukileyo, apho iindidi ziye zavelisa iimpawu ezithile ukuze ziphile.

Iintyatyambo zasentlango

Iintyatyambo zasentlango zinqabile kwaye ziyahlukahlukana. Izityalo kwezi ndawo ziye zaphuhliswa uhlengahlengiso olulodwa ukusinda ekunqongophelweni kwamanzi:

• Izityalo ezinencindi: Ezi zityalo zigcina amanzi kwiithishu zazo, nto leyo ezivumela ukuba ziphile ixesha elide elomileyo. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-cacti kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-succulents.
• Iingcambu ezinzulu: Izityalo ezininzi zineengcambu ezinzulu kakhulu ezivumela ukuba zifikelele kwimithombo yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.
• Amagqabi amancinci okanye angekhoyo: Ukunciphisa ilahleko yamanzi ngenxa yokuba ngumphunga, ezinye izityalo zinamagqabi amancinane kakhulu okanye azinamagqabi kwaphela, njengoko kunjalo ngeentlobo ezininzi zecacti.

Olu hlengahlengiso, kunye nobukho be eliyi, apho amanzi afikeleleka ngakumbi, ayimfuneko ukuze kuphile iintyatyambo entlango.

Izilwanyana zasentlango

Izilwanyana ezihlala kwiintlango nazo ziye zakhula uhlengahlengiso olunomdla ukuze uphile kwiimeko ezinzima:

• Izilwanyana zasebusuku: Izilwanyana ezininzi zasentlango zihamba ebusuku, nto leyo evumela ukuba ziphephe amaqondo obushushu aphezulu emini kwaye zisebenzise ithuba lokuphola ebusuku ukuze zityise.
• Imikhwa yokuhlala phantsi komhlaba: Ezinye izilwanyana, njengeempuku nezirhubuluzi, zigrumba amatonela ukuze zikhuseleke kubushushu nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.
• Ukuqinisa ukufuma: Iindidi ezininzi zifumana amanzi eziwafunayo ekutyeni kwazo, umzekelo izinambuzane neempuku.

Ukuziqhelanisa nezi zilwanyana kububungqina bokuba ubomi bunokwenzeka njani na fumana indlela yokuphumelela nakweyona ndawo imbi kakhulu.

Ukubaluleka kokuphila kweentlango

Iintlango zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi i-ecology yehlabathi, ibalulekile kungekuphela nje kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa nakwigalelo labo kulawulo lwemozulu. Zisebenza njengezinki zekhabhoni kwaye zibalulekile kuphononongo lwe ulungelelaniso kunye nokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ukongeza, iintlango ziindawo ezihlala zisemngciphekweni wokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nezinto ezenziwa ngabantu, ziqaqambisa imfuno yolondolozo lwendalo olukhethekileyo.

Iintlango eziphambili zehlabathi

Ngezantsi zezinye zezona ntlango zibalulekileyo kwiplanethi:

• Intlango yeSahara: Eyona ntlango inkulu eshushu ehlabathini, ithatha malunga ne-9.2 yezigidi zeekhilomitha kuMntla Afrika.
• Intlango yaseGobi: Intlango ebandayo enqumla eMongolia nase China, eyaziwa ngokuba yingqele ebusika.
• Intlango yeAtacama: Ithathwa njengeyona ndawo yomileyo emhlabeni, ibekwe eChile kwaye inika inkangeleko eyahlukileyo.
• Intlango yaseArabia: Igubungela inxalenye enkulu yoSingasiqithi weArabia, idume ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nemvula ephantsi.
• Intlango yaseKalahari: Ifumaneka kumazantsi e-Afrika, le ntlango ayikho mqwebedu kwaphela, kodwa inonyaka owomileyo.

Nganye kwezi ntlango ineendawo zayo, imozulu, kunye nebhayoloji, nto leyo eyenza ukuba yohluke kwaye ikufanele ukufundelwa.

Ukuba yintlango: Ingxaki yehlabathi

Intlango yinkqubo yokonakaliswa kwemihlaba ebharhileyo nto leyo ebandakanya ukuphulukana namandla omhlaba okugcina ubomi. Esi siganeko sibangelwa ikakhulu yimisebenzi yabantu, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukutyiswa kwamadlelo ngokugqithisileyo, kunye nezolimo ezingazinzanga.

Oonobangela:

• Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi: Ukususwa kwemithi nohlaza kunciphisa amandla omhlaba okugcina amanzi.
• Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kobutyebi: Ukombiwa kwamanzi ngokugqithisileyo nezinye izinto eziluncedo kunokukhokelela ekuthotyweni komhlaba.
• Ukutshintsha kwemozulu: Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, njengokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu nokuncitshiswa kwemvula, kuyenza mandundu intlango.

Iziphumo:

• Ilahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo: Ukuba yintlango kuchaphazela iintlobo zezityalo ezixhomekeke kwi-ikhosistim esempilweni.
• Ukufuduswa koluntu: Ukuphulukana nomhlaba olimekayo kukhokelela ekufudukeni ngenkani.
• Ukwanda kwentlupheko: Uluntu oluxhomekeke kwezolimo luchatshazelwa ngokumandla yintlango.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwemozulu yasentlango kunye nokutshintsha kokusingqongileyo

Izimo zezulu ezisentlango zisemngciphekweni ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemekobume yehlabathi, kuquka nokufudumala kwehlabathi. Uphando lucebisa ukuba ngo-2050, iindawo ezininzi ngoku ezijongwa njengentlango zinokuba neemeko ezifana nentlango, nto leyo ebangela ukwanda kwentlango.

Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukwamkela iindlela ezizinzileyo zolawulo lomhlaba kunye namanzi ezinceda ukulondoloza ezi zinto zibalulekileyo zendalo.

Ukugcinwa kunye nokubuyisela ukuziphatha

Kukho amalinge ahlukeneyo kunye neeprojekthi eziqhubekayo kwihlabathi jikelele ezijolise ekulweni ukuba yintlango nokukhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwemihlaba eyonakeleyo. Ezinye izicwangciso ziquka:

• Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezityalo zendalo.
• Ukuphunyezwa kweendlela ezizinzileyo zolimo eziphucula ukugcinwa kwamanzi.
• Imfundo nokwazisa ngokubaluleka kokulondolozwa kwendalo.

Intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ingundoqo kule nzame, njengoko intlango iyingxaki engazi mida kwaye ifuna indlela edibeneyo phakathi kwamazwe.

Iintlango aziyondawo nje yesanti namatye; Zii-ecosystems ezintsonkothileyo ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yesijikelezi-langa. Ukuphonononga imozulu yazo, izityalo, izilwanyana, kunye nemiceli mngeni ezijongene nayo kusinceda siqonde ukubaluleka kokukhusela le mihlaba engumqwebedu ngoku nakwizizukulwana ezizayo.